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Topic: Viral Haemorrhagic Fever

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	ICS Ltd. Viral Haemorrhagic Fever - Introduction
		Haemorrhagic diseases that are theoretically capable of being transmitted from man to man include Lassa, Marburg, Ebola and Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever.
		In Africa, transmission of VHF has been associated with the reuse of unsterilised needles and the provision of patient care, without appropriate barrier precautions to prevent exposure to virus-containing blood and other body fluids, such as vomitus, urine and stool.
		Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever arises from a family of similar viruses that are widespread in Africa, Western Asia and in the USSR.
	www.infectioncontrolservices.co.uk /vhf_intro.htm (975 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected).
		VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/vhf.htm (1475 words)

	VIRAL AGENTS
		Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers are transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, or by contact with infected animal reservoirs.
		This is an acute viral infectious disease that is transmitted by mosquitoes’ bites.
		Yellow fever is characterised by a sudden onset of symptoms including high fever and chills, severe headache, muscle aches, conjunctival injection, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session3/35/viral.htm (861 words)

	NATIONAL PROGRAMMES FOR DISEASE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
		VHF should be suspected in any patient presenting with “a severe febrile illness and evidence of vascular involvement” (sub-normal blood pressure, petechiae, easy bleeding and long dependent oedema).
		Diagnosis is confirmed through demonstration of viral antigens in the sera of patients in the acute phase of the disease.
		CCHF is an acute viral haemorrhagic fever characterized by extensive ecchymoses, mucosal, gastrointestinal and genito-urinary bleeding and hepatic dysfunction associated with a 15-40% mortality rate.
	www.moh.gov.ae /moh_site/prev_med/anbk/s17.htm (787 words)

	Original Article
		Nosocomial outbreak of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever caused by Crimean – Congo Haemorrhagic Fever.
		Viruses similar to or identical with Crimean Haemorrhagic Fever, Wad Medani and Pak Argas 461 isolated from ticks of Changa Manga forest, Lahore district and Hunza, Gilgit Agency, Pakistan.
		Inhibition of Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Viral infectivity yields in - vitro by ribavirin.
	www.ayubmed.edu.pk /JAMC/PAST/16-3/Nadeem.htm (2263 words)

	HaemorrhagicFever
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers are, together with AIDS and rabies among the most feared of all viral diseases.
		Another viral haemorrhagic fever, which is gaining attention is hantavirus although in the case the haemorrhagic symptoms are less prominent.
		Lassa fever is a well-recognized nosocomial infection e.g.
	virology-online.com /viruses/HaemorrhagicFever.htm (1870 words)

	Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers - Blue Book: IDEAS - Victorian Government Health Information, Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The term viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of rare illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers should be considered in the differential diagnosis of every patient with an unexplained fever who has been exposed to the infection in an area with endemic VHF during the preceding three weeks.
		The reservoir for Lassa fever virus is a rodent known as the multimammate rat of the genus Mastomys spp.
	health.vic.gov.au /ideas/bluebook/viral_haemorrhagic.htm (1625 words)

	Viral haemorrhagic fever - Better Health Channel.
		Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is an extremely infectious and life threatening disease caused by a group of viruses, including the Ebola virus.
		The onset of symptoms is sudden and dramatic, and the death rate for viral haemorrhagic fever can be as high as 90 per cent.
		In Australia, the four viral haemorrhagic fever viruses are considered 'quarantinable' diseases.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Viral_haemorrhagic_fever?OpenDocument (632 words)

	CIDRAP >> Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		Viral load as predictor of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outcome
		Characterization of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by hantaviruses, Estonia
		Rift Valley fever outbreak with east-central African virus lineage in Mauritania, 2003
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/vhf (419 words)

	Basic Summary for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Hemorrhagic fever, Haemorrhagic fever, Viral haemorrhagic fever, VHF
		Subtypes of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Rift Valley Fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, Arenaviruses, Filoviruses, Bunyaviruses, Flaviviruses, Yellow fever, Argentine hemorrhagic fever
		Incidence (annual) of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: 0 new cases of viral haemorrhagic fever per 100,000 population was notified in Australia 2002 (Yohannes K, Roche P, Blumer C et al.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /v/viral_hemorrhagic_fevers/basics.htm (679 words)

	Filoviruses of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Infections
		In 1967, a unique viral haemorrhagic fever appeared in laboratory workers in Marburg in West Germany, which was traced to contact with the blood and tissues of a group of African Green or vervet monkeys imported from Uganda.
		The onset of illness is sudden and marked by fever, chills, headache, myalgia, and anorexia.
		Haemorrhagic phenomena develop at the height of the illness, with GI bleeding being most commonly recognized, but petechiae and mucosal haemorrhages are also seen.
	www.virology-online.com /viruses/HaemorrhagicFever3.htm (524 words)

	Management of viral haemorrhagic fever in the Netherlands
		Previously, VHF was classified as a group A infectious disease, requiring notification to the local municipal health department (Gemeentelijke Gezondheids Dienst, GGD) as soon as the disease is suspected.
		VHF was one of many diseases relocated to group B (notification within 24 hours after laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis).
		As typhoid fever was considered to be the most likely diagnosis, the patient was admitted to hospital under barrier isolation (gloves and protective clothes were used while nursing or handling excreta).
	www.eurosurveillance.org /em/v07n03/0703-226.asp (1388 words)

	viral haemorrhagic fever - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about viral haemorrhagic fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		They are used for interference-free FM transmissions (see frequency modulation).
		VHF transmitters have a relatively short range, producing frequencies in the 30–300 MHz band.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /viral+haemorrhagic+fever (99 words)

	Rough Guides Travel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Viral haemorrhagic fever is the collective name for a group of illnesses caused by different viruses but which have the common features of high fever and disturbance of the normal blood-clotting mechanisms.
		Of the many kinds of haemorrhagic fever, only yellow fever has a preventative vaccination, and none is directly treatable other than symptom relief and supportive care for the body’s normal functions.
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers rarely cause major epidemics (with the exception of yellow fever) but sporadic local outbreaks occur with devastating effect.
	travel.roughguides.com /health/atozviralhaemorrhagicfever.html (177 words)

	Management of Viral Haemorrhagic Fever, Prevention of VHF
		VHF infection has not been reported in persons whose contact occurred during the incubation period, the incubation period generally ranging from 2 days to 3 weeks.
		The likelihood of acquiring VHF is considered to be extremely low in persons who do not meet any of the criteria.
		Patients with suspected VHF who have a prominent cough, vomiting, diarrhoea, or haemorrhage should be placed in a negative-pressure room in order to prevent possible exposure to airborne particles.
	www.virology-online.com /general/Outbreak7.htm (808 words)

	Management of viral haemorrhagic fever
		Exotic viral infections in West Africa ranges from a mild arboviral illness to a life-threatening Lassa fever.
		Lassa fever - lassa fever is a prevalent infection in West Africa.
		Lassa fever is a zoonosis and man are infected through contact with infected urine of the multimammate rat, which is the natural host.
	virology-online.com /questions/93-1B.htm (955 words)

	CANOE -- TRAVEL: - Disease Information: Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever
		Ebola haemorrhagic fever (EHF) is a severe and acute viral illness, often causing death in humans and other primates (monkeys and chimpanzees).
		The fourth strain, Ebola-Reston, is associated with fatal haemorrhagic disease in nonhuman primates (monkeys and chimpanzees).
		For health care professionals, visit the "Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers in the African Health Care Setting" at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/vhfmanual.htm published by The Democratic Republic of Congo's Ministry of Health, the World Health Organization, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
	www.canoe.ca /Travel/Tools/HealthCanada/pf-ebola.html (1016 words)

	Hospital preparedness and management of patients affected by viral haemorrhagic fever or smallpox at the Lazzaro ...
		Smallpox [5] and haemorrhagic fever viruses (VHF) [6] pose the greatest concern because of their potential ease of dissemination or transmission, major public health impact (e.g., high mortality), panic and social disruption [4].
		VHF) and in late 2001 as the national referral centre in the case of deliberately release of biological agents.
		Viral cultures are maintained in a level 4 facility throughout the entire observation time, but other assays are continued under lower biosafety levels when they undergo a treatment known to inactivate pathogen infectivity, such as heat treatment, fixation, solvent exposure and protein or nucleic acid extraction.
	www.eurosurveillance.org /em/v10n03/1003-221.asp (3167 words)

	Fever - Kosmix Topic Page - Medical Information for Fever
		Fever is caused by a resetting of the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus, most often by vir...
		A fever is usually a sign that the body is waging a war against infection.
		Definition: Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that may develop after an infection with Streptococcus bacteria (such as strep throat or scarlet fever).
	www.kosmix.com /Health/fever-s (737 words)

	Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Congo fever is zoonosis and man is infected rarely, however cases have been reported from Africa,Bulgaria,Kosovo and Albania, the burden of Dengue fever is much in Asian and pacific countries than in America.
		Haemorrhagic fever is a syndrome produced by a group of viruses called arthopod born viruses or arbovirus and Robo viruses or rodent born
		About 1.3 million cases of dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever were reported to WHO in 1998 over 3500 death.
	www.pmrc.gov.pk /vhf.htm (2114 words)

	Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Karachi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Crimean congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) outbreak in Karachi
		Outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever in Quetta, Pakistan.
		Inhibition of crimean congo haemorrhagic fever viral infectivity yields in vitro by ribavirin.
	www.pmrc.gov.pk /cchf.htm (1654 words)

	Marburg Update - 90% Death Rate: 244 Of 266 Cases
		The features of Marburg haemorrhagic fever, and the conditions in Angola, have been an extreme test of international capacity to hold emerging diseases at bay.
		For comparison, outbreaks of the closely related Ebola haemorrhagic fever have shown mortality rates ranging, according to the virus strain involved, from 53 to 88 per cent.
		As known from extensive experience with outbreaks of other viral haemorrhagic fevers, including Ebola, outbreaks of Marburg can be brought to an end using classic public health interventions.
	www.rense.com /general64/244.htm (878 words)

	Rapid Health Assessment in Outbreaks of VHF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are caused by a number of viruses, some associated with insects or rodents, which may infect humans.
		Hospital reports of increased incidence of fatal hepatitis, suspected cases of yellow fever and of VHF, deserve to be considered as early warning indicators.
		Because VHF outbreaks frequently occur in rural areas, their early detection is often missed by routine health surveillance.
	www.enivd.de /RHA.HTM (2049 words)

	Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		An outbreak of viral haemorrhagic fever occurred in Zaire in the Equateur Province, in September 1976.
		In Lassa fever, the virus reservoir is the multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis.
		In the accidental infections by Marburg fever the virus source was the vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops imported from Uganda for scientific purposes.
	www.itg.be /ebola/ebola-60.htm (3089 words)

	NaTHNaC - Health Professionals, Clinical updates, Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever in Angola - update, 6 September 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		As of 23 August 2005, 374 cases of Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) had been reported by the Ministry of Health of Angola, of which 329 have died (CFR 88%) [1].
		Marburg VHF is a severe and highly fatal disease caused by a virus from the Filoviridae family, which also includes Ebola virus.
		[2] The likelihood of contracting VHF, including Marburg, is considered low unless there has been travel to the affected area and direct contact with the blood or body fluids (e.g., saliva, urine) of symptomatic infected persons or animals, or objects that have been contaminated with body fluids.
	www.nathnac.org /pro/clinical_updates/marburg_angola_060905.htm (490 words)

	HPA \| Viral Haemorrhagic Fever
		Viral haemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses and flaviviruses.
		Examples of viral haemorrhagic fevers include Lassa fever, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Marburg and Ebola.
		Rodents such as the multi-mammate rat, cotton rat and house mouse are the main reservoirs.
	www.hpa.org.uk /infections/topics_az/VHF/default.htm (176 words)

	NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
		A unit for the diagnosis and characterisation of African haemorrhagic fever viruses and a Virus Cancer Research Unit were also established.
		In 1976, the laboratories of the PRF were transferred to the State Department of Health and the National Institute for Virology (NIV) was born.
		The unit is recognized as a World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers and Arboviruses.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2002/september/nicd.htm (728 words)

	IOL: Zim tries to calm Ebola jitters
		Samples from the man, who had bloody diarrhoea, blood in the urine, and a fever, were flown to a specialised laboratory in neighbouring South Africa for tests and results were expected later on Tuesday.
		Ebola is one of a variety of highly contagious viral haemorrhagic fevers found on the continent.
		Ebola is the most severe of the fevers, which can be transmitted from animals to human beings and through direct contact with body fluids and secretions.
	www.iol.co.za /index.php?click_id=68&art_id=qw1072784702346B251&set_id=1 (518 words)

	FindHealthNews : News, Reviews and Articles On Ebola haemorrhagic fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		It is also increasingly clear that disease, especially Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is playing a part in the decline of ape populations and new research is needed, along with stronger efforts to limit disease transmission, the Atlas shows.
		Ebola haemorrhagic fever is a febrile illness which causes death in 50-90 percent of all clinically ill cases.
		As a new outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever strikes northwestern Congo, ESA is set to gather satellite data to help resolve the scientific enigma of this deadly disease.
	www.findhealthnews.com /files/Ebola_haemorrhagic_fever.html (1236 words)

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