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	Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses.
		For those hemorrhagic fever viruses that can be transmitted from one person to another, avoiding close physical contact with infected people and their body fluids is the most important way of controlling the spread of disease.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/vhf.htm (1475 words)

	Viral hemorrhagic fever - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses: Arenavirus, Filoviridae, Bunyaviridae and Flavivirus.
		Examples include Lassa fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Bolivian haemorrhagic fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever and Dengue hemorrhagic fever.
		Orientale, Congo villages of Durba and Watsa were the epicenter of the 1998–2000 outbreak of Marburg hemorrhagic fever.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever (169 words)

	OHSU Health - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) is a term that refers to a group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses cause illnesses that are relatively mild, many of these cause severe, life-threatening diseases with no known cures.
		Hemorrhagic fever viruses are caused by viruses of four distinct families:
	www.ohsuhealth.com /htaz/travel/highhub/viral_hemorrhagic_fevers.cfm (753 words)

	Emergency Preparedness & Response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fever is a disease caused by viruses that live, for the most part, in rodents (e.g., rats and mice) and arthropods (e.g., mosquitoes and ticks).
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are more common in Africa; however, infected rodents and arthropods carry some of the viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers in many parts of the world, including North and South America, Europe and Asia.
		Many hemorrhagic fever viruses are considered possible bioterrorism agents because they are highly infectious, can be aerosolized (made airborne), and would cause serious illness in the population.
	www.vdh.state.va.us /EPR/Agents_Biological_VHF.asp (535 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		However, in the context of infection with viral hemorrhagic fever of unknown cause or secondary to an arenavirus or Rift Valley fever, the working group believes that the benefits likely outweigh the risks of ribavirin therapy, and it is therefore recommended as described in Table 4 in the original guideline document.
		If a temperature of 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) or higher develops, ribavirin therapy should be initiated promptly as presumptive treatment of viral hemorrhagic fever, as described in Table 4 in the original guideline document, unless an alternative diagnosis is established or the etiologic agent is known to be a filovirus or a flavivirus.
		The hemorrhagic fever viruses described herein (including Rift Valley fever and the flaviviruses) are highly infectious in the laboratory setting and may be transmitted to laboratory personnel via small-particle aerosols.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3224 (4079 words)

	Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Facts
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by several Ebola viruses.
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever is one of the deadliest of a group of diseases called viral hemorrhagic fevers.
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are caused by viruses from four families: filoviruses, arenaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses.
	www.astdhpphe.org /infect/ebola.html (891 words)

	Emergency Medicine
		The viruses that can cause hemorrhagic fever could be very dangerous in terrorist hands: All but one can be aerosolized, their mortality rates typically exceed 50%, and their initial presentation is often nonspecific.
		Dengue fever, on the other hand, is a leading cause of childhood mortality in parts of Asia.
		The presence of a rash during the illness is unique among the hemorrhagic viruses and strongly suggests that the patient is infected with the Ebola virus.
	www.emedmag.com /html/pre/ter/BT0502.asp (1290 words)

	Management of Patients With Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		Lassa fever convalescent plasma has not been shown to be beneficial (22) and currently cannot be recommended, particularly when the potential for transmitting other viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and the agent(s) of non-A, non-B hepatitis is considered.
		The diagnosis of VHF is confirmed by isolating the virus or by demonstrating IgM antibody or a fourfold rise in IgG antibody in serum, as described earlier.
		Convalescent patients and their contacts should be warned that some of the causative agents of VHF may continue to be excreted for many weeks in semen, as demonstrated with Marburg (32,34) and Ebola (29) viruses, and in urine, as occurs sometimes with Lassa virus (13).
	aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0037085/m0037085.asp (6766 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		Viral hemorrhagic fever is the collective name given to the diseases caused by a group of viruses such as Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
		Viral hemorrhagic fever begins with fever and muscle aches and can result in a relatively mild illness or can lead to death.
		The mortality rates are 50-80% for Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever and 30% for Marburg virus hemorrhagic fever.
	healthlink.mcw.edu /article/955159073.html (649 words)

	FindHealthNews : News, Reviews and Articles On Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		Congo Virus or Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		NIAID studies medical countermeasures for viral hemorrhagic fever Ebola virus reproduction in laboratory-grown cells is severely hampered by enzyme-inhibiting chemicals, and these chemicals deserve further study as possible treatments for Ebola virus infections in humans, report scientists supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of illnesses caused by a family of viruses...
	www.findhealthnews.com /files/Viral_Hemorrhagic_Fever.html (801 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses that are caused by 4 different families of viruses: arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses.
		Ebola, Marburg, Lassa, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever viruses can be spread from person-to-person through direct contact or indirect contact (e.g., through objects such as needles and syringes that are contaimnated with bodily fluids).
		The viruses that cause VHFs are found over much of the world; some are found worldwide and others are restricted to certain geographic locations, depending on the location of the hosts.
	www.shoreland.com /acoem/vhf_med.html (359 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers : Article by David C Pigott, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hemorrhagic complications are multifactorial and are related to hepatic damage, consumptive coagulopathy, and primary marrow injury to megakaryocytes.
		In 1989, an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever among imported macaque monkeys in Reston, Virginia, led to the discovery of Ebola-Reston, a variant of Ebola virus that originated in the Philippines and does not cause disease in humans.
		Apodemus agrarius, the vector of Korean hemorrhagic fever caused by a hantavirus.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic887.htm (3648 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic fevers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are diseases caused by groups of viruses such as the Ebola virus and Marburg virus.
		Hemorrhagic fever viruses are found around the world, but none of the VHF viruses are native to the United States.
		The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identifies hemorrhagic fever viruses as agents that could be used as biological weapons because some are highly infectious, can be easily spread through the air and have the potential to cause great numbers of illnesses and deaths.
	www.doh.wa.gov /phepr/generalfactsheets/vhf.htm (587 words)

	IDSA \| Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF): Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, ...
		Hemorrhagic fever viruses enter the bloodstream through various mechanisms (eg, the bite of a mosquito or tick, inhalation, mucous membrane exposure, parenteral exposure), and all (except hantaviruses) cause disease during the period of viremia.
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever is an important emerging infection in central Africa and has received much attention in recent years owing to the documented high case-fatality rates (50% to 90%) associated with past outbreaks.
		In March 2005, Marburg virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak of hemorrhagic fever in Angola that began in October 2004.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /idsa/bt/vhf/biofacts/vhffactsheet.html (6254 words)

	VIRAL HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a group of illnesses caused by several viruses, mostly found in animals or insects.
		In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a serious illness in which many organ systems in the body are affected.
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers as weapons: Terrorist groups have attempted to weaponize various agents that cause viral hemorrhagic fever by aerosolizing infected body fluids or rodent excrement.
	www.idph.state.il.us /Bioterrorism/factsheets/viral_hemm_fevers.htm (430 words)

	AllRefer Health - Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola Virus Infection, Viral Hemorrhagic Fever)
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever is a severe illness likely transmitted to humans from infected animals and animal materials.
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola fever) is a viral disease that has been limited to parts of Africa.
		Hemorrhaging generally occurs from the gastrointestinal tract, causing the patient to bleed from both the mouth and rectum.
	health.allrefer.com /health/ebola-hemorrhagic-fever-info.html (359 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) is a clinical illness associated with fever and bleeding diathesis caused by a virus belonging to one to four distinct families: Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, and Flaviviridae (Table 1).
		Later manifestations are hemorrhagic, including petechiae (small, pinpoint nonraised, round, purplish spots from intradermal or submucosal hemorrhage, later turning blue or yellow), bleeding of gums, hematemesis (vomiting blood), melena (bloody stool), hematuria (blood in urine), excessive bleeding at puncture sites, epistaxis (nose bleed), or hemoptysis (blood in sputum).
		Humans acquire yellow fever from the bite of an infected mosquito and acquire Omsk HF and Kyasanur Forest disease viruses from the bite of an infected tick.
	www.wvdhhr.org /idep/vhf_protocol.htm (4304 words)

	eMedicine - Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers : Article by Robert W Tolan, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Yellow fever, the prototype virus of the Flaviviridae, dengue, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) are discussed in separate chapters (see Differentials).
		Hemorrhage is typically present in many organs, and effusions are common in serous cavities (though they may be minimal or absent in some patients).
		Flaviviridae: Kyasanur Forest disease and Omsk HF are typical biphasic diseases with a febrile or hemorrhagic period that is often followed by CNS involvement, similar to tick-borne encephalitis (Central European encephalitis, Russian spring-summer encephalitis) except that hemorrhagic manifestations are not characteristic of the first phase of the tick-borne encephalitides.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2406.htm (3078 words)

	Ebola Virus Hemorrhagic Fever: General Information
		Viral hemorrhagic fevers are a group of diseases caused by viruses from four distinct families of viruses: filoviruses, arenaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses.
		Ebola hemorrhagic fever was suspected by a Belgium physician who reported the disease to the Zairian government.
		These outbreaks were successfully controlled through the isolation of sick persons in a place requiring the wearing of mask, gown, and gloves; careful sterilization of needles and syringes; and proper disposal of waste and corpses.
	www.mcb.uct.ac.za /ebola/ebcdcinf.html (1071 words)

	Viral hemorrhagic fever definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Viral hemorrhagic fever: A syndrome caused by infection with one of a number of viruses that can cause increased permeability of the blood vessels resulting in bleeding into the skin, internally, or from the mouth or other orifices.
		The viruses that cause VHF belong to four families: the arenaviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, and flaviviruses.
		The viruses of yellow fever and dengue are Among the flaviviruses.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=26706 (390 words)

	ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center - Quick Facts on Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Fever, hemorrhage, shock, renal failure, and polyuria is the classic presentation of Hemorrhagic Fever and Renal Syndrome
		For most viral hemorrhagic fevers, there is no effective treatment other than supportive care.
		Viral hemorrhagic fever patients, with the exception of hantavirus and dengue fever infections, have significant infectious virus in the blood and body secretions
	www.acponline.org /bioterro/hemo_fevers.htm (514 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In general, the term "viral hemorrhagic fever" is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular system is damaged, and the body's ability to regulate itself is impaired. These symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding); however, the bleeding is itself rarely life-threatening.
		In conjunction with the World Health Organization, CDC has developed practical, hospital-based guidelines, titled Infection Control for Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers In the African Health Care Setting. The manual can help health-care facilities recognize cases and prevent further hospital-based disease transmission using locally available materials and few financial resources.
		A third goal is to understand the ecology of these viruses and their hosts in order to offer preventive public health advice for avoiding infection.
	www.secenterbiothreats.org /ViralHemorrhagicFever.htm (1452 words)

	Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Clinical presentation would vary by viral agent; however, dominant clinical features of all are a consequence of microvascular damage and changes in vascular permeability.
		Fever, myalgia, and prostration may evolve to shock,generalized mucous membrane hemmorhage, and neurologic, hematopoietic, or pulmonary involvement.
		Viral isolation should be handled in a Biosafety Level 3 or 4 facility and may take 3 – 10 days
	www.stluciecountyhealth.com /bioterror/viral.htm (169 words)

	Article: Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: DVRD - WrongDiagnosis.com
		The term viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses.
		If prevention methods fail and a case of VHF does occur, efforts should focus on preventing further transmission from person to person, if the virus can be transmitted in this way.
		Because many of the hosts that carry hemorrhagic fever viruses are rodents, disease prevention efforts include
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /artic/viral_hemorrhagic_fevers_dvrd_printer.htm (1527 words)

	CIDRAP >> Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		VHF: Current, comprehensive information on pathogenesis, microbiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis
		Development of a new vaccine for the prevention of Lassa fever
		Infection control for viral haemorrhagic fevers in the African health care setting
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/vhf (144 words)

	Action Plan for Suspected Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
		Severe febrile illness with vascular involvement (postural hypotension, petechiae, easy bleeding, flushing of face and chest, non-dependent edema).
		Any patient with a presentation consistent with possible viral hemorrhagic fever (eg fever, postural hypotension, petechiae, easy bleeding, flushing of skin, must be
		If the number of patients presenting w/ s/s suggestive of viral hemorrhagic fever is greater than the number of negative pressure rooms in the ER, then cohort patients in the ER isolation rooms.
	www.brown.edu /Administration/Emergency_Medicine/emr/pages/Ebola.htm (267 words)

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