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Topic: Viral plaque

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	Virus - New World Encyclopedia Preview
		Purification of viral particles can be achieved using differential centrifugation, gradient centrifugation, precipitation with ammonium sulphate or ethylene glycol, and removal of cell components from a homogenized cell mixture using organic solvents or enzymes to leave the virus particles in solution.
		Viral plaque assays involve growing a thin layer of bacterial cells onto a culture dish and adding a dilute mixture of virions onto it.
		Viral populations do not grow through cell division as they are acellular; instead, they must utilize the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /preview/Virus (4290 words)

	Viral diseases information from Wikipedia - WrongDiagnosis.com
		A capsid is composed of proteins encoded by the viral genome and its shape serves as the basis for morphological distinction.
		Viral populations do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular; instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves.
		Purification of viral particles can be achieved using differential centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, precipitation with ammonium sulfate or ethylene glycol, and removal of cell components from a homogenised cell mixture using organic solvents or enzymes to leave the virus particles in solution.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /v/viral/wiki.htm (4627 words)

	Plaque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Viral plaque, a visible structure formed by virus propagation within a cell culture
		Amyloid plaque, an extracellular protein buildup implicated in various diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease).
		Pleural plaque is a term for pleural fibrosis, often caused by exposure to asbestos
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Plaque (184 words)

	Viral plaque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A viral plaque is a visible structure formed within a cell culture, such as bacterial cultures within some nutrient medium (e.g.
		Monolayers of cultured cells are incubated with a preparation of virus to allow adsorption to cells; in the case of bacteria, the bacteria are spread on a typical agar plate.
		These plaques can sometimes be detected visually using colony counters, in much the same way as bacterial colonies are counted; however, they are not always visible to the naked eye, and sometimes can only be seen through a microscope, or using techniques such as staining or immunofluorescence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Viral_plaque (246 words)

	Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses
		The composition of the viral genome and its relationship to the viral mRNA are illustrated in Figure 6-20 for each of the six classes of virus.
		Viral infection begins when proteins on the surface of a virion bind to specific receptor proteins on the surface of host cells.
		All the virions in a single plaque compose a clone derived from the single parental virion that infected the first cell at the center of the plaque.
	www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov /books/bv.fcgi?rid=mcb.section.1408 (5326 words)

	bronze plaque Resources & Information - bronze grave plaques
		In atherosclerosis, atheromatous plaque bronze plaque is a buildup of fatty deposits within the wall of an cast bronze plaque artery that bronze house name plaque narrows the artery, contributing to bronze plaques foundries stroke and myocardial infarction.
		A viral plaque is a visible structure formed by virus propagation within laser engraved bronze plaques a cell culture.
		Plaque bronze plaque georgia can additionally be used to refer to a (usually) small, disk-shaped growth on the human body, common in some forms of skin cancer.
	www.bizhisto.com /Biz-Services-Au---Bt/bronze-plaque.html (242 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The researcher then performs a plaque lift in which a piece of membrane filter is touched to the top of the lawn and removed.
		Plaque lifts are performed repeatedly, with additional pieces of membrane filter, and each is exposed to the alkaline solution.
		The location of the spots indicates the position of the plaque on the bacterial lawn from which the phage was lifted by the filter paper during the plaque lift.
	tester.review.com /MCAT/10983l.cfm (273 words)

	Virology Journal \| Full text \| New low-viscosity overlay medium for viral plaque assays
		Plaque assays in cell culture monolayers under solid or semisolid overlay media are commonly used for quantification of viruses and antiviral substances.
		The plaques are revealed either as area of dead/destroyed cells detected by general cellular stains or as area of infected cells detected by immuno-staining.
		Plaque assays under agar and methylcellulose require removal of the initial viral inoculum before addition of the overlay [1].
	www.virologyj.com /content/3/1/63 (2940 words)

	Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science
		By a standard plaque reduction neutralization assay method (14), specific Ab to PI3 was found in the NBS used to supplement MEM during the establishment of persistent infections.
		Viral Infectivity: The amount of infectious virus from culture fluids of PI3 persistently infected cells was determined by a plaque assay in HEp-2 cells as described by Frickey (15) with minor modifications.
		Infectious PI3 was detected by the plaque assay, viral hemagglutinin was demonstrated by hemadsorption, and intracellular viral antigen was shown by immunofluorescence.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /OAS/oas_htm_files/v62/p71_75.html (2175 words)

	phage lecture
		Viral nucleic acid is protected by a protein coat called a capsid which is made up of small protein subunits called capsomers.
		Viral classification is based on the type of nucleic acid the virion contains, DNA or RNA, and whether the DNA or RNA double stranded (ds) or single stranded (ss), symmetry (cubic, helical, etc), presence or absence of an envelope and many time the type of host cell the virus infects.
		A viral plaque is therefore analogous to a bacterial colony and different viruses can give rise to different types of plaque morphology..
	www.usd.edu /med/som/somdept/micro/phagelecture.html (897 words)

	CRORA : RESUME DES PUBLICATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A viral antigen-capture ELISA was compared to a viral plaque-assay on human cell monolayers for detection and quantification of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in triturated experimentally infected Hyalomma truncatum ticks.
		CCHF viral antigen was detected in 10% (n = 101) of first-generation progeny tested as unfed larva pools by ELISA, yet no virus was detected by plaque-assay, indicating that either non-infective viral fragments or very low levels of live virus were detected by ELISA in these tick progeny.
		As detected by plaque assay, virus inoculated unfed adult ticks were virtually all infected by day 8 post-inoculation; by day 21 post-inoculation only 33% were detected as positive.
	www.pasteur.fr /recherche/banques/CRORA/res4/re1922.htm (384 words)

	MicrobeLibrary
		Plaque assays used to quantify Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus stocks and to perform viral neutralization assays.
		Viral stocks are serially diluted and then plated on a suitable cell culture system that will develop predictable cytopathic effect (CPE) upon infection.
		During an immune response to viral infection, the host often produces neutralizing antibody that binds to viral antigens and may inhibit the virus from initiating infection of host cells.
	www.microbelibrary.org /ASMOnly/details.asp?id=2405&Lang= (342 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Chemosensory properties of murine nasal and cutaneous trigeminal neurons identified by ...
		From a topographic aspect, there is a general agreement that the somata of the mandibular nerve occupy the posterolateral portion of the ganglion, the cell bodies of the ophthalmic branches are located anteromedially, and the perikarya of the maxillary branches are interposed in-between [2,19,42,43].
		FO mediated pharmacological inhibition of viral replication was first established in a plaque assay on monolayers of MDBK cells and turned out to effectively prevent viral spread in cell culture of TG tissue as well.
		DNA of single plaque isolates was tested by Southern blot analysis for correct recombination (data not shown) and absence of gG but presence of YC2.1 expression was tested in western blot analysis of infected cell lysates (data not shown).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/7/46 (7658 words)

	Small-plaque variant canine herpesvirus vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Analysis of the plaque characteristics of 14 CHV strains isolated at various times and from different geographical areas reveals an overall mean plaque size of 1.50.+-.0.09 mm at 35.degree.
		Plaques formed under a methylcellulose medium did not differ significantly from those produced when agarose was used in the overlay medium.
		For plaque size determinations and viral assays, monolayer DKC cultures in 60-mm plastic plates were inoculated with 0.2 ml amounts of serial 10-fold dilutions of virus and absorbed for 1.5 h.
	www.sacnewsmonthly.com /invent/filter/small-plaque_variant_canine_herpesvirus_vaccine.html (4525 words)

	Viral induction of a chronic asthma phenotype and genetic segregation from the acute response -- Walter et al. 110 (2): ...
		Viral induction of a chronic asthma phenotype and genetic segregation from the acute response -- Walter et al.
		Viral induction of a chronic asthma phenotype and genetic segregation from the acute response
		to the response to viral infection, allergen-induced phenotypes
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/110/2/165 (6529 words)

	Virology Journal \| Full text \| Synergistic inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon-alpha/beta and ...
		Viral plaque formation was reduced by 9-, 37- or 29-fold in fibroblasts treated with 100 IU/ml of IFN-α, IFN-β or IFN-γ, respectively (Table 1).
		The observed decrease in viral IE mRNA expression was accompanied by a decrease in IE protein expression, as viral IE protein expression was reduced in HFFs treated with both type I and type II IFNs (Figure 6A).
		Guidotti and Chisari have reported a model of noncytolytic control of viral infections by the innate and adaptive immune response, in which cytokines are implicated as having a direct role in viral clearance [21].
	www.virologyj.com /content/2/1/14 (6734 words)

	[No title]
		The culture of cells in a plaque assay is usually overlayed with __________ in order to limit the spread of the virus so that only the cells immediately adjacent to the infected cells will be infected by the newly produced virions, thereby forming localized areas of cellular destruction (plaques).
		In viral infections all of the viral genes are usually expressed prior to the replication of viral nucleic acid.
		Viral infections in which the virus reproduces at a slow rate without causing noticeable symptoms are referred to as __________ infections.
	www.muhlenberg.edu /depts/biology/faculty/much/exam4.html (3328 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Efficacy of topical cobalt chelate CTC-96 against adenovirus in a cell culture model and ...
		Viral titers (per ml) were analyzed for statistical differences, utilizing the mean ± standard deviation for each of the various groups in computer-generated two-tailed bivariant Student's t tests[13,14] (GB-STAT, New England Software, Inc., College Station, TX, U.S.A.; SAS, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, U.S.A.; and SPSS, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A.)[13,14] at all time points.
		Viral inactivation, virucidal and antiviral efficacy studies in tissue culture demonstrated CTC-96 to be effective against human Adenovirus type 5 in a dose-dependent fashion (Tables 1 and 2).
		Viral clearance was not achieved until Day 28 pi (Day 21 pti; Figure 5) in the placebo-treated eyes.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2415/6/22 (6104 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Quantifying Viral Propagation in Vitro: Towards a Method for Characterization of Complete ...
		Interpretive Summary: Viral infections are a complex interaction between the virus and the cells in which the virus grows.
		This study both developed a useful method and used the method to show that the profile of viral spread and cell death were dramatically different in two cell lines.
		Viral propagation and death profiles were strikingly different in these two cell lines, displaying both very different initial titer and cell age effects.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=136442 (397 words)

	Generation and Characterization of Recombinant Influenza A Virus Mutants Resistant to Neuraminidase Inhibitors and ...
		The aim of this study was to generate and characterize viral recombinants with NA and M2 mutations previously associated with resistance to NIs and AMT in clinical isolates.
		NA inhibition tests and plaque reduction assays (PRA) were used to determine the susceptibility of wild-type (WT) and NA mutants to Zanamivir (ZMV), Oseltamivir (OSV) and BCX-1812 whereas M2 mutants susceptibility to AMT was evaluated by PRA.
		Based on viral plaque size, the viral fitness seemed to be affected by NA but not by M2 mutations.
	gateway.nlm.nih.gov /MeetingAbstracts/102265180.html (381 words)

	Tufts University \| Computer Science Department -- Colloquia >> Colloquia
		Both viral propagation and death profiles were strikingly different in these two cell lines, displaying both very different initial titer and cell age effects.
		In BHK-21 cells, the rate of viral propagation and maximal spread was relatively insensitive to initial titer and was roughly linear over several days.
		In contrast, viral plaque expansion in DBT cells was contained early in the infections with high titers, while low titer infections spread in a manner similar to the BHK-21 cells.
	www.cs.tufts.edu /colloquia/colloquia.php?event=136 (283 words)

	Cytosolic Delivery of Viral Nucleoprotein by Listeriolysin O-Liposome Induces Enhanced Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ...
		The level of detection for the viral plaque assay was 40 pfu/mL of serum.
		The results show that, while the humoral responses were induced to similar extents, the CTL response to viral nucleoprotein was significantly augmented by the inclusion of LLO in the liposomes.
		T cell frequency was shown to be translated into, and correlated to, a significantly improved outcome of vaccination in terms of protection against acute and lethal viral infection in the mouse model of LCMV.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/sample.cgi/mpohbp/2004/1/i01/html/mp034021m.html (4233 words)

	Specific Inhibition of Coxsackievirus B3 Translation and Replication by Phosphorothioate Antisense ...
		Viral RNA was prepared from 100 µl of the resulting supernatant of each treatment.
		Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR (A) and quantitated by densitometry (B) as described in the legend to Fig.
		A viral plaque assay was employed to measure the antiviral activity of AS-ODNs at the optimal dosage of 10 µM determined above.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/45/4/1043 (5556 words)

	Murine {gamma}-Herpesvirus-68-Induced IL-12 Contributes to the Control of Latent Viral Burden, but Also Contributes to ...
		Acute viral burden in the lungs of C57BL/6 and IL-12p40
		The gene encoding viral gp150 was amplified by PCR to detect the presence of
		herpesvirus G protein-coupled receptor homologue is required for increased viral replication in response to chemokines and efficient reactivation from latency.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/172/1/516 (5129 words)

	Yellow fever virus NS2B-NS3 protease: characterization of charged-to-alanine mutant and revertant viruses and analysis ...
		Cahour, A., Falgout, B. and Lai, C.-J. Cleavage of the dengue virus polyprotein at the NS3/NS4A and NS4B/NS5 junctions is mediated by viral protease NS2B-NS3, whereas NS4A/NS4B may be processed by a cellular protease.
		Evidence that the N-terminal domain of nonstructural protein NS3 from yellow fever virus is a serine protease responsible for site-specific cleavages in the viral polyprotein.
		Yamshchikov, V. and Compans, R. Processing of the intracellular form of the West Nile virus capsid protein by the viral NS2B-NS3 protease: an in vitro study.
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/5/1403 (6207 words)

	Effective Therapy of Metastatic Ovarian Cancer with an Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Incorporating Two Membrane Fusion ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To directly compare the phenotype and plaque size of Baco-1 and Synco-2D, we mixed the two viruses at a 1:1 ratio.
		The plaque from Synco-2D, in which only a portion is shown, is indicated by the hatched arrow; the open arrow indicates the plaque from Baco-1.
		The viruses were harvested at 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after infection and titrated by plaque assay, and the results were plotted against the time after infection.
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/7/2727 (4529 words)

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