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Topic: Virama

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	ishida >> writings: Myanmar Characters for Burmese
		The virama is indicated with a combining slash.
		In word final position they carry a visible virama to indicate that the inherent vowel is killed, eg.
		The use of the virama is problematic in that, since there are no spaces between words, it is not easy to automatically ascertain whether a virama should appear above a consonant or cause this stacking effect.
	people.w3.org /rishida/scripts/scriptnotes/myanmar (1469 words)

	introduction to indic scripts
		Consonant clusters are invariably indicated in a sequence of Unicode characters by the presence of a VIRAMA character, whether or not the glyph for the virama will be visible on display.
		Thus the virama is the trigger for any complex glyph shaping that may be applied to a conjunct by the font or rendering algorithms.
		In Unicode it should be possible to force a consonant + virama sequence to display the virama (rather than convert the consonant to a half-form or ligature) by adding a ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER character (U+200C) immediately after the virama of the dead consonant.
	people.w3.org /rishida/scripts/indic-overview (6218 words)

	Virama Information
		Virama is a generic term for the diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent vowel sound that occurs with every consonant character.
		It is a Sanskrit word, and used in place of several script-specific terms for this diacritic, including halant in Devanagari script Hindi and hôshonto in the Bengali script.
		View a list of authors or edit this article.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Virama (65 words)

	Malayalam Related Topics: Unicode: Issues with Visible ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Unicode system assumes the virama model is equivalent to subjoint model.
		Behaviour of Visible Virama in Unicode system is drastically different from the rest of the graphemes, say, the sign of AA.
		But the rendering of Visible Virama is conditional and relies on various factors like font capabilities, whether joiners are used etc. It is very difficult (if not impossible) to get these conditions right for all words and names possible in Malayalam.
	varamozhi.blogspot.com /2005/07/unicode-issues-with-visible-virama.html (648 words)

	08 : baybayin >> page four
		Another aspect of the Tagalog script that plays a part in the schloraly arguments over the alibata is the cross kudlit or virama.
		The virama is a mark that is placed under the symbol to cut off the vowel sound "ah":
		Currently, though, the use of the cross kudlit is still popular with the majority of Filipino American alibata enthusiasts, whether consciously accepting of its use or unknowing of its origins.
	www.magandamagazine.org /08/baybayin4.html (164 words)

	E-News, Alumni Relations, Barry University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Board of Directors of Fellowship House in a unanimous vote, appointed Virama Oller, ‘01 as President/CEO of Fellowship House, effective February 2, 2005.
		"Virama's experience at Fellowship House and background in non profit management will enable her to lead the agency through the challenges and changes facing the mental health industry.
		Prior to a short break in her tenure at Fellowship House, Virama was Comptroller of the organization.
	www.barry.edu /alumni/eNews/20050310/oller.htm (401 words)

	Khmer Unicode Mailing List 2001/11/18
		This is merely an assertion; it is not a valid argument against the virama model for Khmer.
		In addition, while Devanagari rendering rules might not exactly match what is needed for Khmer, it is the case that applying a virama model to Khmer would make rendering implementations needed for it similar in some respects to implementations for other scripts, thus making it possible for implementers to work with familiar concepts.
		There is another consideration which to me seems to indicate a significant benefit to users and implementers of the virama model for Khmer: it is part of the Standard now.
	home.clara.net /bauhahnm/Khmer/KUM20011118.html (1251 words)

	Indic script blocks
		In a number of cases, the combination of base character and combining character produces a fused shape that must be rendered by use of a ligature or special context-sensitive glyph forms (see also the next section for use of the virama).
		Consonant clusters are invariably indicated in a sequence of Unicode characters by the presence of a virama, whether or not the glyph for the virama will be visible on display.
		In Unicode it should be possible to force a consonant + virama sequence to display the virama (rather than convert the consonant to a half-form or ligature) by adding a zero width non-joiner U+200C immediately after the virama of the dead consonant, eg.
	www.w3.org /2002/Talks/09-ri-indic/indic-paper.html (5709 words)

	Virama Karya on the NET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Persero PT VIRAMA KARYA, a state owned company established in 1961 as a consulting firm in engineering and management is a member of INKINDO (Ikatan Nasional Konsultan Indonesia), the National Association of Indonesia Consultants.
		PT VIRAMA KARYA has professional engineers with experience in high technology projects in the cooperation with Central and Local Government, Private and Foreign Firms either or Developers.
		Persero PT VIRAMA KARYA adalah sebuah Badan Usaha Milik Negara yang didirikan pada tahun 1961 yang bergerak dibidang konsultan teknik dan manajemen dan menjadi anggota INKINDO (Ikatan Nasioanal Konsultan Indonesia).
	www.viramakarya.com /main.php (117 words)

	Myanmar Script
		ka + ka + virama → kak -- /kak/
		ka + ka + virama → kak (syllable)
		It is presented as a vertical ligature with a hidden virama.
	www.tuninst.net /Linguistics/script-Myan/script-Myan.htm (3948 words)

	Sorting It All Out : And then there is the virama....
		It is U+09cd, and it is known as the Hasant.
		Luckily it was proven to the latter group of people that we were able to handle this issue from a technical standpoint....
		That is possible, although after seeing the positive impact that Unicode Tamil support has had on prople using it, it is hard to believe that Microsoft being able to support it so fully is truly a bad thing....
	blogs.msdn.com /michkap/archive/2005/04/09/406765.aspx (1796 words)

	Proposal for addition of CONSONANT BASE MARKER
		The CBM is to be used to mark the base consonant in a consonant cluster to remove ambiguities of the cluster's semantics in cases where a ZWJ or ZWNJ cannot suffice.
		The CBM is to be placed within a Indic coded syllable representation, so that the CBM falls between a Virama and the consonant to be marked.
		CBM when inserted in to the left of a Virama will have the effect of causing letterforms to appear in their nominal forms.
	www.exnet.btinternet.co.uk /uniprop/proposalform.htm (1748 words)

	Burmese Language Kit for OS X Help
		The virama can be found on the F key of the Burmese-QWERTY keyboard and must be typed between every sequence of two or more consonants to be displayed without a vowel.
		During the formation of subscripts, the virama and the following consonant are transformed into the corresponding subscript which removes the virama from the text stream.
		However, the virama is also used to "kill" a consonant (and remove its inherent vowel) —; a usage which requires that it be displayed over the corresponding killed consonant.
	www.xenotypetech.com /help/burmese/typing.html (864 words)

	Terms: Indic OpenType specification
		Halant (Virama) - the character used after a consonant to "strip" it of its inherent vowel.
		A Virama follows all but the last consonant in every Indic syllable; except in languages like Sanskrit, Tamil, and Malayalam the last consonant may also have a Virama.
		The Halant form is used in syllables that have no vowel or as the half form when no distinct shape for the half form exists.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/indicot/terms.htm (985 words)

	Re: Oriya: nndda / nnta?
		Peter Constable wrote, > ?The Indian gov?t doc at http://tdil.mit.gov.in/ori-guru-telu.pdf > describes the conjunct shown in the attached PNG as being pronounced > as though NNA + VIRAMA + DDA (0B21).
		It seems clear from the illustration that the authors of the document expect that the glyph in question would be encoded as NNA + VIRAMA + DDA.
		Since base letters TA and DDA are similar in appearance, their reduced form(s) could be identical.
	www.mail-archive.com /unicode@unicode.org/msg20088.html (185 words)

	Philosophy of Yoga (Yoga Sutra 1.18) - Syoga.com
		The word used for this state is virama pratyaya.
		In it the student (sadhaka) rests in a highly evolved state in which the intelligence is still.
		The nearest we come to virama pratyaya in ordinary experience are those few moments before falling asleep, when the intellect relaxes its hold on thoughts and objects and the mind becomes silent.
	www.yogamaryland.com /philosophy118.htm (314 words)

	Problems in Indic transliteration
		If a transliteration scheme essays to follow pronunciation and still remain reversible, then virama has to be added to the script generators.
		It is simpler to have a reversible uniform transcription in which 'k' at the end of a string always means ka\.
		Vedic works used to be written using three script characters like visarga, all with more than one form in the surface structure [Kittel, 1894].
	homepage.ntlworld.com /stone-catend/tr4.htm (546 words)

	BhashaIndia.com :: Indic application of Character-glyph models
		Viramas also create a non-one-to-one correspondence between code points and glyphs in Unicode.
		Since the inherent vowel is included by default in a consonant code point to 'kill' the vowel requires an additional code point.
		Since the syllable has multiple consonants in the onset, a virama is needed to ensure there are no intervening vowels between the consonants.
	bhashaindia.com /Developers/MSTech/IndicSupport/charglyph.htm (1145 words)

	[Smc-discuss] Pango rendering issues
		LA+virama+PA (for the conjunct lpa) If LA+virama renders as the chill form [which seems to be our interpretation], then in the first case we will need the keyboard to produce the Unicode sequence LA+virama+ZWNJ by default so that the desired LA+chandrakkala gets rendered.
		But this is not a good idea since we have no idea whether the user will type a consonant after the virama in which case we don't want the ZWNJ.
		If on the other hand, as Paul prefers, the Unicode sequence LA+virama is NOT rendered as the chill form, but as LA+virama, then there is no problem.
	lists.sarovar.org /pipermail/smc-discuss/2003-August/000237.html (559 words)

	FAQ - Indic Scripts and Languages
		In cases other than where the RA is the first character in the cluster the ZWNJ is not required for the formation of the Ya-phalaa.
		Like in the ISCII standard, Unicode forms all "consonant clusters" (such as the "tn" in "patni") by inserting the character "virama" (or "halant") between the two relevant consonant letters.
		Which form will be actually displayed is the decision of an underlying software module called a "display engine", which bases this decision on the availability of glyphs in the font.
	www.unicode.org /faq/indic.html (2664 words)

	IJTS - Vol. 2, No. 1 - Computer Space: Typing Devanagari on a Standard Keyboard
		Here is the secret which lies so well hidden in the help file: To type a conjunct character in UniType, the user types the first character, followed by a virama, followed by the next character.
		The virama is located on the "/" key, which is very easy to strike.
		To get "tva" the user would simply type "tva." The user does not need to use the virama to get conjuncts and fewer keys are needed.
	www.asiatica.org /ijts/vol2_no1/cspace.php (3003 words)

	Definition of virama - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Learn more about "virama " and related topics at Britannica.com
		Find more about "virama " instantly with Live Search
		See a map of "virama " in the Visual Thesaurus
	m-w.com /dictionary/virama (41 words)

	Virama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Virama : le nom d'un symbole utilisé dans les écritures brâhmî (de l'Inde) pour indiquer que :
		En UNICODE, un virama est utilisé pour dévoyeller une syllabe - il ne reste donc plus que la consonne - qui normalement se joint à la consonne de base suivante pour former une forme conjointe ou composée.
		Quand le virama n'est pas résorbé en une forme conjointe, il est alors traité comme une espace ou non, selon l'écriture employée.
	alis.isoc.org /glossaire/virama.fr.htm (104 words)

	Monotype: Non Latin Font
		Vowel suppressor: called virama, this symbol is used to suppress the inherent vowel of a syllable.
		Nasalization marker: there is usually at least one symbol which indicates nasalization of vowels or other sounds.
		In Devanagari, the virama takes the form of a small diagonal stroke placed as a subscript on a syllable.
	www.monotypefonts.com /Library/Non-Latin-Library.asp?show=info&lan=devanagari (563 words)

	Why the Unicode Indic FAQ is wrong Part 1. (KhandaTa)
		Khanda Ta is equivalent to Ta Virama i.e.
		In the Hindi script, you may write the sequence Ka Virama Ta VowelSign.i, and it may be rendered as VowelSign.i followed by a fully legated conjunct.
		But according to the FAQ Ta Virama ZWNJ Ta is to be rendered as: Ta_Virama.explicit, Ta (Ta with a visible Virama, Ta).
	www.btinternet.com /~exnet/KhandaWeb/khanda.htm (448 words)

	The Unicode Indic FAQ Eratta
		ISCII Consonant+Virama+Virama is encoded as Consonant Virama ZWNJ
		The FAQ states that ISCII, 'INV Virama Ra' is to be encoded as 'Space Virama Ra' in Unicode.
		The suggested sequence for isolated rakar is 'ZWNJ ZWJ Virama Ra'.
	www.btinternet.com /~exnet/uniprop/faqerrata.htm (280 words)

	docs.sun.com: International Language Environments Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For each Indic script, a ‘virama’ or equivalent sign combined with a consonant gives the half form (or ready to combine form) of the consonant.
		Whenever a multiple key combination corresponding to a consonant is typed, the consonant + virama form is output, symbolizing that the characters are ready to combine.
		Consonants, at initial input, will assume their half form and will be a full syllable or their variation when followed by a vowel.
	docs.sun.com /app/docs/doc/817-2521/6mi67tj4q?l=fr&a=view (239 words)

	rasikas.org / Pallavis in rare talams
		Among them the last one Kakapada is a totally soundless Anga and the remaining five Angas consist of a sounded Kriya i.e., beat in the beginning itself and the remaining Kriyas, if any, are soundless.
		Even though each of these four Samyuktangas are written as a single Anga with a single identity while rendering them they are rendered separately with a multiple identity, which is incorrect.
		But, while any of the six Angas of the Tala start with a beat for each Anga, this Laghu-druta-virama has to be rendered with three beats as it is a combinative-anga of three Angas.
	www.rasikas.org /viewtopic.php?pid=2124 (3595 words)

	The Chill Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This form is to rendered as the consonant + virama, sometimes referred as the `explicit virama' form.
		My issue is about rendering of the explicit virama form of a chillu-forming consonant.
		None of the non-chillu consonants require a zero width non joiner to form an explicit virama.
	paivakil.port5.com /writings/chill_effect.shtml (2128 words)

	Bringing the Unicode Standard inline with ISCII
		In the ISCII standard, encoding two consecutive Viramas in succession indicates that a conjunct formation should not take place between two consonants, and that a Virama sign should be visibly displayed.
		In this case, the Virama is always depicted as appropriate for the consonant to which it is attached.
		A ZWJ after a Virama shall only be said to be an encoded soft Halant: it is possible that it some other form of consonant will be displayed in any subsequent rendering.
	www.exnet.btinternet.co.uk /uniprop/encoding.htm (1126 words)

	The Cambodia Daily WEEKEND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Using the Virama model, a person types a "Virama" key and then types the character that is to be made a subscript.
		"The Virama model is more flexible," he wrote, adding that it will be easier for computer companies to implement because they will have experience with it in other Brahmic scripts.
		Everson says the governments of Sri Lanka and Burma were also troubled by the Virama model, but eventually agreed to use it because it supported Sanskrit and Pali languages, and was far easier for the computer industry to implement.
	www.camnet.com.kh /cambodia.daily/selected_features/unicode.htm (3121 words)

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