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Topic: Virashaivism

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	Virashaivism
		The bodies of men and women are temples of the god and thus all are equal, so Virashaivism attempted to abolish caste.
		At the heart of Virashaivism is the opposition between sthavara, the standing, and jangama, the moving.
		Basava is thought by some scholars to be the founder of Virashaivism but the books in Kannada and Sanskrit on Virashaivism do not name Basava as the founder.
	philtar.ucsm.ac.uk /encyclopedia/hindu/devot/virash.html (1350 words)

	Virashaivism
		After Basava, the Virashaivism lost its main principle of abolition of tribal and gender distinctions and divided into various castes and sub-castes, e.g., Budigejangam, Bedajangam, Malajangam, Madigajangam, Urajangam, Ganayatajangam, Shivajangam, Itamukkalajangam, Pirikijangam, Lingabalija, Tamballa, etc.
		Telugu kings lost interest in Virashaivism and the loss of the kings’ support resulted in deterioation of the religion.
		The tribal distinctions couldn’t be routed out entirely and various tribes and castes within Virashaivism claimed superiority over their non-Virashaiva counterparts and became divided causing further proliferation of castes/tribes.
	www.vepachedu.org /Virashaivism.htm (315 words)

	Burrakatha
		Virashaivism religion under the influence of Basava of Karnataka (12
		After the Virashaivism disintegrated, most of them gave up the principles of Virashaivism and started eating non-vegetarian food and drink alcohol.
		Thus, Burrakatha that was born into Virashaivism in 12
	www.vepachedu.org /burrakatha.htm (669 words)

	WELCOME : www.jainsamaj.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Secondly, Shaivism with its offshoot Virashaivism had begun to take strong roots in the masses, and the socioreligious movement of Bassa in the middle of the twlfth century with its insistence on bhakti towards God and social equality of all Shiva bhaktas or followers of Shiva began to make Inroads into the bastion of Jainism.
		Virashaivism advocated education for women, and here also Jainism showed the way.
		While Vedic Brahminism was not favourable to women's education, Jainism and later Virashaivism were positively in favour of imparting education to women and make them take active part in social activities.
	jainsamaj.org /literature/jaina-180904.htm (3169 words)

	Session 132 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The historiography of Virashaivism has focused on Karnataka, where the vast majority of Lingayats, self-confessed followers of Virashaivism, now reside.
		This is tragic in light of the fact that folk Virashaivism remains virulent in Andhra Pradesh.
		Brown’s studies of Virashaivism highlighted the religion’s folk underpinnings and revealed the central role played by Aradhya Brahmins, in the development of its elite form.
	www.aasianst.org /absts/1999abst/SAsia/s-132.htm (996 words)

	12. General conclusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The only seeming exception would be Virashaivism, a sect started by Basava, a Brahmin Prime Minister of a princely state in Karnataka (ca.
		The actual history of Virashaivism illustrates how in the context of premodern Indian religion, the programme of equality has inevitably been confined to the spiritual sphere or else remained a mirage.
		The same is true for all the other traditions and sects now advertised as egalitarian, except that they mostly never even began to upset existing caste practice, not even for that brief moment.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/wiah/ch12.htm (2883 words)

	Kamat Research Database: Research Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The history of Kannada literature can be classified into chronological periods, form-based periods of the Champukavya and Shatpadikavya, or the writer-based periods like the Pampa-yuga, Basava-yuga, and Kumara Vyasa-yuga.
		Kannada literature developed through the poetical compositions generated by religious movements like Jainism (10th -13th centuries), Virashaivism (1150-13th century), and Vaishnavism (1250-14th century), and the royal patronage extended by the Vijayanagara (1450-16th century) and Wodeyars (17th-19th century).
		In the 20th century, Kannada literature was influenced by Western thought, and English literature in particular.
	www.kamat.org /database?CitationID=10179 (92 words)

	Welcome to INDIANETHOS.COM --- Essense of the Ethos! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In Kannada the same movement was exemplified by Basava, whose vacanams ("sayings" or "talks") achieved great popularity.
		His religion, that of Virashaivism, was perhaps the most "protestant" of the bhakti religions.
		New Dravidian genres continued to evolve into the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Tamil Cittars (from the Sanskrit siddhas, "perfected ones"), who were eclectic mystics, composed poems noted for the power of their naturalistic diction.
	www.indianethos.com /index.asp?choice=languages&choice1=North (477 words)

	vIrasaiva panchAchArya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		panchAchAryas are regarded as the sthApanAchAryAs of vIrashaivism.
		They established Ashrams at five locations in India and spread the vIrashaiva philosophy.
		Sage vishvArAdhya is associated with the vishvEshvara linga os vAranAsi.
	www.shaivam.org /virdomain/adv_panca.htm (153 words)

	Aryan Invasion Theroy and Politics: The Case of David Duke
		Rajaram, Indian Express, 14-11-1993, of which an expanded version constitutes the first chapter of Rajaram’s book: Aryan Invasion of India, the Myth and the Truth, Voice of India, Delhi 1994.
		Robert J. Zydenbos: “Virashaivism, caste, revolution, etc.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1997, p.
		Schouten: Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Virashaivism, Kok/Pharos, Kampen (Netherlands) 1991.
	koenraadelst.bharatvani.org /articles/aid/zydembos.html (4944 words)

	45
		Virashaivism is one of many innovative religious movements organized historically around innovative spiritual leaders.
		The Brahmo Samaj, for example, has a Protestant flavour like the Jain flavour of Virashaivism.
		Such movements typically emerge around the moral authority of key individuals, typically styled as gurus (spiritual teachers) or sanyasis (ascetic monks).
	www.history.upenn.edu /coursepages/hist086/material/Chap7.htm (9348 words)

	Printer Friendly Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Gora Kumbhar, Tukaram and countless others like Thiruvalluvar and Vasuki who led the householder’s life, had attained God.
		Again, some saints followed Shaivism, some Vaishnavism, Sufism, Virashaivism, mysticism and so on.
		Some worshipped God in the Nirguna (formless) way, some as Saguna, with form.
	www.indianexpress.com /print.php?content_id=51946 (419 words)

	Spring 2005 Semester Course Highlights
		These more open elements will also be looked at.
		Some movements and figures that will be emphasized are Buddhism, Jainism, Hindu Tantrism, Virashaivism, Kabir, the Islamic mystics, medieval Islamic "liberals," the Sikhs, and Ramakrishna.
		The course will sketch the historical background of specialized "dissent" that forms a cultural undergirding, as it were, for the visionaries and "dissenters" of the Indian Nationalist movement of the 19
	www.ciis.edu /students/scthighlightssp05.html (5420 words)

	1.4. A CASE STUDY IN AIT POLEMIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		N.S. Rajaram, Indian Express, 14-11-1993, of which an expanded version constitutes the first chapter of Rajaram’s book: Aryan Invasion of India, the Myth and the Truth, Voice of India, Delhi 1994.
		Zydenbos: “Virashaivism, caste, revolution, etc.”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1997, p.525-535, a review of the very Christian (and anti-Brahminical) look at the Virashaiva sect by Rev. J.P. Schouten: Revolution of the Mystics: On the Social Aspects of Virashaivism, Kok/Pharos, Kampen (Netherlands) 1991.
		Apart from other works by Rajaram mentioned elsewhere, note also N.S. Rajaram: From Saraswati River to Indus Script, Diganta Sahitya, Mangalore 1998, an elaboration on the Sanskrit-based decipherment of the Indus script by N. Jha: Vedic Glossary on Indus Seals, Ganga Kaveri Publ., Varanasi 1996.
	www.bharatvani.org /books/ait/ch14.htm (5256 words)

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