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	Virginia Apgar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Virginia Apgar graduated from Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1933.
		Apgar promptly sat down and wrote her scoring method on the back of a notice which told people what to do with their trays.
		Virginia Apgar then went on to do further important research in neonatal acid-base status, especially in terms of hypoxia and acidosis, and also on the effects of maternal anesthesia on the neonate.
	www.manbit.com /oa/apgar.htm (222 words)

	Virginia Apgar (www.whonamedit.com)
		Virginia Apgar was born in Westfield, New Jersey, in 1909, the daughter of Helen Clarke Apgar and Charles Emory Apgar.
		Relieved of the burdens as chief of clinic Virginia Apgar now moved into obstetric anaesthesia and became Attending Anesthesiologist at the Sloane Hospital for Women, where for ten years she was to devote herself to the evaluation of the newborn child in the period immediately after delivery.
		After introducing her score, Virginia Apgar went on to do further important research in neonatal acid-base status, especially in terms of hypoxia and acidosis, and also on the effects of maternal anaesthesia on the neonate.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/204.html (2276 words)

	Changing the Face of Medicine \| Dr. Virginia Apgar
		Virginia Apgar was the first woman at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons to be named a full professor.
		Virginia Apgar designed and introduced the Apgar Score, the first standardized method for evaluating a newborn's transition to life outside the womb.
		Virginia Apgar, M.D., the first woman to become a full professor at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, designed the first standardized method for evaluating the newborn's transition to life outside the womb—the Apgar Score.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /changingthefaceofmedicine/physicians/biography_12.html (713 words)

	Apgar score - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Apgar score was devised in 1952 by Virginia Apgar as a simple and repeatable method to quickly and summarily assess the health of newborn children immediately after childbirth.
		The Apgar score is determined by evaluating the newborn baby on five simple criteria on a scale from zero to two and summing up the five values thus obtained.
		If the Apgar score remains below 3 at later times such as 10, 15, or 30 minutes, there is a risk that the child will suffer longer term neurological damage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apgar_score (345 words)

	Virginia Apgar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Virginia Apgar, M.D. June 7, 1909 - August 7, 1974) specialised in anesthesia and childbirth.
		She graduated from Mount Holyoke College in 1929, and Columbia University in 1933.
		In 1953, she introduced the first test, called the Apgar Score, to assess the health of newborn babies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virginia_Apgar (96 words)

	Ginny
		Apgar is said to have developed the lO-point scoring system in 1952 to force physicians and nurses to pay more attention to newborns in the first critical minutes of life.
		Apgar's contributions to medicine and health, however, extended far beyond the development of the infant test that bears her name.
		Apgar turned her attention to the fledgling field of anesthesiology, eventually focusing on obstetrics and the effects of anesthesia techniques on newborns.
	apgar.net /virginia (581 words)

	Apgar Scoring System For Newborns
		The Apgar score is named in honor of one of Dr. Virginia Apgar, one of Columbia University's first female M.D.s (1933), and one of the first American women to specialize in surgery.
		Apgar's research on anesthesia and childbirth led her to her greatest innovation: the Newborn Scoring System---better known as the "Apgar Score"---for assessing the health of newborn infants.
		Because Apgar realized that "Birth is the most hazardous time of life," she created a system for quickly and accurately assessing a baby's health in the crucial minutes after birth.
	medi-smart.com /apgar.htm (227 words)

	* Apgar - (Pregnancy & Parenting): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Apgar score is the very first test given to your newborn, and it occurs right after your baby's birth in the delivery or birthing room.
		APGAR Score The APGAR score is a measurement of a newborn's response to birth and life outside the womb.
		The Apgar test is a scoring system designed by Dr. Virginia Apgar, an anesthesiologist, to evaluate the condition of the newborn at one minute and five minutes after birth...
	www.bestknows.com /pregnancy/apgar.html (1004 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Virginia Apgar was the first female full professor at Columbia University's College of Physicians and Surgeons, and her name has been immortalized in the Apgar test for newborns.
		Virginia Apgar, the first woman to hold a full professorship at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, was director of anesthesiology at the Presbyterian Hospital from 1938 to 1949 (the anesthesiology service being a part of the Department of Surgery).
		Apgar spent more than 10 years with the March of Dimes, where her contribution to child health centered on the area of support of research programs seeking to determine the causes and treatment of birth defects.
	www.fathom.com /feature/35615 (1519 words)

	National Women's Hall of Fame - Women of the Hall (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Virginia Apgar, brilliant physician and humanitarian, is best known for her development of the Apgar Score (1952), a system to determine whether a newborn infant needs special attention to stay alive.
		Apgar, one of the few women admitted to Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in the 1930s, trained first in surgery, but shifted her work to anesthesiology, a new field that offered the opportunity to do groundbreaking work.
		Apgar's career shifted again in 1959 when she became a senior executive with the National Foundation-March of Dimes, and spent her time working to generate public support and funds for research on birth defects.
	www.greatwomen.org /women.php?action=viewone&id=14 (398 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Virginia Apgar was a trailblazer: one of Columbia University's first female M.D.s (1933), and one of the first American women to specialize in surgery.
		Apgar's research on anesthesia and childbirth led her to her greatest innovation: the Newborn Scoring System---better known as the "Apgar Score"---for assessing the health of newborn infants, which she conceived in 1949, refined, and finally published in 1953.
		By the time of her death in 1974, Virginia Apgar was admired for her great contributions to society as well as to science.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/apgar.html (362 words)

	Worried About Baby's Apgar Score
		The Apgar score is named after Dr. Virginia Apgar, a New York anesthesiologist who, in 1952, described the score as a means to assess the baby's status one minute and five minutes after birth.
		If you were told that the Apgar score was 7 and 8, for example, the score most likely was 7 at one minute and 8 at five minutes.
		An Apgar score between 7 and 10 is normal and is indicative of a baby who does not require any active intervention.
	www.webmd.com /content/pages/3/3608_857 (669 words)

	SELLER_PAPER
		The development of the APGAR Score was the greatest accomplishment of Virginia Apgar, who died in her sleep on August 7, 1974, at the age of sixty-five.
		Virginia Apgar made a significant and lasting mark on medical science with the APGAR Score which is an objective and measurable test of a newborn’s need for resuscitation after birth.
		Apgar left her personal stamp on Mary Blunt born in 1952, APGAR 8 and Baby Boy Meeks born in 1998, APGAR 9 at one minute and APGAR 9 at five minutes.
	apgar.net /virginia/SELLER_PAPER.html (3280 words)

	Apgar scores and the newborn baby
		It is named after the American doctor Virginia Apgar, who devised the scoring system and presented it to an anesthetists' conference in Virginia Beach, Virginia in 1952.
		Apgar readings are taken at 1 minute after birth, and again at 5 minutes after birth.
		In her 1952 paper presenting her new scoring system, Dr Virginia Apgar stated 'It has been most gratifying to note the enthusiastic interest and competitive spirit displayed by the obstetric house staff who took great pride in a baby with a high score.
	njnj.essortment.com /apgarscore_ryop.htm (541 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Virginia Apgar is another very important woman when it comes to the world of medicine and the advancements that take place in the healthcare world.
		Virginia was very intelligent woman, and majored in zoology while she minored in chemistry at the Mount Holyoke College.
		Virginia realized that because there is so much sexism in our world, she wouldn’t be able to support herself as a surgeon, so instead she turned to the fairly new field of anesthesiology.
	www.du.edu /~dlind/womeninmedicine.doc (2320 words)

	A Pioneering Physician
		Virginia Apgar said: "That's easy," jotted down five signs of health and rushed off to test it, according to Dr. Selma Calmes, chairwoman of anesthesiology at the Olive View-UCLA Medical Center and a biographer of Dr. Apgar, who died in 1974.
		The Apgar score measures a baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color one and five minutes after birth and is now used throughout the world.
		The tribute to Dr. Apgar, which began with grand rounds by Dr. Hyman on the history of infant resuscitation, ended with a concert by a quartet of PandS students playing music Dr. Apgar treasured on string instruments that she made.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/in-vivo/Vol1_Iss16_oct09_02 (825 words)

	Apgar Score - Detroit, Michigan
		The Apgar score is a test used to measure the vital signs of a baby at birth (fig.
		The Apgar score is now used worldwide to quickly assess the health of an infant one minute and five minutes after birth.
		The Apgar score may be repeated at 10 minutes and later to assess the effectiveness of the intervention or treatment.
	www.henryfordhealth.org /116302.cfm (474 words)

	APGAR SCORE
		The Apgar score—devised by Dr. Virginia Apgar in 1952—is a quick appraisal of the initial health of your baby.
		A baby who begins life with a one-minute Apgar of 5 and remains at 5 after five minutes would need more careful observation, possibly in a transitional nursery, and then would be allowed to room-in with the mother when her vital systems become stable.
		The Apgar score should have a "For medical use only" label, but over the years this score has been given to parents who have perceived the number as a sort of infant IQ test—an unnecessary source of anxiety for parents of low-scoring babies.
	www.askdrsears.com /html/10/t110227.asp (375 words)

	[P&S Journal:Fa:94] Virginia Apgar, The Doctor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After graduating fourth in the P&S Class of 1933, Dr. Apgar was determined to be a surgeon, and she began a surgical internship at Presbyterian Hospital.
		In devoting her expertise and research to obstetrical anesthesia and developing the Apgar score, Dr. Apgar is said to have laid the cornerstone of the new science called perinatology.
		Apgar, working with Dr. James, a pediatrician, and Dr. Duncan Holaday, an anesthesiologist-researcher, strengthened the value of the Apgar score, and the three published a second report (in 1958) on the score's use in evaluating a newborn infant.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /news/journal/journal-o/archives/jour_v14n3_0014.html (364 words)

	Apgar Score - Healthy Kids and Pediatrics - health and medical information produced by doctors
		The Apgar score is a number arrived at by scoring the heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, skin color, and response to a catheter in the nostril.
		The Apgar score is done routinely 60 seconds after the birth of the infant and then it is commonly repeated 5 minutes after birth.
		An Apgar score of 0-3 at 20 minutes of age, for example, is predictive of high rates of morbidity (disease) and mortality (death).
	www.medicinenet.com /apgar_score/article.htm (448 words)

	Virginia -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Virginia's place in American history was assured nearly 400 years ago when the first permanent English settlement in North America was established on its shores.
		It is bordered by Maryland to the northeast, North Carolina and Tennessee to the south, Kentucky to the west, and West Virginia to the northwest.
		Virginia Woolf was born Virginia Stephen in London on Jan. 25, 1882, and was educated by her father, Sir Leslie Stephen.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9277611 (753 words)

	Physicians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) was an American physician who developed a system for evaluating the physical condition of a baby immediately after birth.
		Apgar specialized in anesthesiology, a branch of medicine that deals with the administration of drugs for the relief of pain, especially during surgery.
		In 1959, Apgar joined the National Foundation-March of Dimes (now the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation), where she helped raise public support and funds for research on birth defects.
	www.worldbook.com /features/wscimed/html/physicians.htm (1777 words)

	Ginny (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		She was a pioneer in the field of pediatrics and developed the scoring system for newborn babies - the Apgar Score.
		After practicing surgery for a few years, Dr. Apgar turned her attention to the fledgling field of anesthesiology, eventually focusing on obstetrics and the effects of anesthesia techniques on newborns.
		Eric Apgar attended the ceremony and gave an acceptance speech on her behalf.
	www.apgarfamily.com /virginia.htm (640 words)

	Who Made America? \| Innovators \| Virginia Apgar
		In 1933, Apgar became one of the first women to graduate from Columbia University with a medical degree, despite financial struggles during the Great Depression.
		Dr. Apgar had chosen the challenging field of surgery as her specialty, but she soon discovered it was closed to women.
		Apgar became her alma mater's first female full professor in 1949, researching the uses and effects of anesthesia during childbirth.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/apgar_hi.html (311 words)

	Alumna Inducted into Women's Hall of Fame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Developed from her years of study of anesthesia and childbirth, the scoring system became the standard for evaluating infants immediately after birth and is used to predict which babies need medical attention during the first crucial minutes and hours of life.
		Apgar received a master's degree in public health from Johns Hopkins University in 1959, which led to an executive position with the March of Dimes Foundation.
		An unorthodox teacher and tireless individual, Apgar's life is peppered with anecdotes that illustrate the range of her genius.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /offices/comm/csj/951103/halloffame.html (406 words)

	Apgar score (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Apgar score is named in honor of one of the first pediatricians to specialise in newborn (neonatal) care, Dr. Virginia Apgar.
		If the Apgar score at twenty minutes after delivery is less than five, there is still only a 20% chance of a handicapping condition.
		If a person writes APGAR and tries to explain that the letters stand for elements of the scoring system, that person is in error and does a disservice to the memory of Dr. Apgar, who remains among pediatricians an honored pioneer in the struggle to improve the outcome for newborns.
	www.sleeptight.com /EncyMaster/A/Apgar_score.html (323 words)

	Daily Celebrations ~ Virginia Apgar, Delay Is Damaging ~ June 7 ~ Ideas to motivate, educate, and inspire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Babies are carefully evaluated at birth, thanks to the passionate concern of Dr. Virginia Apgar (1909-1974), born on this day in Westfield, New Jersey.
		In 1962, she created the Apgar Newborn Scoring System to rate newborn infants on a scale of 0 to 2, on five vital functions--heart rate, respiration, rreflexes, muscle tone, and skin color.
		Apgar realized newborns, in the swirl of birthing activities, were sent off to nurseries and examined later.
	www.dailycelebrations.com /060700.htm (248 words)

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