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Topic: Virginius Affair

	Virginius Affair - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Virginius Affair (sometimes called the Virginius Incident) was a diplomatic dispute that occurred in the 1870s between the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain, then proprietor of Cuba.
		The Virginius was a blockade-runner used in the American Civil War; she became a prize of the United States federal government, by which she was sold in 1870 to an American, John F. Patterson, who immediately registered her in the New York Custom House.
		The Virginius foundered off Cape Hatteras as she was being towed to the United States, by Ossipee.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virginius_Affair (332 words)

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	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=The+Calculus+Affair&rc=10&fh=17&fr=11 (610 words)

	Virginius Affair -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Santiago, and to salute the (The national flage of the United States of America) American flag at Santiago on the December 25 if it should not be proved before that date that the Virginius was not entitled to sail under American colors.
		The Virginius foundered off (A promontory on Hatteras Island off the Atlantic coast of North Carolina) Cape Hatteras as she was being towed to the United States, by (Click link for more info and facts about Ossipee) Ossipee.
		Under an agreement of the February 27, 1875, the Spanish government paid to the United States an (Legal exemption from liability for damages) indemnity of $80,000 for the execution of the Americans, and an indemnity was also paid to the British government.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/V/Vi/Virginius_Affair.htm (236 words)

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	Virginius Incident
		The Virginius sailed from New York on 4 October 1870, and during the next two years was used to transport arms and men to aid the insurgencies against Spain in Cuba and Venezuela.
		The Virginius was towed by the Tornado to Santiago de Cuba harbor and arrived on 1 November 1873.
		As a result of a diplomatic agreement between the governments of the United States and Spain, the Virginius was moved to the harbor at Bahia Honda, where it was delivered to the USS Despatch, commanded by Lieutenant Commander Rodgers on Tuesday 18 December 1873.
	www.cubagenweb.org /mil/grande/virginius.htm (1677 words)

	Virginius Affair
		The side-wheel steamer Virginius, built during the American Civil War as a Confederate blockade runner, was under lease to Cuban patriots based in New York City, and was flying the American flag that day in October 1873.
		Firing shots across the bow of the Virginius, the Tornado forced her to a standstill and the Spanish boarded her.
		On the last leg of the journey, the Virginius sank off South Carolina during a storm, and on December 18, 1873, Spain released its remaining prisoners along with an payment of $80,000 to be shared by the families of those executed.
	figueredo.freeservers.com /virginius.htm (489 words)

	Ten Years War. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1873 the Virginius affair brought Spanish-American relations to a crisis.
		When internal affairs in Spain settled somewhat, greater attention was given the war in Cuba.
		General Martínez de Campos managed to conclude the Treaty of Zanjón, which nominally granted reforms and gave the Cubans governmental representation; the promises were not kept, and conditions did not improve.
	www.bartleby.com /65/te/TenYears.html (315 words)

	Encyclopedia: Virginius Affair
		The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 until 1865 between the United States – forces coming mostly from the 23 northern states of the Union – and the newly-formed Confederate States of America, which consisted of 11 southern states that had declared their secession.
		An aerial view of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina.
		The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States government.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Virginius-Affair (1048 words)

	Virginius Incident
		The VIRGINIUS was an ex-Confederate blockade runner that was used by Cuban rebels and their American collaborators during the first half of the Ten Years’ War (1868-1878), Cuba’s unsuccessful first attempt to fight for independence from Spain.
		Its boilers spent from its failed attempt to elude the TORNADO, the VIRGINIUS was finally abandoned and allowed to founder on December 26.
		Memories of the VIRGINIUS Affair exacerbated tensions between the United States and Spain between 1895 and 1898, and perhaps some Americans perceived war in 1898 as an opportunity to avenge the deaths of its crew members, as well as the deaths of the crew members of the battleship USS Maine.
	www.spanamwar.com /virginius.htm (2427 words)

	Virginius affair -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Hostilities between the United States and Spain were averted when Spain returned the ship and paid an indemnity of $80,000 to the families of the executed Americans.
		The affair arose over the supposed illegal trading activities of an English company in the Norwegian port of Bodø, where Norwegian officials in 1818 seized a large cargo of the company and arrested one of its owners, who later...
		Veterans' Affairs Canada, or the Department of Veterans Affairs, was established in 1944 to administer pensions, health care, and other benefits for Canadian ex-service personnel.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9075486 (866 words)

	Virginius Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Virginius Affair (sometimes called the Virginius Incident) was adiplomatic dispute that occurred in the 1870s between the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain, then proprietor of Cuba.
		The Virginius foundered off Cape Hatteras as she was beingbrought to the United States.
		The Attorney-General of the United States decided before December 25 that the Virginiuswas the property of General Quesada and other Cubans, and had had no right to carry the American flag.
	www.therfcc.org /virginius-affair-159768.html (145 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Virginius Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		MSN Encarta - Search Results - Virginius Affair
		Virginius Affair, in American history, a naval incident in 1873 that strained relations between the United States and Spain.
		Dreyfus Affair, the controversy involving the French army officer Alfred Dreyfus, who was convicted on a charge of treason in 1894.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Virginius_Affair.html (123 words)

	Virginius Affair - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Virginius Affair - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 10:58, 17 Jun 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Virginius Affair contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Virginius_affair (348 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Virginius Affair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Petrov Affair: picture of Evdokia Petrov in custody
		Occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs Building
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	encarta.msn.com /Virginius_Affair.html (131 words)

	How to Survive An Affair -Sales
		Here's why: when your spouse drops the bomb of their affair, it is one of the most shocking and devastating experiences you can go through.
		Ray needed help uncovering the reasons why he had the affair and understanding the pain Kathy was going through so he could give her an opportunity to heal and forgive him.
		After the affair, your first instinct might be to look for reasons why the affair happened.
	www.SurviveAnAffair.com (8110 words)

	Channing's Short History of the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Expeditions sailed from the United States to help the Cubans, although the government did everything it could to prevent their departure.
		One of these vessels carrying aid to the Cubans was named the Virginius.
		The Spaniards captured her, carried her to Santiago, and killed forty-six of her crew.
	www.americanhistory.com /history/ShortHistory/shorthistory13.mgi (4067 words)

	Virginius Affair
		American public sympathies, however, clearly favored the Cubans, influenced largely by the 1873 Virginius affair.
		That incident, which almost brought the two nations to war, involved a Cuban-owned ship, with an American captain and several Yankee crew members, seized by a Spanish gunboat in international waters off the Cuban coast.
		Virginius had been illegally flying the American flag and transporting arms to the Cuban insurgents.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/ops/virginius.htm (434 words)

	Miantonomoh
		The wood armor backing and other timbers in the ships' hulls suffered from dry rot and within the first ten years after the war their combat value had become almost.
		The October 1873 "Virginius Affair," almost provoked a war between Spain and the United States.
		On October 31, 1873, the Virginius was captured by Spanish officials in international waters, and 36 crew members and 15 passengers, including several American citizens and British subjects, were executed.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/ship/miantonomoh.htm (852 words)

	The Nation, 12/04/1873 - How Should We Fight Spain? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The article provides information on the current maritime dispute between Spain and the U.S. The settlement of the Virginius affair, as reported from Washington, leaves little to be desired if the Madrid Government proves able to carry it into execution.
		Arbitration, or rather the decision of a mixed tribunal, is perhaps as good a way as could be desired of deciding whether the Virginius was a bona-fide American ship.
		THE settlement of the Virgmws affair, as reported from Washington, leaves little to be desired if the Madrid Government proves able to carry it into execution...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v017i0440_03.htm (1450 words)

	AllRefer.com - Virginius affair (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Virginius affair (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Virginius affair, 1873, incident that came near to causing war between the United States and Spain.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Virginius affair
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/V/Virginiu.html (239 words)

	Adoption Affair Center Chinese
		cases are no internal affair of the state...
		culture of the French court, and the bizarre Affair of the Poisons which led to her downfall.
		Black Beret affair reveals dirty secrets Daniel McAdams looks behind the headlines to see what the Department of Defense would rather not reveal.
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	Amerika - Latin America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Virginius is a ship that, as it is sailing supplies and volunteers/mercenaries/adventurers to the Cuban rebels (the Cuban rebellion is now in its fifth year).
		This, plus the surrender of the Confederate expeditionary army in October proves to be the death knell of the CS adventure.
		By the time the peace treaty is signed, bringing things back to the status quo, the Confederate president is already impeached, reducing CS intervention in non-Mexican foreign affairs considerably for the next 12 years.
	www.changingthetimes.co.uk /samples/18th/amerikaLA.htm (6382 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / Magazine
		The S.S. Virginius of New York, Captain Charles Fry, darted up from the Jamaica coast, bound for Cuba, which lay blue in the distance.
		When the Spaniards boarded, they found the Virginius stacked high with arms for Cuba’s rebels, then engaged in another of their apparently endless insurrections against the mother country.
		Affairs in Cuba had not improved since the days of the Virginius incident.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1964/2/1964_2_30.shtml (5088 words)

	"CDL Single record display" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The American action was in response to French seizures of U.S. merchant vessels on the high seas, and to the "XYZ Affair" in which the French government attempted to extort thousands of dollars from three U.S. envoys in Paris.
		The French, then at war with England, had taken these actions in retaliation for the Jay Treaty, in which the Americans promised the British not to trade with France.(54) Here I argue that liberal ideology in the form of republican solidarity prevented France and the United States from engaging in full-scale war.
		After Lord Salisbury, British prime minister and foreign minister, told Cleveland that it was no affair of the United States', Congress voted unanimously in December 1895 to fund an American commission to decide the boundary, with its recommendations to be enforced by whatever means necessary.
	www.uoregon.edu /~rmitchel/ir/readings/owen.htm (10330 words)

	Hackemer, Spring 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A postwar investigation by the Senate Committee on Naval Affairs recommended that several firms be at least partially compensated for lost revenue and inflationary costs "caused by the delay and action of the Government," drawing the wartime era to a close.
		For example, the service's feeble reaction to the Virginius affair and its inability to protect American interests during the War of the Pacific showed how far the fleet had deteriorated since the glory days of the Civil War.
		The Virginius was an old Civil War blockade runner caught by the Spanish running guns to Cuban insurgents in 1873.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1999/spring/art4-sp9.htm (9239 words)

	America & Imperialism
		Germany is victorious, and under Bismarck Germany dominates central European affairs until 1914.
		The Virginius, a gun runner for Cuban rebels, was captured by the Spanish, who executed the crew, including some Americans.
		Just before being hanged ship’s Captain Fry sent a pathetic letter to his wife, which was published in a NYC newspaper.
	www.aldridgeshs.qld.edu.au /sose/modrespg/imperial/usa/lecture1.htm (4520 words)

	Hamilton Fish
		Settlement of the Alabama claims and the Virginius affair were his chief successes, while the Dominican Republic purchase was a defeat he silently welcomed.
		Beyond his efforts in foreign affairs, Fish was a constant force working in opposition to the corruption and excesses of the Grant administration.
		In 1877, Fish returned to private life where he long remained active in public affairs, in particular the continued development of Columbia College.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h214.html (322 words)

	Picture History - W. A. C. Ryan
		W. Ryan became a participant in the Virginius Affair.
		Ryan was a civilian passenger aboard the steamer "Virginius," which was fraudulently flying the American flag as it carried weapons to the Cubans.
		The Spanish captured the ship on October 31, 1873, and fifty-three of the crew and passengers were executed.
	www.picturehistory.com /find/p/19229/mcms.html (128 words)

	Spanish American War Bibliography
		In spite of international crises such as the Virginius Affair, contention with Great Britain over the Alabama Claims, and problems with France over a projected canal in Panama, the strength of the Navy continued to decline.
		For example, a deeper understanding of the development of naval gunfire technology and techniques could be achieved by a comparative analysis of this issue in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Spanish-American War of 1898, and the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.
		Another topic would be a comparison of American public reaction to the Virginius affair in 1873 to that of the sinking of Maine in 1898.
	www.history.navy.mil /biblio/biblio7/biblio7a.htm (9266 words)

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