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Topic: Virtual address

	Virtual memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To properly implement virtual memory the CPU (or a device attatched to it) must provide a way for the operating system to map virtual memory to physical memory and for it to detect when an address is required that does not currently relate to main memory so that the needed data can be swapped in.
		Addresses with entries in the TLB require no additional memory references (and therefore time) to translate, However, the TLB can only maintain a fixed number of mappings between virtual and physical addresses; when the needed translation is not resident in the TLB, action will have to be taken to load it in.
		It is possible to avoid the overhead of address relocation using a process called rebasing, which uses metadata in the executable image header to guarantee to the run-time loader that the image will only run within a certain virtual address space.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtual_memory (2847 words)

	Extending OpenVMS for 64-bit Addressable Virtual Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This section of virtual memory is PT space, which is depicted on the right side of Figure 4 in the 1,022d 8-GB section in the materialized virtual address space.
		The virtual address of the buffer is not adequate for device drivers because much of the driver code runs in system context and not in the process context of the requester.
		Once the virtual address of the I/O buffer is converted to a PTE address, all references to that buffer are made using the PTE address.
	www.research.compaq.com /wrl/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJM05/DTJM05HM.HTM (8139 words)

	RFC 2338 (rfc2338) - Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
		Virtual Router Master The VRRP router that is assuming the responsibility of forwarding packets sent to the IP address(es) associated with the virtual router, and answering ARP requests for these IP addresses.
		The virtual router MAC address is used as the source in all periodic VRRP messages sent by the Master router to enable bridge learning in an extended LAN.
		One method to deduce the virtual router used is to examine the destination MAC address in the packet that triggered the redirect.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2338.html (5834 words)

	OVERVIEW OF PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL MEMORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		It manages the parts of the virtual address space of a thread or process not in physical memory and determines what portions of the address space should reside in physical memory.
		To execute a process, the kernel creates a per-process virtual address space that is set up by the kernel; portions of the virtual space are mapped onto physical memory.
		These virtual addresses must be mapped to physical addresses (locations of the physical pages in memory) for the compiled code to execute.
	docs.hp.com /en/5965-4641/ch01s02.html (900 words)

	Kit Chow's Weblog : Weblog
		The size of the Solaris Kernel address space has had to be increased due to various Kernel address space exhaustion problems which included bug 4979763.
		The 32 bit virtual address space is split at the 'kernelbase' variable with the User address space occupying the virtual space below kernelbase and the Kernel virtual address space occupying the space above.
		For example, the default size of the User virtual address space is less than 1 Gigabyte (0x34000000) for configurations with 64 Gigabytes of physical memory.
	blogs.sun.com /roller/page/kchow/20050613 (577 words)

	Virtual Memory: The Details
		Virtual address space is the maximum amount of address space available to an application.
		Virtual address space depends on the architecture because it is the architecture that defines how many bits are available for addressing purposes.
		Virtual address space also depends on the operating system because the manner in which the operating system was implemented may introduce additional limits over and above those imposed by the architecture.
	www.redhat.com /docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-3-Manual/admin-guide/s1-memory-virt-details.html (959 words)

	ipedia.com: Virtual memory Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In technical terms, it allows software to run in a memory address space whose size and addressing are not necessarily tied to the computer's physical memory.
		Simply put, when a memory location is read or written to, hardware within the computer translates the memory address generated by the software (the virtual memory address) into a, usually distinct, real memory address (the physical memory address) within the computer's memory.
		The most fundamental advantage of virtual memory is that it allows a computer to multiplex its CPU and memory between multiple programs without the need to perform expensive copying of the programs' memory images.
	www.ipedia.com /virtual_memory.html (992 words)

	Virtual Server via NAT
		Network address translation is a feature by which IP addresses are mapped from one group to another.
		If they are matched for a virtual server service according to the virtual server rule table, a real server is chosen from the cluster by a scheduling algorithm, and the connection is added into the hash table which record the established connection.
		Then, the destination address and the port of the packet are rewritten to those of the chosen server, and the packet is forwarded to the server.
	www.linuxvirtualserver.org /VS-NAT.html (952 words)

	OSD: Virtual memory
		This means the virtual addresses generated by a program are different from the physical addresses that go onto the address bus; to the memory chips.
		The translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses is performed by special hardware inside the CPU called a memory management unit (MMU).
		The task virtual memory is private to each task; the identity-mapped and kernel virtual memory are shared among all tasks.
	my.execpc.com /CE/AC/geezer/osd/mem (1382 words)

	The Old New Thing : Why is the virtual address space 4GB anyway? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Current 64-bit processors do support a 63- or 64-bit virtual address space (they don't have enough address lines, of course, because the physical RAM to realize such a space would be vast).
		In order for the virtual block cache that NT uses to be effective, it has to have enough virtual memory handy to adequately address the files it's trying to cache.
		Virtual memory is already very tight when you think about using 512MB of *virtual* cache to map to large disks today.
	blogs.msdn.com /oldnewthing/archive/2004/08/17/215682.aspx (5874 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Virtual memory is a technique that allows a system to use a limited amount of real memory to represent a much larger virtual address space.
		When a memory address in one of pages in virtual memory is accessed, the virtual page is moved to one of the physical page frames.
		The virtual address of each part of the program and of each data array is provided.
	www.cs.niu.edu /~berezin/463/assns/vmassn.html (1168 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Similarly, the implementations of pgd_offset(), pgd_offset_k(), pmd_offset(), and pte_offset() extract the relevant address bits from the virtual address to form an index and then use this value to index the directory identified by the first argument passed to these routines.
		First, so that virtual address space is not wasted, it is preferable for the page table to not overlap with the normal space mapped by the page table.
		For the other platforms, argument mm identifies the address space for which the TLB entries should be flushed, and arguments start and end specify the virtual address range for which the virtual-page-table TLB entries should be flushed.
	www.hp.com /hpbooks/prentice/chapters/0130610143_ch4.doc (6472 words)

	Virtual Memory Address Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The number of bits in a virtual address is the log base 2 of this value.
		A virtual memory address can be considered to be composed of two parts: a page number and an offset into the page.
		To convert a virtual address into a physical address, the CPU uses the page number as an index into the page table.
	williams.comp.ncat.edu /addrtrans.htm (394 words)

	RAM, Virtual Memory, Pagefile and all that stuff
		Virtual Memory is always in use, even when the memory required by all running processes does not exceed the amount of RAM installed on the system.
		In the default Windows OS configuration, 2 GB of this virtual address space are designated for each process’ private use and the other 2 GB are shared between all processes and the operating system. Normally, applications (e.g.
		Physical Address Extension (PAE) is the feature of the Intel 32 bit architecture that expands the physical memory (RAM) address to 36 bits (see KB articles 268363 and 261988).
	support.microsoft.com /default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;555223 (909 words)

	The GNU Mach Reference Manual: Virtual Memory Interface (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		An virtual memory map is used by the kernel to manage the address space of a task.
		The virtual memory maps of tasks are the only ones accessible outside of the kernel.
		maps a region of virtual memory at the specified address, for which data is to be supplied by the given memory object, starting at the given offset within that object.
	www.gnu.org /software/hurd/gnumach-doc/mach_5.html (2018 words)

	Connected: An Internet Encyclopedia - IP Address (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		IP addresses are assigned on a per-interface basis, so a host might possess several IP addresses if it has several interfaces.
		It is sometimes useful to configure a host with additional IP addresses, usually to use one server to offer Web service for several addresses.
		Dynamically addressed hosts use management protocols to obtain their IP addresses from a server; most statically addressed hosts are manually configured with their IP address.
	ie.activedomain.org /23.htm (532 words)

	Virtual Memory: the Details
		As the term implies, the virtual address space is the program's address space — how much memory the program would require if it needed all the memory at once.
		In order to implement virtual memory, it is necessary for the computer system to have special memory management hardware.
		For example, this means that memory address 123 might be directed to physical address 82043.
	www.redhat.com /docs/manuals/linux/RHL-8.0-Manual/admin-primer/s1-memory-virt-details.html (865 words)

	mremap(2): re-map virtual memory address - Linux man page
		old_address is the old address of the virtual memory block that you want to expand (or shrink).
		Each virtual memory segment has its own protection (access rights), which may cause a segmentation violation if the memory is accessed incorrectly (e.g., writing to a read-only segment).
		The memory area cannot be expanded at the current virtual address, and the MREMAP_MAYMOVE flag is not set in flags.
	www.die.net /doc/linux/man/man2/mremap.2.html (417 words)

	Clavister VPN Client: Virtual IP Address
		In practice, this limits the number of concurrently open virtual private network connections using virtual adapters to one, which should, however, be enough for a typical user.
		In fact, all of the virtual IP protocols supported by Clavister VPN Client can be used in association with any type of network connection.
		The IKE Config Mode is commonly used to acquire the virtual IP address when communicating with devices from various vendors including Cisco and Nortel.
	www.clavister.com /manuals/ver8x/vpnclient/virtual_ip_address.html (742 words)

	Apache Week. Using Virtual Hosts
		If the virtual host name is in someone else's domain, you will need to get them to add it to their DNS server files.
		By default Apache listens to port 80 on all IP addresses of the local machine, and this is often sufficient.
		Having got Apache to listen to the appropriate IP addresses and ports, the final stage is to configure the server to behave differently for requests on each of the different addresses.
	www.apacheweek.com /features/vhost (1278 words)

	Compile-Time Program Restructuring in Multiprogrammed Virtual Memory Systems
		An evaluation is made of a way to reduce the cost of program restructuring by having a compiler determine the program's packing in virtual address space from an analysis of its source code.
		Two features of this method are the duplication of code modules in virtual address space and the inline substitution of the code for a called procedure.
		In a simulation of a virtual memory system using disks as secondary storage devices, the method is not successful, since it leads to a higher optimum space-time execution cost than that of the unrestructured program.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/trans/ts/&toc=comp/trans/ts/1988/11/eytoc.xml&DOI=10.1109/32.9051 (692 words)

	Apache IP-based Virtual Host Support
		This can be achieved by the machine having several physical network connections, or by use of virtual interfaces which are supported by most modern operating systems (see system documentation for details, these are frequently called "ip aliases", and the "ifconfig" command is most commonly used to set them up).
		Listen directive in the configuration file to select which IP address (or virtual host) that daemon services.
		It is recommended that you use an IP address instead of a hostname (see DNS caveats).
	httpd.apache.org /docs/vhosts/ip-based.html (452 words)

	Paging
		Virtual addresses refer to the virtual store viewed by the process.
		virtual addresses might be the same as physical addresses
		virtual space is limited by size of virtual addresses (not physical addresses)
	www.cs.wpi.edu /~cs3013/b02/week4-paging/week4-paging.html (546 words)

	NetMotion Wireless - Tech Note 2166: Setting Up a Virtual IP Address Scheme
		The VIP address pool and the static addresses must be separate ranges, otherwise you'll run into problems where your static VIP addresses are in use by clients that got them out of a pool.
		If you are assigning static VIP addresses by device, the device will not appear in the Mobility console until after it connects for the first time, which means you won't be able to assign it a static VIP address.
		Like the VIP addresses in a pool, static VIP addresses must be on the same subnet as the Mobility server, and they cannot be in use by anything else on your network.
	www.netmotionwireless.com /support/technotes/2166.asp (1616 words)

	Vadump.exe: Virtual Address Dump
		This command-line tool shows the state and size of each segment of virtual address space.
		You can use VaDump to make sure virtual address space is not over-allocated.
		Microsoft will, at its sole discretion, address issues and bugs reported in this manner, and responses are not guaranteed.
	www.microsoft.com /windows2000/techinfo/reskit/tools/existing/vadump-o.asp (445 words)

	How to manage address lists when you host virtual organizations
		This may not be acceptable in some situations; for example, it would not be acceptable at a company that that serves as an e-mail host for other companies.
		Add all members of each virtual organization to the global group that you created for that virtual organization in step 2.
		Follow these steps to permit members of the virtual organization to see members of that Global Address List and to prevent all other users from seeing those entries.
	support.microsoft.com /?kbid=822940 (1113 words)

	Slava Oks's WebLog : A look at Virtual Address Space - VAS
		This perfectly worked in DOS times when things were simple, when there was no virtual memory and when application didn’t have to share the computer box with others.
		The resources can be controlled by OS as well as by user code so it is very important for every developer to get full understanding of what those resources are.
		As we said VAS is very important resource and it is used by lots of different components loaded into your process space so that ability to track or account for it is very important.
	blogs.msdn.com /slavao/archive/2005/01/27/361678.aspx (1284 words)

	virtual address Computer Encyclopedia Enterprise Resource Directory Complete Guide to Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A memory location accessed by an {application program} in a system with {virtual memory} such that intervening hardware and/or software maps the virtual address to real ({physical}) memory.
		During the course of execution of an application, the same virtual address may be mapped to many different {physical addresses} as data and programs are {paged out} and {paged in} to other locations.
		In {IBM}'s {VM} {operating system}, {Virtual Device Location}.
	jaysir.com /computer-encyclopedia/v/virtual-address-computer-terms.htm (90 words)

	VAX - a Whatis.com definition - see also: , Virtual Address eXtension (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		VAX (Virtual Address eXtension) is an established line of mid-range server computers from the Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).
		VAX included a 32-bit processor and virtual memory.
		Historically, VAX has competed with a number of Hewlett-Packard and IBM computers in the small enterprise and university-scientific marketplace.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci214141,00.html (276 words)

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