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	Virtual water - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The water is said to be virtual because once the wheat is grown, the real water used to grow it is no longer actually contained in the wheat.
		In semi-arid and arid areas, knowing the virtual water value of a good or service can be useful towards determining how best to use the scarce water available.
		Virtual water trade refers to the idea that when goods and services are exchanged, so is virtual water.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtual_water (393 words)

	Water Resources eAtlas - Watersheds of the World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Virtual water is defined as water embedded in commodities (Allan 1998).
		While Japan is not water scarce, the country imports a substantial amount of its cereal requirements (76 percent of the total consumption) and hence is a big virtual water importer (25 km3).
		The virtual water flows on Map 19c were created using estimates of crop evapotranspiration equivalents – the amount of water evapotranspired on both irrigated and rainfed land required to produce cereals.
	www.iucn.org /themes/wani/eatlas/html/gm19.html (977 words)

	The Hindu : It's called `virtual water' ....
		It may be said in conclusion that, in spite of all its shortcomings, the concept of virtual water has certainly lent a new perspective to discussions on water management and the interlinkage between water, food and trade.
		The water footprint of a country is its real water use — its domestic use plus the net virtual water import — which is a useful indicator of the nation's demand on global water resources.
		Water footprints can also be calculated at an individual level; it is simply the sum of the virtual water content of all products consumed.
	www.hinduonnet.com /mag/2004/06/06/stories/2004060600150200.htm (1871 words)

	Water Footprints and Virtual Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		But at the national level, this becomes complex - The water footprint of a nation is equal to the use of domestic water resources, minus the virtual water export flows, plus the virtual water import flows.
		The total ‘water footprint’ of a nation is a useful indicator of a nation’s call on the global water resources.
		Virtual water is the amount of water that is embedded in food or other products needed for its production.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/footprints/water-footprint.html (446 words)

	"Watersheds and Problemsheds: Explaining the Absence of Armed Conflict Over Water in the Middle East"
		The use of this virtual water obtained in the global trading system has enabled the political leaderships of the region to augment their respective inadequate water resources.
		Addressing the global virtual water priority by focusing on market intelligence and a regionally coordinated approach to trading in food staples has not gained a place on the water policy agenda in the region.
		Water is central to a traditional agricultural way of life which is of direct importance to significant proportions of the populations of individual economies.
	www.biu.ac.il /SOC/besa/meria/journal/1998/issue1/jv2n1a7.html (1244 words)

	Virtual water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Virtual water is a measure of indirect consumption of water resources in the form of agricultural products, silicon chips and other goods requiringsignificant quantities of clean water in their production.
		"When you consume one kilogram of grain, you are also consuming 1,000 litres of water needed to grow thatgrain; when you consume a kilogram of beef you are consuming 13,000 litres of water needed to produce that amount of meat, and this is the hidden or virtual water.
		In Asia, peopleconsume an average of 1,400 litres of virtual water a day, while in Europe and North America, people consume about 4,000 litres.
	www.therfcc.org /virtual-water-112506.html (221 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Water scarcity: A looming crisis?
		Water shortages can mean long walks to fetch water, high prices to buy it, food insecurity and disease from drinking dirty water.
		As groundwater is exploited, water tables in parts of China, India, West Asia, the former Soviet Union and the western United States are dropping - in India by as much as 3m a year in 1999.
		The optimists say "virtual water" may save the day - the water contained in crops which can be exported from water-rich countries to arid ones.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3747724.stm (917 words)

	Water Taxi, Inc. - Unique Solutions to Water-Based Transportation
		Water Bus is the new name for the regular scheduled service provided by Water Taxi, Inc. in the Ft. Lauderdale area.
		Our Water Bus service provides our customers with many advantages, including: 10:00 AM to 11:30 PM frequent service, low rates, convenient connections to Broward County Transit buses, and interchangeable 31-Day passes that can be used on all Water Buses and BCT buses, making BCT and Water Bus "The Perfect Connection.
		Water Bus is a unique alternative to traditional transportation, providing a comfortable and relaxing way to avoid traffic and congested roadways.
	www.watertaxi.com /FortLauderdale/FLLVirtualRide1.Asp (157 words)

	Virtual Water: International Year of Freshwater 2003
		Virtual water is an essential tool in calculating the real water use of a country, or its water footprint, which is equal to the total domestic use, plus the virtual water import, minus the virtual water export of a country.
		Trade in virtual water has steadily increased over the last forty years: about 15% of the water used in the world is for export, in virtual form.
		The water footprint of a nation is equal to the use of domestic water resources, minus the virtual water export flows, plus the virtual water import flows.
	www.ess.co.at /SMART/VirtualWater.htm (1426 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A first objective of the research programme on Virtual Water Trade is to assess virtual water flows between nations and to draw the virtual water trade balances of all nations of the world by analysing both imports and exports.
		A second objective of the programme is to analyse the virtual water trade balances of nations within the context of required and available domestic water resources, to evaluate the trade balances in terms of economic efficiency, water and food security, and sustainability, and to develop alternatives for improved global water use efficiency.
		This is called import of virtual water (as opposed to import of real water, which is generally too expensive) and will relieve the pressure on the nation's own water resources.
	www.ihe.nl /vmp/articles/Projects/PRO-Virtual_Water_Trade.html (794 words)

	Water garden design and construction including lakes,fountains,streams and virtual water gardens by The Garden Company ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The virtual water garden was to give the appearance of water features, but without using a single drop.
		Further on, the virtual stream flows on to a reflecting pool of polished metal and spiralling fountains.
		From here, the virtual water lies hidden under a dry river bed where rocky outcrops(artificial stone) mark its meanderings and the landscape is dominated by tufts of grasses and drought tolerant plants.
	www.thegardenco.co.uk /water.htm (293 words)

	A Convenient solution.
		The plan is to pump water from deep wells in the north of the country and then send it through underground pipes to irrigate about 200,000 hectares along the Mediterranean coast at an estimated capital cost of $25 billion.
		But consider the case of Egypt, where about 90 per cent of the national water budget goes to agriculture and yet another 7.5 million tonnes of grain, equivalent to 7.5 billion cubic metres of virtual water, were still imported last year to feed the population of about 63 million.
		By downplaying the role of virtual water, there is a risk that countries will undervalue their own resources and put off innovative and painful policies.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_02/uk/dossier/txt32.htm (930 words)

	Global: Virtual Water Flows between Nations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The virtual water content of a commodity is the volume of water used to produce this commodity.
		The main objectives of this study are to develop a methodology to assess the virtual water content of various agricultural and industrial products, to quantify the volumes of virtual water water flows between nations and to put the virtual water balances of nations within the context of national water needs and water availability.
		The global volume of international virtual water flows during the period 1997-2001 in relation to the international trade in agricultural and industrial products was 1625 Gm3/yr in average.
	www.waterfootprint.org /virtualWaterFlows.htm (406 words)

	International network dealing with top to top water policy issues towards sustainable development. World Water Vision. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The objective of the session was to create a better understanding of virtual water, virtual water trade and to share views and ideas on the application and consequences of the concept.
		It concluded that ‘virtual water’ trade between nations could relieve the pressure on scarce water resources and contribute to the mitigation of water scarcity at both local and global levels.
		Including ‘virtual water’ as a policy option requires thorough understanding of the impact of ‘virtual water’ trade on the local, social, environmental, economic and cultural situation.
	www.worldwatercouncil.org /virtual_water.shtml (650 words)

	The Word Spy - virtual water
		The water used to produce the goods that a country imports; the water that a country would require to produce domestically the goods that it imports.
		The value of the water used for irrigating wheat, sugar or rice can end up being many times greater than the value of the produce: there is no way that these crops can compete with food staples grown in countries where the water rains down free from the heavens.
		It costs them less, and their water resources can be better used: the water that provides the livelihood of one farming family can keep ten non-farming families going.
	www.wordspy.com /words/virtualwater.asp (316 words)

	Virtual Water Project
		The choice of water is justified by the fact that this is a common and relatively simple substance.
		For the navigation and immersion in the virtual environment, we use the Head Mounted Display V6 from Virtual Research, as well as one Cyberglove from Virtual Technologies and a position sensor to two receptors, Isotrack II, from Polhemus (Figure 8).
		A virtual environment for the teaching of Physics and Chemistry is being developed to test the possibility of applying virtual reality in teaching and learning.
	nautilus.fis.uc.pt /Read_c/RV/virtual_water/virtual_water.htm (1242 words)

	Water footprint and virtual water
		The water footprint of a nation shows the total volume of water that is used to produce the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants of the nation.
		Since not all goods consumed in one particular country are produced in that country, the water footprint consists of two parts: use of domestic water resources and use of water outside the borders of the country.
		The water footprint includes both the water withdrawn from surface and groundwater and the use of soil water (in agricultural production).
	www.waterfootprint.org (241 words)

	A Guide to Water Filters - Water Conservation & Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Water utilities are only required to test for the 90 contaminants that the EPA has set standards for.
		Ionized water is electronically enhanced water that has been run over positive and negative electrodes and becomes ionized, which then is separated into alkaline and acidic water.
		The Alkaline Ionized Water is used for drinking and demonstrates strong antioxidant effects on the body, while Acidic Ionized Water is used on the outside of the body and is proven to kill many types of bacteria, including E. coli.
	www.heartspring.net /water_filters_guide.html (1990 words)

	Water
		Drinking water suppliers now provide reports (sometimes called consumer confidence reports) that tell where drinking water comes from, and what contaminants may be in it.
		A home water treatment system may or may not be the appropriate solution to a given water quality problem.
		When water is contaminated, it is best to eliminate the source of the contamination, if at all possible.
	www.mylawless.com /links.html16.html (994 words)

	Virtual Anaesthesia Textbook - Water, Electrolytes, Renal and Acid-Base Physiology
		Life, a transient process of creating and maintaining, within discrete boundaries, an ordered environment within an ultimate sea of entropy, is a reflection of complex biochemical interactions.
		Intracellular and extracellular fluid composition, a table from the EXCELLENT Virtual Hospital at Iowa page on Pediatrics: Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Dehydration.
		The Virtual Hospital has a didactic but helpful approach to interpretation of blood gases.
	www.virtual-anaesthesia-textbook.com /vat/acidbase.html (698 words)

	"International Water Facility" by Mohamed Kassas, Ph.D.
		In fact, the total water withdrawals worldwide is less than 5000 km3 or about one tenth of the total river discharge -- a mere drop of Earth's waters.
		For example, the U.S. removes 25% more water than its recharge rate and in Beijing, China, water withdrawal from ground water is resulting in a decline of levels from one to three meters per year.
		For example, Tampa Bay Water's desalinated water facility in Florida, to be launched in January 2003, will be the world's cheapest at $1.88 per thousand gallons because of its proximity to a power plant.
	www.actionbioscience.org /environment/kassas.html (1989 words)

	Water Online: Digital Marketplace for the water industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Water Online is the leading industry online sourcing service and bi-weekly e-newsletter, focused on the industrial and municipal wastewater treatment, drinking water purification, stormwater management, valve, pipe and flow control markets.
		WEFTEC is the largest water quality show in North America and is regarded as being the leading source for all that is water quality by bringing to you a world of knowledge, education, networking and solutions.
		Adjustable air to water ratios from 4:1 to 100:1.
	www.wateronline.com (797 words)

	H2ouse.org
		Take the tour to investigate your water saving opportunities in each area of your home.
		to discover some of the best ways to save water in and around your home.
		How much water are you using at your home?
	www.h2ouse.org (73 words)

	Drinking Water Information and Web Resources - Web links sorted by category
		Drinking Water and Health, Everyone is concerned that their drinking water be as safe as possible, but many people wonder exactly what is in their drinking water.
		Bottled water may not be better, environmental group reports - (CNN, March 31, 1999) -- Bottled water is often touted as pure and healthy, but it may not be safer than ordinary tap water, according to study of bottled water samples by an environmental advocacy group.
		Most waters were high quality, but about one-third of the brands tested had at least one sample that was contaminated with high levels of pollutants that exceeded levels allowed by California or bottled water industry standards or guidelines.
	www.cyber-nook.com /water/tbl_cate.html (12418 words)

	Virtual Water: International Year of Freshwater 2003
		Virtual water is the water embedded in commodities.
		The concept of virtual water links a large range of sectors and issues that revolve around relieving pressures on water resources, ensuring food security, developing global and regional water markets
		Visit the Facts and Figures and the Water Library sections dedicated to Virtual Water.
	www.wateryear2003.org /en/ev.php-URL_ID=5878&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html (118 words)

	Chapter 7 Precipitation, People, Pipelines and Power in Southern Africa: Towards a ‘Virtual Water’ Based ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Tony Allan guided the author over a number of years, specifically regarding a deeper understanding of the concept of ‘virtual water’ He also made it possible for the author to work with the SOAS Water Issues Group.
		Kader Asmal, the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, who has led such a fundamental transformation in the South African water sector, is gratefully acknowledged.
		Finally, Dr M.S. Basson of BKS (Pty) Ltd. made it possible for me to obtain the maps of water distribution and patterns of use, and I am grateful to both BKS (Pty) Ltd. and the department of Water Affairs and Forestry for permission to reproduce these images.
	www.arnoldpublishers.com /support/politicalecology/chapter7.htm (739 words)

	Virtual Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Virtual Water provides over 50 years of technical expertise in the water treatment industry based on a coalition of companies working together to provide quality products and expert technical assistance at affordable pricing.
		With a solid background in residential, commercial, industrial and municipal water, Virtual Water can provide a quality and economical solution for all of your water treatment needs.
		At Virtual Water, you will never have to go it alone in determining the right water treatment equipment for your needs and you will never pay last year's prices for the equipment.
	www.virtualh2o.com (231 words)

	American Water Works Association - Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Water Saver Home, www.h2ouse.org, describes itself as a virtual encyclopedia of water saving tips particularly useful if there is a drought affecting customers in your local service area.
		This website was developed for home residents anywhere in the nation by the California Urban Water Conservation Council under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
		Stockholm Prize 2005 goes to India - Given to CSE for its efforts to build a new paradigm of water management, which uses rainwater harvesting and advocates the role of communities in managing their local water systems.
	www.awwa.org /waterwiser/links (182 words)

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