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Topic: Virtue ethics

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Virtue

Aretaic turn

Four Cardinal Virtues

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Rosalind Hursthouse

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Epistemic virtue

Simple view of ethics and morals

Moral philosophy

Michael Slote

Ethics in religion

Normative ethics

Alasdair MacIntyre

	Virtue ethics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The virtue of a knife, for example, is sharpness; among the virtues of a racehorse is speed.
		Hume) continued to emphasize the virtues, with the ascendancy of utilitarianism and deontology, virtue ethics moved to the margins of Western philosophy.
		The contemporary revival of virtue ethics is frequently traced to the philosopher G.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtue_ethics (2200 words)

	Virtue Ethics - WiccanWeb.ca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Virtue ethics is currently one of three major approaches in normative ethics.
		Virtue ethics has been a recurring theme of political philosophy in the emergence of classical liberalism or republicanism, particularly in the Scottish Enlightenment that was carried to the British North American colonies and influenced the Founders of the United States.
		David HumeHume) continued to emphasize the virtues, with the ascendancy of utilitarianism and deontology, virtue ethics moved to the margins of Western philosophy.
	www.wiccanweb.ca /wiki/index.php/Virtue_Ethics (1990 words)

	Virtue Ethics [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		The idea that ethics cannot be captured in one rule or principle is the "uncodifiability of ethics thesis." Ethics is too diverse and imprecise to be captured in a rigid code, so we must approach morality with a theory that is as flexible and as situation-responsive as the subject matter itself.
		The virtue of kindness is about being able to perceive situations where one is required to be kind, have the disposition to respond kindly in a reliable and stable manner, and be able to express one's kind character in accordance with one's kind desires.
		Virtue ethics, however, has influenced modern moral philosophy to not only by developing a full-fledged account of virtue, but also has caused consequentialists and deontologists to re-examine their own theories with view to taking advantage of the insights of virtue.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/v/virtue.htm (6448 words)

	HINDU VIRTUE ETHICS
		The imperatives of virtue ethics--be patient, be kind, be generous, be compassionate, be courageous--better equip an individual to negotiate the obstacles of the moral life.
		The virtue ethics approach is not to follow a set of abstract rules, but to develop an ensemble of behaviors, dispositions, and qualities that lead to human excellence and the good life.
		Virtue ethics is emulative--using the sage or savior as a model for virtue--whereas rule ethics involves conformity and obedience.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /ngier/hinduVE.htm (5008 words)

	Virtue Ethics
		Virtue ethics is criticised for not giving clear answers to ethical dilemmas, but it allows us each to make our own responses to situations life throws at us.
		She believes that ethics should not be about dry theorising but about making the world a better place (she was one of the founders of Oxfam).
		She was critical of a 'law conception of ethics' where the key focus was obligation and duty.
	www.rsrevision.com /Alevel/ethics/virtue_ethics (1604 words)

	20th WCP: Virtue Ethics (Not Too) Simplified
		Again, the term "virtue ethics" can mislead if it is taken to mean an exclusive focus on "the virtues": those enduring character traits such as courage and moderation which foster successful achievement and help make a person a good person.
		The important point to remember is that a "virtue ethics" which defines virtues as stable dispositions to act according to duty is essentially deontological in content, if not in form.
		(5) J.B. Schneewind, "The Misfortunes of Virtue," Ethics 101 (1991): 43-44.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/TEth/TEthCafa.htm (3876 words)

	I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Virtue ethics avoids most dilemmas because the focus is no longer on deciding between two unfortunate outcomes, but on being a certain kind of person.
		Virtue ethics allows him to conclude that this may be the best course of action, but not that it is necessarily a morally good one.
		This is the strength of virtue ethics as a theoretical ethical framework for leadership.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE98/PFAFF98.htm (10857 words)

	Aristotle's Virtue Ethics
		On the contrary, precisely because ethics and politics are practical sciences - i.e., having to do with how we "practice" with one another both privately (ethics) and communally (politics) - these sciences require aisthesis, the sense-perception that gives us information about the particulars to which our theoretical guidelines and rules are to apply.
		Ethics and politics, in short, involve the constant interaction between theoretical/practical reason and the senses, in the effort to determine the appropriate mean(s) with regard to our emotions, etc.
		The virtue or excellence of man will be such a moral state as makes a man good and able to perform his proper function well.
	www.drury.edu /ess/Reason/Aristotle.html (1040 words)

	[No title]
		On Virtue Ethics is an exposition and defence of neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics.
		The third part is on 'the rationality of morality' in relation to virtue ethics, the question of whether there is any 'objective' criterion for a certain character trait being a virtue.
		Initially, virtue ethics was characterised as a movement rivalling consequentialism and deontology, in that it focused on the central role of concepts such as character and virtue in moral philosophy.
	www.lycos.com /info/virtue--virtue-ethics.html (702 words)

	Virtue Ethics without Character Traits
		Possession of moral virtue is often supposed in this approach to be a necessary condition of leading the best sort of life for a human being; in other words, possession of the moral virtues is often taken to be part of what is involved in human flourishing.
		A morally virtuous agent might think that he or she ought not to give another person advice about certain matters, perhaps because it would be better for the other person to figure things out for him or herself, or for other reasons.
		Thomson flirts with a utilitarian virtue ethics in suggesting that the true moral virtues might be distinguished from the all-purpose ones like courage in that "the fact of there being people who possess the virtues is good for us" (282).
	www.princeton.edu /~harman/Papers/Thomson.html (4350 words)

	Virtue Ethics & Core Values (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Since work done by ancient virtue ethicists such as Aristotle on virtues like courage appear to have special application to the character of servicemen, it might seem that the virtue ethics approach to moral theory and moral character development is promising.
		The virtue ethicist suggests that his theory avoids the complicated tasks of using a formula to figure out what we ought to do, by instead focusing on the kinds of persons we ought to be.
		And so, what he calls virtues are virtues not because his theory proves that they are, but because we antecedently, for reasons wholly distinct from his theory, were already predisposed to say that courage, a character trait necessary for a warrior, is a moral virtue.
	www.usafa.af.mil /jscope/JSCOPE99/Tiel99.html (5681 words)

	Online Guide to Ethics and Moral Philosophy
		Both Aristotle (arete) and Aquinas (virtu) emphasized this aspect of ethics by highlighting the role of what we would today call character in their discussions of ethics (and the classic virtues of courage, justice, and moderation).
		She writes that a person’s "virtue may be judged by his innermost desires as well as by his intentions; and this fits with our idea that a virtue such as generosity lies as much in someone’s attitudes as in his actions" (Virtue and Vices, 1977, 5).
		By emphasizing the priority of character in discussions of ethics, virtue theorists can say: "…rather than using rules and government regulations to protect subjects in research, some claim that the most reliable protection is the presence of an ‘informed, conscientious, compassionate, responsible researcher’" (Beecher, quoted in BandC, 28-29).
	caae.phil.cmu.edu /Cavalier/80130/part2/II_5.html (434 words)

	Virtue Ethics
		In virtue ethics, then, the emphasis is more on one’s character, the states of character from which actions flow, and actions that are in accordance with these states of character, rather than on any foundational principles from which practical judgments can be deduced.
		In this way, the order of moral knowledge is reversed in virtue ethics in so far as we must first do what is good in order to be able to recognize what is good.
		For this reason, virtue ethics is often accused of relying on circular reasoning.
	www.ascensionhealth.org /ethics/public/issues/virtue.asp (205 words)

	Virtue - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is through the relationship of each virtue to wisdom that each may be said to be the same as all of the others, on the one hand, and also that some virtues may be regarded as proper parts of some other virtues, or as proper parts of virtue in general, on the other.
		The thesis of the unity of the virtues is controversial - one might argue that humans can be courageous without being wise - but it is often defended, particularly in Plato's early dialogues, by the claim that all virtues are a single sort of knowledge, perhaps 'knowledge of good and evil'.
		The opposite of a virtue is a vice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virtue (2520 words)

	PHGA 6659 Virtue Ethics
		After an introduction to the main differences between virtue ethics, deontology, and utilitarianism as approaches to moral theory, we will survey paradigm virtue theories in the history of philosophy.
		Our goals will be to understand the distinct place of virtue ethics in normative ethics today, and become familiar in outline with the main debates concerning virtue ethics in contemporary literature.
		The goal is not to master the thought of particular figures in the history of philosophy, but rather to gain a broad understanding of the major concepts and problems of this kind of normative ethical system.
	www.fordham.edu /philosophy/graduate/syllabi/phga6659_virtue_ethics.htm (726 words)

	Ancient Virtue Ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics that its adherents see as importantly different from, and superior to, two major modern rival approaches, utilitarianism and (Kantian) deontic theories.
		Virtue ethics proponents are now even tackling issues of practical and applied ethics, arguing for the workability and plausibility of their approach.
		In this course we will study the foundations of virtue ethics in some important texts of these ancient authors.
	www.uh.edu /~cfreelan/courses/Virtues.html (371 words)

	Philosophical Dictionary: Vico-Voting
		Modern deontologists and utilitarians tend to suppose that individual virtues are morally worthwhile only when they encourage the performance of duty or contribute to the general welfare.
		Aristotle and many medieval Christians assumed that the acquisition of virtue is the proper goal of human conduct, though they differed significantly in their valuation of particular virtues.
		Rejecting the impersonality of moral judgments in the ethical theories of Kant and Mill, contemporary virtue ethicists emphasize the achievement of a meaningful life.
	www.philosophypages.com /dy/v9.htm (890 words)

	Amazon.com: Virtue Ethics (Oxford Reading in Philosophy): Books: Roger Crisp,Michael Slote (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This volume brings together much of the strongest and most influential work undertaken in the field of virtue ethics over the last four decades.
		The ethics of virtue predominated in the ancient world, and recent moral philosophy has seen a revival of interest in virtue ethics as a rival to Kantian and utilitarian approaches to morality.
		Divided into four sections, it includes articles critical of other traditions; early attempts to offer a positive vision of virtue ethics; some later criticisms of the revival of virtue ethics; and, finally, some recent, more theoretically ambitious essays in virtue ethics.
	www.amazon.com /Virtue-Ethics-Oxford-Reading-Philosophy/dp/0198751885 (1233 words)

	Syllabus for Virtue Ethics with Julia Annas
		M. Merritt, "Virtue Ethics and Situationist Personality Psychology," Ethics Theory and Moral Practice 2000.
		September 12th [not 13th; it's a Monday!] at 6:30pm: Virtues are dispositions which involve the development of practical reasononing.
		R. Hursthouse, On Virtue Ethics, chapter 4: "Aristotle and Kant" and chapter 5: "Virtue and the Emotions".
	www.u.arizona.edu /~wbraynen/courses-taken/virtue_ethics (807 words)

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