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Topic: Viruses

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	Virus (life science) - MSN Encarta
		Viruses are between 20 and 100 times smaller than bacteria and hence are too small to be seen by light microscopy.
		Viruses are not considered free-living, since they cannot reproduce outside of a living cell; they have evolved to transmit their genetic information from one cell to another for the purpose of replication.
		Viruses that infect through the respiratory tract are usually transmitted by airborne droplets of mucus or saliva from infected individuals who cough or sneeze.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761575740/Virus_(life_science).html (2021 words)

	virus. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Many viruses have striking geometrically regular shapes, with helical structure as in tobacco mosaic virus, polyhedral (often icosahedral) symmetry as in herpes virus, or more complex mixtures of arrangements as in large viruses, such as the pox viruses and the larger bacterial viruses, or bacteriophages.
		In viruses with a membrane envelope the nucleocapsid (capsid plus nucleic acid) enters the cell cytoplasm by a process in which the viral envelope merges with a host cell membrane, often the membrane delimiting an endocytic structure (see endocytosis) in which the virus has been engulfed.
		Viruses are not usually classified into conventional taxonomic groups but are usually grouped according to such properties as size, the type of nucleic acid they contain, the structure of the capsid and the number of protein subunits in it, host species, and immunological characteristics.
	www.bartleby.com /65/vi/virus.html (922 words)

	Bugs in the News - What the Heck is a Virus?
		And with the possible exception of bacterial viruses which kill harmful bacteria, all viruses appear to be harmful because their replication leads to the death of the cell which the virus entered.
		These viruses are mature and leave the cell either by a process called "budding" (just one or a few viruses at a time leave the cell) or by a process called lysis (the cellular membrane ruptures and releases all of the virus particles at once).
		However, for all viruses, regardless of the kind or arrangement of genetic material, the virus is capable of replicating within a living cell and can produce progeny (offspring) which are usually absolutely identical to the original virus.
	people.ku.edu /~jbrown/virus.html (1463 words)

	Viruses
		Depending on their host species, viruses are distinguished between plant viruses multiplying almost exclusively within plant cells, bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) that depend on living bacteria, and animal viruses.
		Plant viruses depend therefore on a mechanical breach (injury) of the integrity of a cell wall to directly introduce a virus particle into a cell or on transmission via invertebrates (insects, nematodes, etc.).
		The biggest difference between viruses and bacteria is that viruses are parasites, so they must have a living host - like a plant or animal - to multiply, while most bacteria can grow on non-living surfaces.
	www.sproutnet.com /Reports/viruses.htm (784 words)

	Introduction
		Herpes I viruses attack the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and lips, and Herpes II viruses infect similar cells of the genitalia.
		The viruses that attack bacteria are called bacteriophages (phages for short), and are much easier to work with in a labatory setting than animal or plant viruses.
		Viruses can be divided into at least six general classes based on the type of nucleic acid they contain and on the pathways they use to express their genetic information.
	www.innvista.com /health/microbes/viruses/intro.htm (1829 words)

	Introduction to the Viruses
		This was the first clue to the nature of viruses, genetic entities that lie somewhere in the grey area between living and non-living states.
		Viruses themselves have no fossil record, but it is quite possible that they have left traces in the history of life.
		Viruses also carry out natural "genetic engineering": a virus may incorporate some genetic material from its host as it is replicating, and transfer this genetic information to a new host, even to a host unrelated to the previous host.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /alllife/virus.html (638 words)

	Biological Diversity I
		Viruses, like cells, carry genetic information encoded in their nucleic acid, and can undergo mutations and reproduce; however, they cannot carry out metabolism, and thus are not considered alive.
		Viruses are classified by the type of nucleic acid they contain, and the shape of their protein capsule.
		Viruses are usually quite specific as to their hosts and even to the types of cells they infect in a multicellular host.
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_1.html (682 words)

	Did God Make Pathogenic Viruses?
		Viruses are a part of a system that helps to produce the variety that is critical for life and, importantly, they carry resistance to disease from one organism to another.
		Viruses are the smallest infectious agents known and range from 200 nanometers for vaccinia to 20 nanometers for parvovirus.
		Viruses that function only as a parasite are defined by some researchers as true viruses, while bacteriophages are defined as non-viruses as some do not kill the cell but splice their DNA into the bacterial chromosome (see Figure 5).
	www.trueorigin.org /virus.asp (6959 words)

	Virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A capsid is composed of proteins encoded by the viral genome and its shape serves as the basis for morphological distinction.
		For viruses with RNA as their nucleic acid, the strands are said to be either positive-sense (also called plus-strand) or negative-sense (also called minus-strand) depending on whether it is complementary to viral mRNA.
		Viruses are important to the study of molecular and cellular biology as they provide simple systems that can be used to manipulate and investigate the functions of cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Virus (4543 words)

	Viruses, Viruses, Viruses
		It and flu, which are the two nonequilibrium viruses that most bother us, do not follow the rule of poor spreading as a guest in the population, because they are able to pass well enough from person to person that they can be a serious problem.
		Among the non-equilibrium viruses are the influenza, HIV, SARS, Ebola, and Hantaan viruses.
		Herpes, related to the viruses that cause chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis, and shingles, is the virus of cold sores.
	pr.caltech.edu /periodicals/EandS/articles/LXVII1/viruses.html (5778 words)

	Viruses
		Viruses are very small, ranging in size from 20 nanometers to 250 nanometers.
		Since viruses use only the reproductive machinery of a cell, antibiotics are of no use in destroying viruses.
		The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.
	staff.tuhsd.k12.az.us /gfoster/standard/bvirus.htm (1327 words)

	Viruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Viruses were it been possible to classify in support about organization possessed by it genetic material.
		Moreover "neuroaminidasis" in viruses step out, ripping which bond "glikozydowe" glikoprotein and "glicolipids" facilitate viruses the penetration of animal tissues as well as lysozyme which it makes possible penetration to cell bacterial viruses as well as her decomposition causes.
		Yet many viruses are, which in spite possibility of destruction of cell choose road of lysozyme that is gentle when then majority gene phag does not undergo expression and gene built-in to bacterial it undergoes synchronic duplication and with cellular fissions be passed on bacterium's next generations together with.
	www.przyrodnik.com /wirusy_gb.html (3717 words)

	Are Viruses Alive?
		Viruses contain some of the structures and exhibit some of the activities that are common to organic life, but they are missing many of the others.
		Viruses lack most of the internal structure and machinery which characterize 'life', including the biosynthetic machinery that is necessary for reproduction.
		Once it was established that viruses consist merely of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein shell, it became the scientific view that they are more complex biochemical mechanisms than living organisms.
	serc.carleton.edu /microbelife/yellowstone/viruslive.html (878 words)

	Viruses
		In non-enveloped viruses the capsids are solely responsible for attachment of the virus to the to-be-infected cell
		Differences in the ability of viruses to infect otherwise similar cells are often seen in viral receptors where infectable hosts possess the appropriate receptor whereas non-infectable cells either lack the receptor or possess a variant that the virus cannot recognize, i.e., attach to
		The ability of viruses to very rapidly increase in numbers, and thereby infect many cells, is responsible, in part, for the ability of viruses to cause disease (the other side of the coin is the ability of viruses to damage the cells they infect)
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/black10.htm (2319 words)

	2c. Are Viruses Alive? [Beyond Books - Life Science: Part 2]
		Viruses are a thousand times smaller than bacteria and come in a wide range of shapes.
		Viruses cannot move themselves, but there are some differences in opinion that viruses do react to changes in the environment.
		Viruses keep changing their DNA and protein coat to further their "life form" and keep ahead of the game.
	www.beyondbooks.com /lif72/2c.asp (1063 words)

	Hacker and Virus Protection - Antivirus Software from PCSecurityShield
		Viruses- A virus is a software program that is capable of replicating with little or no user intervention, and the replicated programs also replicate further.
		Viruses are often disguised as games or images with clever titles such as “Pictures of ME”.
		Some viruses are deliberately designed to damage files or interfere with your computer’s operation, while others only spread themselves around and may cause damage to your computer in the process of spreading.
	www.pcsecurityshield.com /antivirus.asp (737 words)

	viruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Computer viruses - a fragment of an executed code which viruses copies itself in other program, modifying her thus.
		Viruses it is carried out only at start of the main program and causes its unpredictable behaviour resulting in destruction and distortion of the data and programs.
		At infection of a computer viruses it is necessary to execute the following operations: To switch off a computer that viruses did not continue performance of the destructive functions.
	www-viruses.blogspot.com (220 words)

	Computer virus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Some viruses spread by infecting programs stored on these disks, while others installed themselves into the disk boot sector, ensuring that they would be run when the user booted the computer from the disk.
		Viruses have been written as research projects, pranks, vandalism, to attack the products of specific companies, to distribute political messages, and financial gain from identity theft, spyware, and cryptoviral extortion.
		Resident viruses contain a replication module that is similar to the one that is employed by nonresident viruses.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Computer_virus (5376 words)

	What is virus? - a definition from Whatis.com
		Viruses can be transmitted as attachments to an e-mail note or in a downloaded file, or be present on a diskette or CD.
		Some viruses wreak their effect as soon as their code is executed; other viruses lie dormant until circumstances cause their code to be executed by the computer.
		A virus that replicates itself by resending itself as an e-mail attachment or as part of a network message is known as a worm.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci213306,00.html (653 words)

	Viral diseases - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Viruses are the smallest life-form existing, since they are not even a single cell.
		The study of viruses is known as virology, and those who study viruses are called virologists.
		Viruses are similar to obligate intracellular parasites as they lack the means for self-reproduction outside a host cell, but unlike parasites, which are living organisms, viruses are not considered to be truly alive.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /v/viral/intro.htm (822 words)

	Viruses
		Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, that is, they can express their genes, do chemical synthesis of more viral nucleic acid and protein, and replicate only within a living cell of the correct host species.
		Viruses use a sort of chemical “lock and key” mechanism to join to receptor sites on the surface of their host cell, thus the host may be only one or or several closely-related species.
		Many plant viruses are passed in the usual way by contamination from another infected plant (don’t work in the garden when the leaves are wet), but some others are passed to the next generation in the seed.
	biology.clc.uc.edu /courses/bio106/viruses.htm (2538 words)

	Introduction to Virology
		Viruses lack the genetic information which encodes apparatus necessary for the generation of metabolic energy or for protein synthesis (ribosomes).
		For some viruses, this is relatively straightforward and crystals big enough to see with the naked eye and which diffract strongly are easily formed.
		It is significant that these two viruses represent the two fundamental types of virus particle; helical in the case of TMV and isometric for TYMV.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /109/introduction.html (3071 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Computer Viruses Work"
		Viruses in general are on the wane, but occasionally a person finds a new way to create one, and that's when they make the news.
		Computer viruses are called viruses because they share some of the traits of biological viruses.
		Obviously, the analogy between computer and biological viruses stretches things a bit, but there are enough similarities that the name sticks.
	www.howstuffworks.com /virus.htm (1221 words)

	Bacteria vs. Viruses - DrGreene.com
		Viruses are tiny geometric structures that can only reproduce inside a living cell.
		Viruses are more similar to mechanized bits of information, or robots, than to animal life.
		Bacteria and viruses are not peers!) All bacteria are surrounded by a cell wall.
	www.drgreene.com /21_527.html (392 words)

	Viruses
		Since most viruses remain hidden, most users have no idea they are passing around a deadly poison until it is too late.
		The sole intention of most malignant viruses is to destroy as much data as possible in a very short period of time.
		With the rapid development of new viruses, estimated to be over 110 new viruses per month, virus scanning programs are not able to detect most new viruses until it is too late.
	www.town.dennis.ma.us /dept/IS/isviruses.htm (2262 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Viruses Work"
		Colds and flu (influenza) are caused by viruses.
		Viruses are responsible for many other serious, often deadly, diseases including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Ebola hemorrhagic fever, infectious hepatitis and herpes.
		We'll talk about what a virus is, what viruses look like, how they infect us and how we can reduce the risk of infection.
	health.howstuffworks.com /virus-human.htm (206 words)

	National MS Society \| Sourcebook: Viruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is tempting to speculate on a viral cause for MS because viruses are known to cause demyelinating disease in animals and humans.
		Some viruses are known to have a long latency period between time of infection and appearance of clinical symptoms, as is thought to be the case in multiple sclerosis.
		No Definitive to Link Any One Virus to MS Although many different viruses have been implicated in causing MS, there has not yet been definitive proof to link any one virus to the autoimmune reaction that is believed to be the process responsible for the demyelination seen in MS.
	www.nationalmssociety.org /Sourcebook-Viruses.asp (472 words)

	Viruses definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		The disease and symptoms that are caused depend on the type of virus and the type of cells that are infected.
		Bird Flu - Bird flu is an infection caused by avian (bird) influenza (flu) viruses.
		Viral Hepatitis - Viral hepatitis refers to hepatitis caused by a few specific viruses that primarily attack the liver.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6000 (194 words)

	Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Simply stated, viruses are merely genetic information surrounded by a protein coat.
		Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites--meaning that they require host cells to reproduce.
		In the viral life cycle, a virus infects a cell, allowing the viral genetic information to direct the synthesis of new virus particles by the cell.
	www.biology.arizona.edu /cell_bio/tutorials/pev/page4.html (160 words)

	Viruses
		Iridovirus homologues of cellular genes -- implications for the molecular evolution of large DNA viruses.
		A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins.
		A reevaluation of the higher taxonomy of viruses based on RNA polymerases.
	tolweb.org /tree?group=Viruses (558 words)

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