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Topic: Visible Speech

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	Visible Speech
		Visible Speech is a writing system invented in 1867 by Alexander Melville Bell, father of Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone.
		Visible Speech was also the first notation system for the sounds of speech independent of a particular language or dialect and was widely used to teaching students how to speak with a "standard" accent.
		Visible Speech symbols are intended to provide visual representations of the positions the organs of speech need to be in to articulate individual sounds.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/visiblespeech.htm (133 words)

	fMRIDC - Database Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Neuropsychological research suggests that the neural system underlying visible speech on the basis of kinematics is distinct from the system underlying visible speech of static images of the face and identifying whole-body actions from kinematics alone.
		Perception of walking biological motion activated a medial occipital area along the lingual gyrus close to the cuneus border, and the ventromedial frontal cortex, neither of which was activated by visible speech biological motion.
		In contrast, perception of visible speech biological motion activated right V5 and a network of motor-related areas (Broca's area, PM, M1, and supplementary motor area (SMA)), none of which were activated by walking biological motion.
	www.fmridc.org /f/fmridc/75.html (262 words)

	ICPhS 99 ABSTRACT SUBMISSION GUIDELINES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Another applied value of visible speech is its potential to supplement other (degraded) sources of information for individuals with hearing loss because it allows effective communication within spoken language for disabled individuals [11,13].
		Furthermore, the strong influence of visible speech is not limited to situations with degraded auditory input.
		Realistic speech is obtained by animating the appropriate facial targets for each segment of speech along with the appropriate coarticulation Baldi is controlled by text-to-speech synthesis and can be appropriately aligned with either synthetic or with natural speech.
	www.tmos.org /tech/papers/PLW79572.html (3885 words)

	Untitled
		Figure representation is based on the visible speech model which relates the set of speech related records of face shape in the speaker database to the production of a spoken phoneme.
		Based on the initial visible speech model, a full speaker database was produced and a set of animations was synthesized to demonstrate the resulting level of realism.
		The visible speech model was extended to include representation of diphthongs as a glide between two face shapes, represented by the records in the speaker database corresponding to the production of the relevant two vowels.
	www-dial.jpl.nasa.gov /~john/papers/ASVpub/ASV_SST_paper.html (2824 words)

	CSEE Colloquium \| OGI School of Science & Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although the influence of visible speech is substantial when auditory speech is degraded, visible speech also contributes to performance even when paired with intelligible speech sounds.
		Our studies use a synthetic talking face to achieve control over the visible speech and to study those visible aspects that are informative.
		Using this talking head, auditory and visible speech are manipulated independently of one another to uncover the fundamental processes involved in speech perception by ear and eye.
	www.cse.ogi.edu /colloquia/event/151.html (286 words)

	Encyclopedia: Visible Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Visible speech is the name of the system used by Alexander Melville Bell, who was known internationally as a teacher of speech and proper elocution and an author of books on the subject.
		Alexander Graham Bell learned the symbols, assisted his father in giving public demonstrations of the system and mastered it to the point that he later improved upon his father's work.
		Eventually Alexander Graham Bell became a powerful advocate of visible speech and Oralism is a philosophy of deaf education which asserts that instruction of students should primarily or exclusively be though the use of lip reading and spoken language (usually along with speech therapy).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Visible-Speech (404 words)

	Hoven
		It can lead one to explore the nature of speech and language and to find a more vivid experience of what it means to be a human being, living in a world of speech.
		In his definitive lecture series on Speech Eurythmy, Rudolf Steiner writes, These movements express in their very essence exactly the same as is expressed by the sounds themselves as they are breathed into the air, as they take shape in the air.
		In the performance of speech Eurythmy, a piece of poetry or perhaps a fairy tale is narrated by a reciter at the side of the stage.
	www.trismegistos.com /IconicityInLanguage/Articles/Hoven.html (13357 words)

	Ling 001 Visible Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		invented a writing system that he called "Visible Speech." Bell was a teacher of the deaf, and he intended his writing system to be a teaching and learning tool for helping deaf students learn spoken language.
		There are some interesting connections between the "visible speech" alphabet and the later career of one of the three performers,
		After Melville Bell's invention, notations like Visible Speech were widely used in teaching students (from the provinces or from foreign countries) how to speak with a standard accent.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Spring_2001/ling001/visible_speech.html (413 words)

	Modality Integration: Facial Movement & Speech Synthesis
		The strong influence of visible speech is not limited to situations with degraded auditory input, however.
		There is thus an evidence that: (1) synthetic faces increase the intelligibility of synthetic speech, (2) but under the condition that facial gestures and speech sounds are coherent.
		To conclude, research in the area of visible speech is a fruitful paradigm for psychological inquiry [Mas87].
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch9node8.html (682 words)

	Christopher S. Campbell's Speechreading Research Page: Visible speech perception Auditory speech perception Modelling ...
		In Psychology we call the influence of visible speech on speech perception the McGurk effect.
		The degree that the proportion of correct syllable identification was changed by the data removed informs us as to the information content of that data for visible speech perception.
		Speech recognition enhancement through the inclusion of visual data with auditory data.
	mambo.ucsc.edu /psl/ccampbel/ccrsh.htm (556 words)

	Animating Visible and Facial Expression
		In order to create accurate visible speech, an approach combining the co-articulation rules and kernel smoothing technique are presented.
		The co-articulation rules are applied first to modify the morph target values in visible speech, and then the kernel smoothing technique is applied.
		To enhance visible speech, a new 3d tongue model with flexible and intuitive skeleton controls is also presented.
	cslr.colorado.edu /~jiyong/visiblespeech.htm (289 words)

	Bell, Alexander Graham. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He worked in London with his father, whose system of visible speech he used in teaching the deaf to talk.
		In 1875, while he was experimenting with a multiple harmonic telegraph, the principle of transmission and reproduction came to him.
		Bell invented the photophone, which transmitted speech by light rays; the audiometer, another invention for the deaf; the induction balance, used to locate metallic objects in the human body; and the flat and the cylindrical wax recorders for phonographs.
	www.bartleby.com /65/be/BellAG.html (472 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The question addressed in this study was whether visible movements of the speech articulators could be used to improve the detection of speech in noise, thus demonstrating an influence of speechreading on the processing of low-level auditory cues.
		In this study, we focus on the potential importance of cross-modality temporal comodulation between variations in the acoustic (A) speech signal and the visible movements of the talker's lips (V) and how the temporal coherence between the two modalities may help protect the target speech signal from the effects of masking (4,15).
		Masked thresholds for detecting speech were obtained from normal-hearing subjects under three conditions: auditory alone (A), audiovisual with matching visual stimulus (AV), and audiovisual with mismatched visual stimulus (AV In the AV condition, target audio sentences were presented along with simultaneous congruent visual lipread information.
	www.wramc.amedd.army.mil /departments/aasc/avlab/asacondensedms.htm (1162 words)

	Speech
		First, we digitize the speech that we want to recognize; for telephone speech the sampling rate is 8000 samples per second.
		The Centre for Speech Technology Research at the University of Edinburgh [CSTR]: "Founded in 1984, CSTR is concerned with research in all areas of speech technology including speech recognition, speech synthesis, speech signal processing, information access, multimodal interfaces and dialogue systems.
		Speech Synthesis: "A revolution occurred in speech technology when the digital computer permitted the simulation of electronic circuitry, the conversion of analog signals to digital form, and the creation of analog signals from digital information (in this case, sound in the form of speech).
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/speech.html (3625 words)

	Visible Speech ConScript Unicode Standard
		Visible Speech is a phonetic alphabet invented by Alexander Melville Bell (you may have heard of his son, Alexander Graham Bell, who invented a fairly widely-used contraption).
		Bell was a teacher of the Deaf (as was the younger Bell, incidentally), and this alphabet was intended as an aid to teaching the Deaf how to pronounce words, by reducing sounds to a presumably unambiguous representation.
		More information, and a Metafont font for Visible Speech, is available at any CTAN archive at ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/tex/ctan/languages/vispeech.
	www.evertype.com /standards/csur/visible-speech.html (98 words)

	Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (ss_btl1.htm)
		Reconstruction of speech with hiss and buzz source.
		(SPEECH ANALYSIS SYNTHESIS AND PERCEPTION, J.L. Flanagan, Springer-Verlag, NY, 1965, p.211) 1939 Dudley, H., R.R. Riesz, and S.S.A. Watkins, "A synthetic speaker", J. Franklin Inst., Philadelphia, 227, 739-764 (1939).
		Studies of correspondence between speech sounds and events in the acoustic spectrum, noise bursts, formant movements.
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/ss_btl1.htm (1660 words)

	Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech -- Calvert and Campbell 15 (1): 57 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech -- Calvert and Campbell 15 (1): 57 -- The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
		Reading Speech from Still and Moving Faces: The Neural Substrates of Visible Speech
		Speech is perceived both by ear and by eye.
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/15/1/57 (613 words)

	References
		Seeing speech: Investigation into the synthesis and recognition of visible speech movement using automatic image processing and computer graphics.
		An event approach to the study of speech perception from a direct-realist perspective.
		Quantifying the contribution of vision to speech perception in noise.
	hwr.nici.kun.nl /~miami/taxonomy/node168.html (4146 words)

	Hearing Care Clinic : Aransas Pass, TX
		Visible Speech Mapping or VSM utilizes actual live speech (family member(s) or significant other) as the input signal for “seeing the benefit” of hearing aids.
		This provides an interesting and familiar stimulus for the patient and the family and, at the same time, live speech is the type of signal the hearing instrument is required to process.
		By utilizing this instrument to allow the patients to “see” their hearing loss and also “see” how certain hearing aid designs can help restore hearing capability, the patient benefits from getting a clear picture of what sounds they are missing.
	www.hearingcareclinic.com /services.html (256 words)

	Visible Speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Visible Speech allows you to fit the hearing aid in a unique and refreshing way using the long term speech spectrum in real time.
		When measured in the unaided ear is used to counsel the patient and third party on the effect of the hearing loss on understanding speech (by showing how much speech is not audible).
		This process is "dynamic" and also allows you to demonstrate simulated benefit with hearing instruments as well as the effect of further change in hearing thresholds.
	www.gordonstowe.com /vs.htm (440 words)

	Perceiving Biological Motion: Dissociating Visible Speech from Walking -- Santi et al. 15 (6): 800 -- The Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Perceiving Biological Motion: Dissociating Visible Speech from Walking -- Santi et al.
		underlying visible speech on the basis of kinematics is distinct
		visible speech are consistent with recent work characterizing
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/15/6/800 (346 words)

	KWTX \| Visible Speech Mapping helping the hearing impaired
		It's called Visible Speech Mapping and it's helping to open up a whole new world of sound.
		The technology is called Visible Speech Mapping and it allows technicians to see what patients hear.
		"The Speech Mapping has brought out the fine points in the hearing aides that I was wearing," he says.
	www.kwtx.com /home/headlines/411146.html (315 words)

	Making the Invisible Visible - speech by Shirley H. Showalter, President of Goshen College
		Because Jesus is the ultimate example of the invisible made visible, we have both a way of knowing by loving and an ethic of peace in his life and teachings, death and resurrection.
		The title of my speech today is derived from a phrase I first heard in a film about West Africa.
		An Ivoirian woman in that film said, "With us the invisible is visible." When I went to Cote d'Ivoire with Stuart, Anthony, and Kate and 23 Goshen College students in 1993, we witnessed together a pervasive spirit that became visible in worship, dance, art and music.
	www.goshen.edu /facultypubs/president/inaugural_speech.html (1871 words)

	Accurate Automatic Visible Speech Synthesis of Arbitrary 3D Models Based on Concatenation of Di-Viseme Motion Capture ...
		In this paper, we present a technique for accurate automatic visible speech synthesis from textual input.
		When provided with a speech waveform and the text of the spoken sentence, the system produces accurate visible speech synchronized with the audio signal.
		The motion mapping is realized by a key-shape mapping function that is learned by a set of viseme examples in the source and target face.
	cslr.colorado.edu /~jiyong/visiblespeech2.htm (242 words)

	SSW-2 Abstract: Henton / Litwinowicz (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We describe attempts to synthesize visible speech in real-time on a Macintosh® personal computer, and to enable the user to color the text of the speech to be synthesized emotionally, according to the user's wishes, the representation of the text, or the semantics of the utterance.
		The animated visible speech will be demonstrated, in real time, using a variety of on-screen agents and faces.
		The speech synthesizer used is Apple Computer's MacinTalkPro2®, running on a Quadra AV® computer.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/ssw2/ssw2_073.html (121 words)

	Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Brooke, N. Visible speech signals: Investigating their analysis, synthesis, and perception.
		Erber, N. Interaction of audition and vision in the recognition of oral speech stimuli.
		Massaro, D. Speech perception by ear and eye: A paradigm for psychological inquiry.
	www.haskins.yale.edu /haskins/HEADS/BIBLIOGRAPHY/bibliospread.html (2581 words)

	definition of visible speech (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Alexander Melville Bell to represent all sounds that may be uttered by the speech organs, and intended to be suggestive of the position of the organs of speech in uttering them.
		All, And, Be, Bell, By, In, Intended, Invented, May, Of, Position, Represent, Speech, Suggestive, System, That, The, Them, To, Uttered, Uttering
		Alexander, All, And, Be, Bell, By, Characters, In, Intended, Invented, May, Of, Organs, Position, Prof, Represent, Sounds, Speech, Suggestive, System, That, The, Them, To, Uttered, Uttering
	www.brainydictionary.com /words/vi/visiblespeech237707.html (123 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - visible speech
		Search for "visible speech" in all of MSN Encarta
		symbols representing mouth position in speech: a set of phonetic symbols intended to represent the position of the lips, tongue, and other speech organs in creating sounds
		visual record of speech: a visual representation of speech using a spectrograph that disperses radiation into a spectrum and photographs it
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861734335/visible_speech.html (96 words)

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