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Topic: Visual area v4

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ventral stream
		From caudal to rostral, the ventral stream consists of visual areas V1 (primary visual cortex), V2, V4, and the areas of the inferior temporal cortex: PIT (posterior inferotemporal), CIT (central inferotemporal), and AIT (anterior inferotemporal).
		Visual information enters the ventral stream through the primary visual cortex and travels through the rest of the areas in sequence.
		All the areas in the ventral stream are influenced by extraretinal factors in addition to the nature of the stimulus in their receptive field.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ventral-stream (304 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Visual cortex
		V4 Visual area V4 is one of the visual areas in the extrastriate visual cortex of the macaque monkey.
		V4 is the third cortical area in the ventral stream, receiving strong feedforward input from V2 and sending strong connections to the posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT).
		V5/MT Visual area V5, also known as visual area MT (middle temporal), is a region of extrastriate visual cortex that is thought to play a major role in the perception of motion, the integration of local motion signals into global percepts and the guidance of some eye movements.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Visual_area_V4 (2836 words)

	LE CERVEAU À TOUS LES NIVEAUX!
		Brain imaging studies in persons with achromatopsia have confirmed the presence of substantial lesions in area V4 of the visual cortex, which is known to be involved in processing colours.
		dorsal visual pathway seems to be to let us exercise visual-motor control over objects by processing their "extrinsic" properties—the ones that are critical for handling them, such as their size or their position and orientation in space.
		The exact role of area V4 is still under debate, but it is probably involved in recognizing shapes, and it appears to be essential for perceiving colours.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/i/i_02/i_02_cr/i_02_cr_vis/i_02_cr_vis.html (1947 words)

	CRL Newsletter Article 4-4
		As in visual cortex, one can define a hierarchy of areas based on the laminar targets of between-area projections, and, as in vision, there is a successive loss of receptotopy as one progresses to higher levels in the two systems.
		Higher visual areas with less precise retino- topy somehow integrate information from these disconnected activity sequences to generate an internal representation of the location and identity of the relevant objects in the current scene (e.g., predators, food items, particular con- specifics, escape routes, suitable sleeping trees, etc.) that can serve as a basis for action.
		Sereno, M.I. and J.M. Allman (1990) Cortical visual areas in mammals.
	crl.ucsd.edu /newsletter/4-4/Article1.html (5385 words)

	Visual cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Visual area V4 is one of the visual areas in the extrastriate visual cortex of the macaque monkey.
		V4 is the third cortical area in the ventral stream, receiving strong feedforward input from V2 and sending strong connections to the posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT).
		Visual area V4 is not tuned for complex objects such as faces, as areas in the inferotemporal cortex are.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Visual_area_V4 (2259 words)

	Visual area V4 -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Visual area V4 is an one of the visual areas in the (additional info and facts about extrastriate) extrastriate (The cortical area that receives information from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus) visual cortex of the (Short-tailed monkey of rocky regions of Asia and Africa) macaque monkey.
		V4 is the third cortical area in the (additional info and facts about ventral stream) ventral stream, receiving strong feedforward input from (additional info and facts about visual area V2) visual area V2, and sending strong connections to the posterior inferotemporal cortex (PIT).
		V4 is the first area in the (additional info and facts about ventral stream) ventral stream to show strong attentional modulation.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vi/visual_area_V4.htm (454 words)

	Visual area V4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Visual area V4 Visual area V4 is an one of the visual areas in the extrastriate visual cortex of the macaque monkey.
		It also receives direct inputs from primary visual cortex (V1), especially for central space.
		Like V1, V4 is tuned for orientation, spatial frequency, and color.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/visual_area_v4 (446 words)

	Cortical afferents to behaviorally defined regions of the inferior temporal and parahippocampal gyri as demonstrated by ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Subsequently, WGA-HRP was injected into area TF, resulting in retrogradely labeled cells primarily located in the portions of area TF adjacent to the injection and also in the occipitotemporal sulcus including the ventral portion of the prestriate visual area V4.
		Moderate projections were found to originate from the dorsal region of area V4 in the lunate sulcus, portions of the caudal parietal lobe, the posterior bank of caudal superior temporal sulcus, and area OPT located at the tip of the superior temporal sulcus.
		These latter areas are included in the well-established anatomical system that is known to carry visual information from striate cortex through prestriate to eventually reach dorsal portions of inferotemporal cortex which is coincident with the temporal lobe visual area TE.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a56.html (345 words)

	Extrastriate cortex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The extrastriate cortex is the region of the occiptial cortex of the mammalian brain located next to the striate cortex (which is also known as the primary visual cortex).
		In terms of Brodmann areas, the extrastriate cortex comprises Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19, while the striate cortex comprises Brodmann area 17.
		In primates, the extrastriate cortex includes visual area V2, visual area V3, Visual area V4, visual area MT (sometimes called V5), and visual area DP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Extrastriate (164 words)

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		area area, measure of the size of a surface region, usually expressed in units that are the square of linear units, e.g., square feet or square meters.
		In elementary geometry, formulas for the areas of the simple plane figures and the surface areas of simple solids are derived from the linear dimensions of these figures.
		The area occupies the entire central section of Krasnoyarsk Territory and is crossed by the Lower (Nizhnaya) Tungusk...
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Visual+area+V4&rc=10&fh=10&fr=11 (548 words)

	Webvision: Color Vision. by Peter Gouras
		There are vast areas of the visual brain, especially cerebral cortex, that remain relatively uncharted because they are so unresponsive in anesthetized monkeys.
		The retinal area of the shadow seen by the short wave cones absorbs the same light as its surround; therefore it is not dark to these cones.
		In visual cortex, the signals from the tonic reddish-yellow or long wave sensitive (L-) cone and greenish-yellow or middle wave sensitive (M-) cone channels are again used to detect achromatic (energy) and chromatic (wavelength) contrast (Fig.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /Color.html (8868 words)

	Extrastriate cortex Summary
		Moreover, since visual acuity is poor outside of the center of gaze, the eyes must be moved to scan and process visual scenes.
		Functional imaging studies show that attention influences the processing of visual information in all visual areas, from the earliest visual area, primary visual cortex to the last visual areas, in both the ventral and dorsal visual processing streams.
		The properties of the neurons' responses to visual stimuli and the effect of attention reflect both behavior in the absence of attention and the influence of attention on that behavior.
	www.bookrags.com /Extrastriate_cortex (1352 words)

	Role of Primate Visual Area V4 in the Processing of 3-D Shape Characteristics Defined by Disparity -- Hegdé and ...
		A: individual V4 cells were classified into three subclasses of RDS stimuli according to whether their preferred stimulus was a normal flat, oriented flat, or a curved surface (bump/dent).
		Visual properties of neurons in area V4 of the macaque: sensitivity to stimulus form.
		Neural responses to polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in area V4 of the macaque monkey.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/94/4/2856 (6733 words)

	Visual Pathways (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Area V1 is the first step in the process of visual information in the cortical visual pathways.
		Records suggest that this area is specialized for the analysis of color attributes and plays an important role in the perception of color.
		The primary input for this area is from V4.
	www1.cs.columbia.edu /~paley/spring03/assignments/HWFINAL/tp2026/VisualPathways/TheoryExplanation.html (785 words)

	V4 - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There is also an article about the brain's visual area V4.
		1700 cc 'High Compression' Ford Taunus V4 is an engine in V configuration, with 4 cylinders.
		Lancia produced several narrow-angle V4 engines in Italy.
	open-encyclopedia.com /V4 (111 words)

	MIT OpenCourseWare \| Brain and Cognitive Sciences \| 9.011 The Brain and Cognitive Sciences I, Fall 2002 \| Readings
		During visual fixation saccadic jerks occurred, interspersed with spontaneous saccades, instead of saccades to visual targets or to remembered targets.
		It has been suggested that this segregation persists through to the highest stages of the visual cortex, and that the pronounced differences between the neuronal response properties in the parietal cortex and inferotemporal cortex may be attributed to differential contributions from magnocellular and parvocellular signals.
		Responses were recorded from single units or multiunit clusters in the middle temporal visual area (MT), which is part of the pathway leading to parietal cortex and thought to receive primarily magnocellular inputs.
	ocw.mit.edu /OcwWeb/Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences/9-011The-Brain-and-Cognitive-Sciences-IFall2002/Readings/index.htm (6180 words)

	Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We have already demonstrated that human V4 is functionally homologous to V4 in animal models, and we are now assessing the function of human V4 in more detail.
		Second, we are using single-cell recording methods to investigate the function of early and intermediate cortical visual areas during natural vision.
		These studies address both how the visual system responds to complex scenes during natural vision, and how it is affected by top-down processes such as scene segmentation and grouping.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~hwni/FacultyPages/JGallant.htm (299 words)

	Visual_cortex (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The visual cortex is the part of the cerebral cortex of the brain that is responsible for processing visual stimuli.
		It is located at the back of the brain in the occipital lobe.
		David H. Hubel and Torsten Wiesel received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1981 for their work on the visual cortex.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Visual_cortex (398 words)

	CJO - Abstract
		As in V2, we found that information conveyed by individual V4 neurons about the stimuli tended to be maximal during the initial transient response and generally lower, albeit statistically significant, afterwards.
		The population response was substantially correlated from one stimulus to the next during the transients, and decorrelated as responses decayed.
		Recordings from area V1 in a single animal revealed temporal dynamic patterns in response to the 2D shape stimuli that were largely similar to those in V2 and V4.
	journals.cambridge.org /abstract_S0952523806230074 (254 words)

	Where is 'Dorsal V4' in Human Visual Cortex? Retinotopic, Topographic and Functional Evidence -- Tootell and Hadjikhani ...
		homologue of macaque dorsal V4 (the ‘V4d topologue’),
		In this diagram of macaque areas, the colored ‘pinwheel’ logo indicates the location where the homologous color-selective area would be located, assuming that a homologous region exists in macaques, and that the neighborhood relationships between cortical areas are evolutionarily conserved between humans and macaques.
		Cusick CG, Kaas JH (1988) Cortical connections of area 18 and dorsolateral visual cortex in squirrel monkeys.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/298 (7530 words)

	Papers
		Lewis, J.W. and Van Essen, D.C. (2000) Corticocortical connections of visual, sensorimotor, and multimodal processing areas in the parietal lobe of the Macaque monkey.
		Felleman, D.J., Burkhalter, A., and Van Essen, D.C. (1997) Cortical connections of areas V3 and VP of macaque monkey extrastriate visual cortex.
		J.W. Lewis and D.C. Van Essen 1996 Connections of visual area VIP with somatosensory and motor areas of the macaque monkey.
	brainmap.wustl.edu /resources/papers.html (2906 words)

	Alina Jurcoane - Dynamics of the two-dimensional distortions in strabismic amblyopia: psychophysics and neuroimaging (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The visual deficits in strabismic amblyopia include a reduction of contrast sensitivity, grating acuity and binocularity, as well as spatial and temporal distortions.
		The result is a two-dimensional map of visual space which shows considerable distortions, including expansion, shrinkage and torsion of specific regions of the visual field of the amblyopic eye (Fig.
		V1, primary visual area (area 17 of Brodmann); V1d, dorsal primary visual area; V1v, ventral primary visual area; V2, secondary visual area (area 18 of Brodmann); V2v, ventral secondary visual area; V4, fourth visual area; VP, ventral parietal area.
	www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de /global/Np/Projects/jurcoane.htm (785 words)

	Can attention be understood at a cellular level? - Psychology at AhISee - the site for Insight
		Later, Spitzer, Desimone and Moran (1988) in a hard-and-easy delayed matching task found that orientation-discriminating cells in the visual area 4 (V4) of the monkey responded more strongly and selectively in the harder task, which they infer is due to the extra attention required.
		Animals were required to hold a bar while attending to a fixation point on a screen Stimuli were presented at various points in the receptive field (RF) of a particular neuron in the V4 area which was being monitored.
		We have seen how certain cells in area V4 of the temporal lobe respond differentially, and at a significant level, to the same stimulus depending on other criteria; that being another stimulus.
	www.ahisee.com /content/attent1essay.html (3381 words)

	A Role for the Corpus-Callosum in Visual Area V4 of the Macaque - Publications - RTI International
		We investigated whether the suppressive surrounds might extend across the midline into the ipsilateral visual field and, if so, whether the surrounds were dependent on the corpus callosum, which has a widespread distribution in V4.
		Much of this suppression from the ipsilateral field was mediated by the corpus callosum, as section of the callosum dramatically reduced both the strength and extent of the surrounds.
		Using the same techniques employed in V4, we also mapped the ipsilateral extent of surrounds in the foveal representation of V1 in an intact monkey.
	www.rti.org /abstract.cfm?pubid=4367 (362 words)

	Selectivity for polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in macaque visual cortex -- Gallant et al. 259 (5091): 100 -- ...
		The neural basis of pattern recognition is a central problem in visual neuroscience.
		Responses of single cells were recorded in area V4 of macaque monkey to three classes of periodic stimuli that are based on spatial derivative operators: polar (concentric and radial), hyperbolic, and conventional sinusoidal (Cartesian) gratings.
		Receptive field properties of neurons in the early visual cortex revealed by local spectral reverse correlation..
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/259/5091/100 (841 words)

	Intermodal Selective Attention in Monkeys. I: Distribution and Timing of Effects across Visual Areas -- Mehta et al. 10 ...
		This figure depicts cueing to the visual modality, where subjects are required to respond to the visual stimuli represented by shaded light bulbs.
		Stimulation began when the subject viewed the visual stimulus (arrow), and in order to continue stimulation, the subject was required to maintain gaze (dashed line) within an eye position ‘window’, denoted by the shaded region.
		V4, 0.101 ± 0.024 in V2, 0.0278 ± 0.0063 in V1 and 0.00156 ± 0.00080 in the LGN.
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/10/4/343 (8105 words)

	Integrative Brain Science
		In our laboratory, we address the brain as an information processing system, and apply neurophysiological techniques to study the function of the intricate neural network that is behind human perception, planned action and thought.
		We examined neuronal activities in multiple cortical areas of macaque monkeys performing a visual search, and have revealed the hierarchical and integrative processing manner over multiple cortical areas.
		In recent years, progress in various methods of research has opened the doors to revealing much about the integrative functions of the brain, such as emotion, consciousness, and the mind.
	www.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp /E/grad_school/introduction/1602 (964 words)

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