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Topic: Visual short term memory

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	Visual short term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		VSTM is a type of short-term memory, but one limited to information within the visual domain.
		The introduction of stimuli which were hard to verbalize, and unlikely to be held in long-term memory, revolutionized the study of visual short-term memory (VSTM) in the early 1970s (Cermak, 1971; Phillips, 1974; Phillips and Baddeley, 1971).
		Memory masking refers to an experimental technique in which the addition of a "masking" grating, placed between the reference and test stimuli in a psychophysical VSTM experiment (Bennett and Cortese, 1996; Magnussen and Greenlee, 1992; Magnussen et al., 1991), leads to an increase in psychophysical thresholds.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Visual_short-term_memory (2942 words)

	Short-term memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Short--term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary" or "active" memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time (roughly 15-30 seconds).
		The information held in short-term memory may be: recently processed sensory input; items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or the result of recent mental processing, although that is more generally related to the concept of working memory.
		Miller argued that the unit of measurement for short-term memory capacity is a chunk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Short_term_memory (859 words)

	Down Syndrome: Auditory and Visual Digit Spans in Down Syndrome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Short term memory represents the actual quantity of information the child takes in through his or her eyes and ears.
		Visual processing problems affect such things as awareness of what is happening around us, sight reading, mathematics, our ability to learn from books, as well as the ability to observe and react to changes in facial expressions which affect our ability to interact socially.
		Visual short term memory is improved by providing the individual with high intensity visual input frequently and with intensity.
	www.einstein-syndrome.com /development/auditory_visual_digit_spans.htm (2221 words)

	Short term memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary" or "active" memory, is that part of memory which stores a limited amount of information for a limited amount of time.
		It is generally considered that some or all memories pass from a short-term to a long-term store after a small period of time,a model referred to as the "modal model" and most famously detailed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
		The relationship between short-term memory and working memory variesbetween authors, but it is generally acknowledged that the two concepts are distinct.
	www.therfcc.org /short-term-memory-7812.html (610 words)

	Improve Short-term Memory, Long-term Memory, Visual Memory and Auditory Memory
		Visual memory is a person’s ability to remember what he has seen, while auditory memory is a person’s ability to remember what he has heard.
		While visual memory deficiencies are inclined to affect reading and spelling, students with auditory memory deficiencies will often experience difficulty developing a good understanding of words, remembering terms and information that has been presented orally, for example, in history and science classes.
		Speeches were committed to memory; lawyers depended on their memory in court; and poets, whose roles in society was paramount, regularly drew on their enormous powers of recall to recite long passages of verse.
	www.audiblox2000.com /learning_disabilities/memory.htm (1162 words)

	UI Researchers Find Adult-Like Short Term Memory In Infants By Age 1
		Their results, published in the November/December issue of the journal "Child Development," are the first to demonstrate conclusively that infants have visual short-term memory and that its capacity is similar to that of an adult by the time babies reach their first birthdays.
		To test infants' visual short-term memory, the UI team showed infants two computer monitors at the same time, each displaying a set of one to six colored squares that flashed on and off.
		This indicated that the older infants had a short-term memory capacity of four objects, which is similar to adult memory capacity.
	www.uiowa.edu /~ournews/2003/december/120903infant-memory.html (589 words)

	ipedia.com: Short-term memory Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The information held in short-term memory may be: recently processed sensory input; items recently retrieved from long-term memory; or the result of recent mental processing.
		The exact mechansims by which this transfer takes place, whether all or only some memories are retained permanently, and indeed the existence of a genuine distinction between the two stores, remain controversial within cognitive psychology.
		One form of evidence cited in favour of the separate existence of a short-term store is that a variety of conditions, including simple aging and various forms of amnesia, seem to diminish or destroy short-term memory, while leaving long-term memory intact.
	www.ipedia.com /short_term_memory.html (682 words)

	Memory, visual - WikEd (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Visual memory is part of memory preserving some characteristics of our senses pertaining to visual experience.
		Visual persistence is the apparent persistence of a visual stimulus beyond its physical duration.
		Spatial memory could also be a subcategory of visual memory since it relies on a mental map.
	wik.ed.uiuc.edu /index.php/Memory,_visual (530 words)

	Storage limits on our visual hard drive
		The amount of information we can remember from a visual scene is extremely limited and the source of that limit may lie in the posterior parietal cortex, a region of the brain involved in visual short-term memory, Vanderbilt psychologist René Marois and graduate student J. Jay Todd have found.
		In their study, Todd and Marois showed that the severely limited storage capacity of visual short-term memory is primarily associated with just one of these regions, the posterior parietal cortex.
		In contrast, regions of the visual cortex in the occipital lobe did respond differently to the number of objects even in the absence of the memory task.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-04/vu-slo040704.php (538 words)

	UI researcher documents capacity of visual short-term memory
		Luck says that visual working memory -- information you see and store in your memory only for a few seconds -- is limited to storing four objects at once.
		The research is significant because little work has been done in the area of visual working memory and no one has ever documented the capacity of this type of memory for objects defined by very simple features or for combinations of simple features.
		But they could not retain visual memories of 16 separate objects -- in that case, they were limited to only four.
	www.uiowa.edu /~ournews/1997/november/1119memory.html (692 words)

	EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM MEMORY. Free term papers for college, book reports and research papers. Welcome to Smart Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Consideration with Short Term Memory should be looked at more efficiently to show students and people that try to memorize for a test, or trying to remember a past event should be done correctly.
		Short term memory has proven to be a worthless task in learning.
		In this experiment regarding short term memory it is important to recognize that people have an easier time remembering things as a result of being able to relate it to something, or if they find it interesting.
	www.smartessay.com /essay/005768.html (1614 words)

	JSMF - 1999 McDonnell - Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience
		Despite the enormous success of traditional singlecell electrophysiology in revealing basic neural mechanisms underlying the analysis of individual component features of visual objects (e.g., orientation, color), this approach has had limited success in uncovering how information about object identity and location is integrated in the visual cortex.
		Given atypical visual scene consisting of many visual objects, interpreting the output from populations of neurons separately tuned to identity and location would be impossible without a means to link the activities of neurons that represent information about the same object.
		A second objective is to explore the relationship between binding and the capacity of visual short-term memory.
	www.jsmf.org /grants/historical/mcpew/1999/lee.htm (532 words)

	SparkNotes: Memory: Short-Term Memory
		Information in short-term memory can be manipulated and rehearsed before being transferred to long-term memory (or forgotten).
		Some cognitive psychologists see short-term memory as a very dynamic place, so it is sometimes called working memory.
		Baddeley's model for working memory divides it into three parts: the visuo-spatial sketch pad, the phonological loop, and the central executive.
	www.sparknotes.com /psychology/cognitive/memory/section1.html (1200 words)

	JSMF - 1999 McDonnell - Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience
		In the case of visual STM, in particular, previous electrophysiological investigations in primates have implicated cell groups in mainly two cortical areas: dorsolateral areas of prefrontal cortex and inferior areas of temporal cortex (Fuster, 1995).
		It is argued that an increased knowledge of neural mechanisms of binding in short-term memory has important implications for understanding the links between neural mechanisms underlying the dynamic representation of relations and those underlying the encoding of relations in long-term memory.
		In addition, an increased knowledge of neural mechanisms of binding in short-term memory has important implications for understanding the influences of neuromodulatory systems on attention and short-term memory, which might provide the basis for examining how dysfunctions in these systems result in cognitive impairments in psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
	www.jsmf.org /grants/historical/mcpew/1999/waltz.htm (403 words)

	EET Templates
		Additionally, decay appears to be the primary mechanism of memory loss in STM (Kalat, 1998).
		On the other hand, working memory is an active process where the goal is not so much to move the information from STM to LTM, but merely to keep it until it is put to use (think of a phone number you'll repeat to yourself until you can dial it on the phone.)
		Initially, it was thought that the transfer of information into LTM was a function of time; that is, the longer a memory stayed in STM, the more likely it was to be placed into LTM (Fleming and Levie, 1993).
	coe.sdsu.edu /eet/articles/stmemory/start.htm (602 words)

	Biljana Stevanovski
		Previous research that has purported to examine encoding into visual short-term memory has used materials that are easily verbalised and materials that are not easily verbalised.
		The present experiments investigated whether there are differences in encoding into visual short-term memory for easily verbalised (e.g., alphanumeric characters) and less easily verbalised (e.g., coloured disks) materials.
		In previous experiments, we found interference between a visual memory task and a tone task, when subjects performed the tasks concurrently.
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /~BBCS/2004/viewabstract.php?id=93&symposium=0 (199 words)

	Short Term Memory - Your ultimate short term memory resource. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Short Term Memory Test Directions You are about do a small short term memory test.
		And a good short-term memory is necessary for many of lifeâs basic tasks, such as remembering a new friend...
		Short-term memory, sometimes referred to as "primary" or "active" memory, is that...
	memory.allwebdirs.com /index.php?k=short-term-memory (541 words)

	Ingrid Olson Lab Work
		At the end of the experiment, we tested long term memory for the repeated displays, and all were recognizable, even in the non-associative learning condition.
		In two separate patient populations (from Philadelphia and Boston), we investigated the role of the medial temporal lobe in visual short term memory by testing patients with damage to this area of the brain on a variety of different tasks, including color memory, face memory, spatial memory, and object/location binding memory.
		Our findings are that damage to the MTL causes visual short term memory impairment, and that the area seems to play a particular role in binding.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mooreks/olsonprojects.html (902 words)

	ScienceDaily: Memory Loss In Older Adults Due To Distractions, Not Inability To Focus
		Berkeley -- The short-term memory problems that accompany normal aging are associated with an inability to filter out surrounding distractions, not problems with focusing attention, according to a study by researchers at the University of California, Berkeley.
		Because Gazzaley and his colleagues have identified areas of the brain that are markers for focusing and ignoring visual information, fMRI may be a good tool for assessing the value of therapies designed to improve memory and for diagnosing attention and memory problems in young and old, ranging from attention deficit disorder to dementia.
		Interestingly, six of the 16 older adults had well-preserved short-term memory and no problems ignoring irrelevant information, suggesting that some people are able to avoid memory loss as they age.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/09/050912080353.htm (1697 words)

	Oscillatory Synchrony between Human Extrastriate Areas during Visual Short-Term Memory Maintenance -- Tallon-Baudry et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Visual short-term memory is thought to rely on the coordinated activity of largely distributed networks involved in both the
		For the memory condition, subjects had to press a button when the second shape was strictly identical to the first one.
		Gray CM, McCormick DA (1996) Chattering cells: superficial pyramidal neurons contributing to the generation of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/20/RC177 (3648 words)

	Journal of Vision - Grouping in visual short-term memory, by Rensink
		The capacity of visual short-term memory (vSTM) was measured via a "flicker" technique, where an original and a modified image continually alternated, with a uniform gray field briefly appearing (120 ms) at each alternation.
		For orientation changes, slopes in the short- and long-display conditions differed considerably, indicating that performance was memory-limited.
		However, for changes in size and changes in contrast polarity, no reliable difference was found between slopes for the short- and long-display conditions, indicating that performance was not memory-limited.
	www.journalofvision.org /1/3/126 (349 words)

	Poor Visual Memory May Signal Alzheimer's (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the first study, researchers showed that diminished short-term visual memory, called iconic memory, may be an early indicator of an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease.
		"Visual memory is the first part of the memory system, and for people with mild cognitive impairment, their short-term visual memory almost does not exist."
		The researchers believe that, with further study, a screening test using iconic memory could be developed that would help determine a person's risk for Alzheimer's.
	www.healthcentral.com /newsdetail/408/523418.html (427 words)

	Center for Visual Cognition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The anatomical and psychological (TVA-) data are combined to test whether specific regions in the right side of the brain are critical to various aspects of attentional function (i.e., capacity of visual short-term memory, rate of encoding, left-right weighting, and efficiency of attentional control).
		The project aims to reach a deeper understanding of visual attention and visual short-term memory and the link between the two.
		We aim to do this through a neurobiological implementation of the TVA model, which we hope will yield a better understanding of visual attention and visual short-term memory and why the two phenomena are mediated by the same network in the brain.
	www.psy.ku.dk /cvc/projects.htm (316 words)

	STS
		"An object which is recollected, in the proper sense of that term, is one which has been absent from consciousness altogether, and now revives anew.
		It is brought back, recalled, fished up, so to speak, from a reservoir in which, with count less other objects, it lay buried and lost from view.
		But an object of primary memory is not thus brought back; it never was lost; its date was never cut off in consciousness from that of the immediately present moment.
	www.mtsu.edu /~sschmidt/Cognitive/sts (160 words)

	ScienceDaily: Short Term Memory's Effectiveness Influenced By Sight, Sound
		While the visual processes in the brain can still remember ordered lists, they tend to be less effective at it, recalling an average of five numbers instead of seven.
		Instead of asking her subjects to recall the order of a list, a task at which the auditory brain is superior, Bavelier concentrated on devising a test that required recall, but not in the temporal order of the items.
		Storage Limits On Our Visual Hard Drive (April 15, 2004) -- The amount of information we can remember from a visual scene is extremely limited and the source of that limit may lie in the posterior parietal cortex, a region of the brain involved in visual...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/09/040901092240.htm (1319 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Memory: The Key to Consciousness (2005)
		We saw earlier that this type of memory is termed episodic and refers to events you have experienced, and that this kind of memory is contrasted with semantic memory—for example, your vocabulary—that is not tagged to your own life experiences.
		A case can be made that Baddeley’s central executive function is performed by the prefrontal cortex, that the visuospatial sketchpad operates in the posterior visual association cortex, and that the phonological loop may use the short-term verbal memory area in the posterior cortex.
		In humans (as in monkeys) there are extensive interconnections of these short-term visual and verbal memory areas with regions of prefrontal cortex.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309093112/html/45.html (535 words)

	IngentaConnect Insensitivity of visual short-term memory to irrelevant visual in... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		IngentaConnect Insensitivity of visual short-term memory to irrelevant visual in...
		Several authors have hypothesized that visuo-spatial working memory is functionally analogous to verbal working memory.
		Visual working memory may not be functionally analogous to verbal working memory, and different cognitive processes may underlie visual short-term memory and visual imagery.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/psych/pqja/2002/00000055/00000003/art00003 (292 words)

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