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Topic: Vitamin D receptor

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	Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol, Calcitriol) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Bioactive vitamin D or calcitriol is a steroid hormone that has long been known for its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone.
		Vitamin D stimulates the expression of a number of proteins involved in transporting calcium from the lumen of the intestine, across the epithelial cells and into blood.
		However, studies of humans and animals with vitamin D deficiency or mutations in the vitamin D receptor suggest that these effects are perhaps not of major physiologic importance, and that the crutial effect of vitamin D on bone is to provide the proper balance of calcium and phosphorus to support mineralization.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/vitamind.html (1044 words)

	Vitamin D - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vitamin D regulates the calcium and phosphorus levels in the blood by promoting their absorption from food in the intestines, and by promoting re-absorption of calcium in the kidneys.
		Vitamin D receptors are also constitutively expressed in monocytes and induced upon activation of T and B lymphocytes, and the VDR is known to be involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulation.
		Vitamin D malnutrition may also be linked to an increased susceptibility to several chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, cancer, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, chronic pain, several autoimmune diseases, high blood pressure, depression, and seasonal affective disorder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vitamin_D (3067 words)

	Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D
		One cup of vitamin D fortified milk supplies one-half of the recommended daily intake for adults between the ages of 19 and 50, one-fourth of the recommended daily intake for adults between the ages of 51 and 70, and approximately 15% of the recommended daily intake for adults age 71 and over.
		Vitamin D deficiency, which is often seen in post-menopausal women and older Americans [4], has been associated with greater incidence of hip fractures [39-41].
		Vitamin D emerged as a protective factor in a study of over 3,000 adults (96% of whom were men) who underwent a colonoscopy between 1994 and 1997 to look for polyps or lesions in the colon.
	ods.od.nih.gov /factsheets/vitamind.asp (5297 words)

	Vitamin D Research \| Miscellaneous (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone in Outpatients With Noncholestatic Chronic Liver Disease.
		Vitamin D Metabolism in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is Influenced by Chewing "Betel Nut" (Areca catechu) and Vitamin D StatusJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol.
		Role of phosphorus and vitamin D analogs in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification.
	www.vitamindcouncil.com /researchMisc.shtml (643 words)

	Research Page: Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Breast Cancer Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Treatment with vitamin D or modified forms of vitamin D might be useful for prevention of breast cancer or its progression in these individuals.
		Improvement of vitamin D status may have an especially large impact in the African-American population, which is known to be more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency due to less efficient production of vitamin D precursors by sunlight in darker skinned individuals.
		Women who inherited this third VDR type from both parents appear to have the highest levels of vitamin D in the blood, however these results need to be confirmed in larger studies.
	www.cbcrp.org /research/PageGrant.asp?grant_id=199 (686 words)

	Genomics\|HuGENet\|Reviews\|Vitamin D and Osteoporosis
		Vitamin D can inhibit cancer cell growth, angiogenesis and metastasis (86), and recent reports suggest that common VDR gene variants may be associated with the risk of prostate and breast cancer.
		The immune system is a well-known target of vitamin D (130), and children with hereditary vitamin D resistant rickets may have impaired phagocytosis and neutrophil motility, and an increased number and severity of infections (131).
		D (137), and that active metabolites of vitamin D inhibit proliferation of these cells (138), prompted recent studies of the association between VDR allelic variants and psoriasis (139-141).
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/reviews/vitamind.htm (5118 words)

	Genomics\|HuGENet\|Reviews\|Vitamin D and Diabetes\|PubMed ID: 16905645
		Vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms are reported to be associated with insulin secretory capacity in humans (7).
		These epidemiologic and experimental data appear to indicate that vitamin D deficiency may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, possibly because vitamin D is a potent modulator of the immune system and is involved in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation (11, 12).
		Vitamin D and its analogs exert their actions through VDR, which is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily.
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/hugenet/reviews/vitaminD_diabetes.htm (4702 words)

	Vitamin D Research \| Cancer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Non‑genomic effects of the androgen receptor and Vitamin D agonist are involved in suppressing invasive phenotype of prostate cancer cells.
		Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms are associated with altered prognosis in patients with malignant melanoma.
		Stable expression of the nuclear vitamin D receptor in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line JCA‑1: evidence that the antiproliferative effects of 1 alpha, 25‑dihydroxyvitamin D3 are mediated exclusively through the genomic signaling pathway.
	www.vitamindcouncil.com /researchCancer.shtml (2193 words)

	Product Abstract: Vitamin D
		Although vitamin D supplementation in the frail elderly improves calcium absorption, suppresses parathyroid hormone, decreases bone loss and reduces the risk of fractures, such treatment may be ineffective in patients with vertebral osteoporosis, because of impaired vitamin D metabolism or resistance to the action of vitamin D metabolites on the bowel.
		Interest in vitamin D treatment for osteoporosis has recently been revived because of the focus in various parts of the world on the elderly population, which is predominantly vitamin D deficient, in addition to postmenopausal osteoporosis due to estrogen withdrawal, which has been the central theme of osteoporosis research for many years.
		Once formed, vitamin D3 is metabolized sequentially in the liver and kidney to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D. The major biological function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is to keep the serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations within the normal range to maintain essential cellular functions and to promote mineralization of the skeleton.
	www.lef.org /prod_hp/abstracts/vitaminda.html (9392 words)

	Vit D
		Addition of vitamin D to foods and supplements is not adequately controlled, resulting in large differences between label-stated and measured content of vitamin D in fortified foods.
		Vitamin D is very unstable both to light and to heat.
		Vitamin D may contribute to the pathologies induced by toxic metals by increasing their absorption and retention.
	www.bruha.com /pfpc/html/vit_d.html (2985 words)

	Receptor (biochemistry) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biochemistry, a receptor is a protein on the cell membrane or within the cytoplasm or cell nucleus that binds to a specific molecule (a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, or other substance, and initiates the cellular response to the ligand.
		Many hormone receptors and neurotransmitter receptors are transmembrane proteins: transmembrane receptors are embedded in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes, that allow the activation of signal transduction pathways in response to the activation by the binding molecule, or ligand.
		Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the hormone is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of endocrine disorders, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry) (856 words)

	Polymorphisms of the Vitamin D Receptor Gene Predict the Onset of Surgical Menopause in Caucasian Females - Health - ...
		The gene (VDR) encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) may be one of the potential candidate genes underlying the onset of menopause.
		Vitamin D and its metabolites are related to endometriosis and medical menopause [26,27].
		Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein, calbindin, was expressed in uterine (luminal) epithelium of pregnant rats and was not observed in non-pregnant rats [28].
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/789539/polymorphisms_of_the_vitamin_d_receptor_gene_predict_the_onset/index.html?source=r_health (2766 words)

	Vitamin D
		Vitamin D insufficiency may be common among children and adolescents at the beginning of spring.
		Vitamin D deficiency and causative factors in the population of Tehran.
		However, despite the presence of vitamin D receptors, uterine CaBP-9k is not under the control of vitamin D. Differential transcriptional and translational regulations of calbindin-D9k by steroid hormones and their receptors in the uterus of immature mice.
	www.modern-psychiatry.com /vitamin_d.htm (2824 words)

	BioCarta - Charting Pathways of Life
		The vitamin D receptor, VDR is the mediator of all genomic actions of vitamin D3 and its analogs.
		Vitamin D3 is the main regulator of calcium homeostasis and is critical in bone formation.
		WINAC and vitamin Dreceptor are targeted to vitamin D responsive promoters in the absence of ligand to both positively and negatively regulated genes.
	www.biocarta.com /pathfiles/h_vdrPathway.asp (564 words)

	VDR - vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor
		Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms as markers in prostate cancer.
		Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with prostate cancerand benign prostatic hyperplasia in a Japanese population.
		Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Japanese patients with prostatecancer.
	www.ucsf.edu /pgdb/gene/1.html (537 words)

	NIEHS Press Release - VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE LINKED
		Men with a particular vitamin D receptor gene appear to have only a third the risk of developing a prostate cancer requiring surgery, scientists at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have found.
		Vitamin D is unusual in that it can be absorbed from dietary sources and also synthesized by the body in response to sunlight.
		There have been studies suggesting that men with low vitamin D levels have a higher risk of prostate cancer and that the further north a man lives (presumably with less sunlight exposure, on average) the higher his risk as well.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /oc/news/taylor97.htm (711 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In the absence of ligand, steroid hormone receptors are thought to be weakly associated with nuclear components; hormone binding greatly increases receptor affinity.
		The vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the signal of 1-a,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by binding to vitamin D responsive elements - it functions either as a homodimer, or as a heterodimer of vitamin D and retinoid X receptor subunits.
		Tocchini-Valentini G. Rochel N. Wurtz J.M. Moras D. Crystal structures of the vitamin D nuclear receptor liganded with the vitamin D side chain analogues calcipotriol and seocalcitol, receptor agonists of clinical importance.
	www.ebi.ac.uk /interpro/DisplayIproEntry?ac=IPR000324&format=normal (662 words)

	Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) mRNA and VDR Protein Levels in Relation to Vitamin D Status, Insulin Secretory Capacity, and ...
		Pike JW: The vitamin D receptor and its gene.
		Ban Y, Taniyama M, Ban Y: Vitamin D receptor polymorphism is associated with Graves’ disease in the Japanese population.
		Ortlepp JR, Lauscher J, Hoffman R, Hanrath P, Joost HG: The vitamin D receptor gene variant is associated with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.
	diabetes.diabetesjournals.org /cgi/content/full/51/7/2294 (4780 words)

	FokI Polymorphism, Vitamin D Receptor, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Haplotypes Are Associated with Type 1 Diabetes in the ...
		FokI Polymorphism, Vitamin D Receptor, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Haplotypes Are Associated with Type 1 Diabetes in the Dalmatian Population -- Zemunik et al.
		FokI Polymorphism, Vitamin D Receptor, and Interleukin-1 Receptor Haplotypes Are Associated with Type 1 Diabetes in the Dalmatian Population
		Vitamin D and interleukin (IL)-1 have been suggested to function
	jmd.amjpathol.org /cgi/content/abstract/7/5/600 (354 words)

	Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor (VDR)
		1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2-D3] or "vitamin D hormone" plays multiple roles in the regulation of animal metabolism.
		These are effected in two ways: (1) at the level of the plasma membrane (by a vitamin D membrane receptor) and (2) at the level of gene transcription.
		VDR has a domain structure homologous to that of the other nuclear receptors (see next section).
	vdr.bu.edu (189 words)

	[No title]
		While vitamin D and its analogues are being developed as preventative and/or treatment agents in breast cancer, the assessment of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms may be vital in the identification of at-risk groups and strategies for targeting and intervention.
		Vitamin D is not actually a vitamin, but a steroid hormone precursor that is primarily formed when our skin is exposed to sunshine.
		Again, this is related to the fact that vitamin D is not really a vitamin but something that we normally get from exposure to sunshine, not food.
	www.mercola.com /2001/oct/13/vitamin_d.htm (666 words)

	Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk -- Guy et al. 10 (16): 5472 -- Clinical Cancer Research
		Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk -- Guy et al.
		Vitamin D Receptor Gene Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk
		Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Receptor and Survival in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.
	clincancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/16/5472 (506 words)

	Vitamin D Receptor Mutations May Be Common in Women with a Specific Type of Breast Cancer Breaking News Article
		Vitamin D Receptor Mutations May Be Common in Women with a Specific Type of Breast Cancer
		Women who have mutations in their vitamin D receptor gene are nearly twice as likely to develop breast cancer compared to women who do not have the mutation, according to a new study.
		The study suggests that the mutation in the Vitamin D receptor gene may have a role to play in disease development in women who would not ordinarily be expected to develop the disease.
	www.vrp.com /art/1407.asp (442 words)

	ScienceDaily: Alterations In Vitamin D Receptor Gene Increase Prostate, Breast Cancer Risk
		Science Daily — PHILADELPHIA Subtle differences in the receptor for vitamin D reverse the anti-cancer action of the sunshine vitamin, increasing the risk of breast cancer in Caucasian women and prostate cancer in African-American men, according to two new studies.
		For example, in the breast cancer study, British scientists at St. George's Hospital Medical School in London found that Caucasian women who carried specific versions of the vitamin D receptor gene, or VDR, not only experienced increased risk for this cancer but may also be more prone to developing metastases.
		"Differences in the gene sequence for the vitamin D receptor are associated with breast cancer risk and may also be linked to disease progression" said Kay Colston, Ph.D., the senior author of the study, published in the August 15 issue of the journal Clinical Cancer Research.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/08/040806094858.htm (867 words)

	Noncalcemic Actions of Vitamin D Receptor Ligands -- Nagpal et al. 26 (5): 662 -- Endocrine Reviews
		A VDR ligand binds to the LBD of VDR, and the ensuing conformational
		D and its metabolites in RA patients (108).
		D deficiency accelerated the onset of type I diabetes (120).
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/5/662 (6670 words)

	MGH CeDAR: Center for D-Receptor Activation Research in Boston Massachusetts
		Role of active vitamin D in end-stage renal disease
		The vitamin D receptor is ubiquitous, and activation of this receptor results in the transcription of critical genes that regulate immunity, inflammation, fibrosis, cell proliferation, and other important functions.
		The mission of the Center for D-receptor Activation Research (CeDAR) is to support research and improve understanding of the widespread biological and clinical consequences related to the activation of the vitamin D receptor.
	www.massgeneral.org /cedar (81 words)

	[No title]
		Researchers set out to determine if vitamin D receptor gene (VDRG) BsmI polymorphisms were markers for the susceptibility to Parkinson's in Korean patients.
		While the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D have recently become better understood, our full appreciation of this vital nutrient's far-reaching importance in health is still in its infancy.
		Of course, the most effective and safest way to ensure that your body has optimal levels of vitamin D is to get daily sun exposure.
	www.mercola.com /2005/jul/14/vitamin_d.htm (722 words)

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