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Topic: Vitreous enamel

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	Vitreous enamel composition containing palladium powder - Patent 4150995
		The vitreous enamel composition according to claim 1, in which said organic vehicle is contained in an amount of 3- 10 parts by weight based on 1 part by weight of the vitreous enamel solid component.
		The vitreous enamel composition of this invention is prepared by diluting the glass enamel solid component with an organic vehicle in an amount of 1 to 20 times, preferably 1 to 10 times the solid component.
		The vitreous enamel compositions of this invention are readily applicable to glass and ceramic articles over the entire surface or desired portion thereof by any of the usual methods such as ordinary screen printing, transfer printing, spraying or like coating method, depending on the kind and proportion of the organic vehicle used in the composition.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4150995.html (3700 words)

	Enamel Techniques & Materials for Cuff Links
		White enamel is produced by adding stannic and arsenious acids to the frit, the quantity of the acid affecting the density, or opacity, of the enamel.
		Although these enamels are still applied in their wet, powdered state, the adjacent patch of colored enamel is first allowed to dry to avoid one running into the other and so blurring the outline between them.
		In the Grisaille enamel painting technique or monochromatic painting, pulverized white vitreous enamel is made into a paste by mixing it with water, turpentine, oil of lavender, or petroleum oil and is then applied to a dark enamel ground, usually colored fl or blue.
	www.enamelcufflinks.com /techmat.html (1655 words)

	Mechanical And Physical Properties - Porcelain Enamel Institute
		The porcelain enamel coating, the metal substrate and the design of the part to be coated all contribute to the mechanical and physical properties of the porcelain enamel.
		Porcelain enamel's resistance to wear and abrasion is due to its resistance to gouging or crushing of the underlying enamel structure, its high surface hardness (surface abrasion resistance), its high surface gloss and its good lubricity.
		When the porcelain enamel coating (glass) is applied to the metal substrate, the formulation of the coating is such that it has a lower coefficient of expansion than the substrate and thus is always in compression.
	www.porcelainenamel.com /pei502.htm (1715 words)

	Vitreous enamel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a discussion of art technology, enamel (or vitreous enamel, or porcelain enamel in American English) is the colorful result of fusion of powdered glass to a substrate through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius.
		The durability of enamel has given it many functional applications, including: early 20th century advertising signs, interior walls of ovens, speckleware cooking pots, exterior walls of high quality kitchen appliances, cast iron bathtubs, storage silos on farms and process equipment such as chemical reactors and tanks for the chemical and pharmaceutical process industries.
		Color in enamel is obtained by the addition of various minerals, often metal oxides cobalt, praseodymium, iron, or neodymium.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vitreous_enamel (833 words)

	Enamelware. Enamelware.com, Enamel Charms, Enamel Lapel Pins, Cloisonne
		Enameling has said to have been around for centuries, pieces of enameled pottery and metal that have been dated back to ancient Greek times have been excavated and are now in museums.
		Enamel (or vitreous enamel) is the result of the fusion of powdered glass to an object through the process of firing, usually between 750 and 850 degrees Celsius.
		Enamel Patch Box - A small insight to the small enamel patch boxes and what they are used for, what materials they are made from and their decorations.
	www.enamelware.com (576 words)

	Artistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vitreous Enamel is a transparent or opaque glass coating that is fused to a metal.
		The process of enameling involves applying finely ground glass in thin layers to a metal, which is then fired in a high temperature furnace, causing the glass to melt and fuse to the metal surface.
		Enameling is a centuries old craft that is known to date back to the Fifth Century B.C. It appears in the arts and crafts of numerous cultures throughout the world.
	www.beetlesculpture.com /artistry.htm (265 words)

	Enameling. Vitreous enamel, Enamel techniques, Enamel history
		Enameling goes back a along way, there are many different methods of enameling, how the technique is done and also what it is used for.
		Vitreous enamel is glass bonded by fusion to a metal surface.
		Enamel (glass) is crushed to a powder that is roughly finer than granulated sugar and coarser than flour.
	www.enamelware.com /Enameling.htm (364 words)

	enamel - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Enamel (art), vitreous substance fused by heat to objects of metal, ceramic, or glass.
		Enamel (industry), in industry, coating used primarily for the protection of a surface against corrosion or abrasion.
		Enamel paints consist of zinc oxide and lithopone in brown linseed oil and high-grade varnish (Enamel).
	encarta.msn.com /enamel.html (168 words)

	Stove Pipe - Buy your Vitreous Enamel Stove Pipe on-line at fluesystems.com
		Vitreous enamel is a single skin prefabricated stove pipe suitable for gas, oil and multi fuel appliances rating up to 50kW.
		Vitreous enamel stove pipe is available in matt fl and gloss fl, and now also in a range of special colours designed to suit coloured Franco Belge stoves.
		This vitreous enamel stove pipe has been designed with a quick and easy to use socket and spigot jointing system, which is leak proof when sealed and installed as recommended.
	www.fluesystems.com /flues/info/vitreous.htm (448 words)

	Glass on Metal Online - Introduction to Enameling
		Enamel (glass) is crushed to a powder somewhat finer than granulated sugar and somewhat coarser than flour.
		Enameling, like painting, is for all ages at various levels - hobby, craft, decorative art, minor art and fine art - depending on the enameler's ability.
		Many enamelers are self taught, their only help being a book discovered by chance in their library or book store.
	www.glass-on-metal.com /intro_to_enamel/index.htm (535 words)

	Central Signs Sydney What we can do (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When Vitreous Enamel is exposed to ultra violet radiation from the sun it has proven life span of at least four times any other metal finish.
		Vitreous Enamel is glass coated and chemically bonded to steel at high temperatures.
		The undercoat is sprayed onto steel and fired in a Vitreous Enamelling furnace to form a permanent bond with the steel.
	www.centralsigns.com.au /vitreous.htm (134 words)

	Rio Tinto Borax : Library : Pioneer Magazine
		Today vitreous enamel art is as vibrant as then; and the industry of enameling metal panels, which blossomed in the 19th and 20th centuries but later receded due to competition from other materials, is enjoying a resurgence thanks to new technological developments.
		Vitreous enameling is the fusing of a thin layer of glass to a metal base, and is virtually impossible to achieve on large areas unless the glass has a high (up to 25 percent) boric oxide content.
		One reason for the replacement of enamel by painted surfaces on white goods and less usage for architectural panels was, of course, cost - because to achieve rust resistance, both sides of the panel have to be coated.
	www.borax.com /pioneer34.html (1017 words)

	Description of several techniques - VNE - Society of Dutch Enamellers
		If the enamel is under-done the paint sits on the surface (and can be re-fired) but if it is over-done the detail may be burnt out and the pinks take on a greyish hue which cannot be rectified.
		Water colours on vellum or ivory are quite often faded with age and I enjoy painting the enamels in their original hues of over 400 years ago, bringing the subject back to the peak of good health.
		Meanwhile the enamels to be used for the base had been ground and washed to remove impurities.
	www.enamellers.nl /tech42.php?l=uk&a=vitreous_enamelling (1900 words)

	Clock Dial Restoration & Repair by Allan Heywood, enamel, porcelain, vitreous enamel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		"Enamels" are also objects (generally of metal eg copper, silver or gold) decorated with powdered glass and fired until the glass has become red-hot and melted to smoothness.
		What I mean when I say "enamel restoration" is that I'll remove all the old vitreous enamel and replace it with new vitreous enamel.
		However, some older or lower-quality dials had the holes drilled before the enamel was applied and fired and so already have a thinned-down, rounded shoulder (meniscus) on the holes because at red heat the enamel is the viscosity of honey and runs like any other liquid.
	heywoodenamels.com /main/pricingpage.html (698 words)

	Australian Jewellery from Jewellery By Design -Diamond , Ruby , Sapphire , Emerald ,Pearl , Opal ,Gold Platinum and ...
		Vitreous Jewellery Enamel is a layer of glass fused to the surface of your jewellery at temperatures close to the melting point of silver.
		Enamel gets its colour from the trace elements that give gemstones their colour and brilliance, the finished effect rivals many a gemstone, creating colour in ways that would just not be possible using any other technique.
		Enamel was once a common element of fine jewellery, but its use has declined since the end of its heyday in the 1920's.
	www.jewellerybydesign.com.au /fire.htm (1051 words)

	Enamelware
		It is also referred to as porcelain on steel, cast iron enamel, vitreous enamel, agateware, and graniteware.
		While glossy, acid resistant porcelain enamels are not photosensitive, matte-finish and some types of highly pigmented red and yellow porcelain enamels may show some fading after several years of weathering, and alkali resistant porcelain enamels are not necessarily acid resistant.
		Enamel will easily withstand repeated freezing and thawing of liquids, however over time this will cause some lesser quality enamels to chip or splinter.
	fantes.com /enamelware.htm (913 words)

	Method of preparing a plate-like support bearing catalytically active compounds - Patent 4994430
		The base structure coated with this ground coat of enamel is immersed in a catalyst slip liquefying under the action of shear forces, which is prepared essentially from a powder of the catalytically active compounds, a binding agent, water, and, in some cases, one or more wetting agents.
		Method according to claim 1, characterized in that the base structure provided with the vitreous enamel is carried substantially horizontally and at the same time is wetted discontinuously with the catalyst slip with periodic raising and lowering of the slip bath, and is then further advanced.
		The enamel coating combines the functions of a thermal equalization layer between the metal support and the coating of catalytically active compounds with those of a coating for the protection of the metal base structure and a coating to which the slip can adhere.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4994430.html (2208 words)

	Vitra Signage Systems Australia about us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vitreous enamel is extremely hard wearing, safe and low maintenance and is able to maintain its aesthetic quality.
		Vitreous enamel is an excellent medium as graphic and photographic images as well as text styles can be reproduced in fine detail.
		Vitreous enamel can be applied in almost the entire range of PMS colours to suit a broad range of cover coats.
	www.sub.net.au /~vitra/p2/us.htm (331 words)

	Vitra Signage Systems Australia how it all works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Vitreous enamel signage has many benefits that separate it from other forms of signage on the market today.
		Vitreous enamel signs are widely reputed for their enduring properties including non-porous graffiti proof finish, the signs are unaffected by acids or alkali and are corrosion resistant and fireproof.
		For this reason enamel is regularly specified as a medium in high traffic areas.
	www.sub.net.au /~vitra/p2/work.htm (339 words)

	Enamelling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This sort of enamel is known as vitreous enamelling.
		In the 19th century the word enamel came to be used also for any finish which could be applied to wood or metal and which was claimed by the manufacturers to be harder and more durable than their usual paints.
		This is the sense in which the word enamel is used when coach and carriage makers and our early bike, motorbike and car makers spoke of their products being enamelled: the material is not vitreous enamel at all.
	www.localhistory.scit.wlv.ac.uk /Museum/metalware/enamelintro.htm (231 words)

	U. S. Steel - Sheet Products - Cold Rolled Sheet - Vitreous Enamel Sheet
		Porcelain enamel coatings are hard, fused, glassy coatings that are applied to the surface of steel sheet to improve the surface appearance of the sheet and to provide a hard, protective coating.
		Porcelain enamel coatings are unlike paint in that the coatings are inorganic, and form coatings that are much harder than paint coatings.
		These three grades are designed to be suitable for enameling in that they have properties that (1) resist fishscaling during the enameling process, (2) resist carbon boil during enameling, and (3) provide the sag resistance needed during the firing process.
	www.ussteel.com /corp/sheet/cr/enam.htm (1380 words)

	Glass Metal Industries \| What is Vitreous Enamel?
		Since the time of the Ptolemaic dynasty, enamel on a metal substrate was used to signify the permanency of the rule of the Pharaohs of Egypt.
		The undercoat is sprayed onto steel and fired in a Vitreous Enamelling furnace to form a permanent bond with the steal base.
		The covercoat is applied by either dipping or spraying to obtain a wide range of colours for which Vitreous Enamel is renowned.
	www.glassmetal.com.au /whatis.html (144 words)

	ECL - Vitreous Enamel Cladding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Recognised as the most durable of architectural surfaces, Vitreous Enamel has proven to be the preferred cladding material for hostile and aggressive environments with installations as varied as exterior cladding in exposed coastal sites to wall panelling in metro and railway stations.
		The cladding is resistant to wear, UV light, abrasion, graffiti, atmospheric pollution and fire – in fact Vitreous Enamel is unrivalled for them all.
		The cladding is Vitreous Enamel on both sides and has minimal maintenance with very little cleaning required.
	www.eclcontracts.co.uk /vitreous.asp (155 words)

	ArchEnamels.com
		Precious metals, particularly gold, were used in the early history of enameling; enameled objects tended to be small, and transparent glasses were used to show the gold base.
		Enameled objects and enamel art become common household items in the 18th and 19th centuries.
		Enameled objects were so popular at the turn of the 20th century that paint manufacturers developed a glossy paint and claimed that it looked just like glass enamel.
	www.archenamels.com (454 words)

	Enamelist Karen L. Cohen defines Enameling
		Because the pattern is engraved, the reflection of light through the overcoating of transparent enamel is enhanced, and its brilliance can be seen as the piece is moved from side to side.
		That is, one can sift enamel onto the metal, lay down the stencil, then use a brush to remove the enamel in the cut-out area (negative).
		If used slightly under the enamel surface, when the surface is ground down, screening can give the effect of woven fabric as the stoning picks up the high parts where the warp wire crosses over the weft wire, leaving copper glints that give a textured pattern on the surface.
	www.kcenamels.com /what_is_enameling.html (1593 words)

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