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Topic: Vitrification

	Vitrification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vitrification is a process of converting a material into a glass-like amorphous solid which is free of any crystalline structure, either by the quick removal or addition of heat, or by mixing with an additive.
		In the context of cryonics, especially in preservation of the human brain, vitrification of tissue is thought to be necessary to prevent destruction of the tissue or information encoded in the brain.
		Currently, vitrification techniques have only been applied to brains by Alcor and to the upper body by the Cryonics Institute, but research is in progress by both organizations to apply vitrication to the whole body.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vitrification (562 words)

	In Situ Vitrification
		In Situ Vitrification is a new technology developed for a new nastier breed of contaminants and pollutants.
		The relevant meaning of "In Situ Vitrification" in respect to soil and groundwater pollution is to turn the soil containing the pollutant into a large block of glass.
		In Situ Vitrification utilizes 4 large graphite electrodes that are inserted into the ground in a square pattern.
	ewr.cee.vt.edu /environmental/teach/gwprimer/vitrify (886 words)

	Vitrification -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When the starting material is solid, vitrification usually involves heating the substances to very high (The degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment (corresponding to its molecular activity)) temperatures.
		Vitrification is being researched as a technique to improve the disposal and long term storage of (additional info and facts about nuclear waste) nuclear waste or other hazardous wastes.
		Finally, vitrification often leads to the fracturing of the preserved object.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vi/vitrification.htm (816 words)

	Cryopreservation by vitrification - Nature Biotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The formation of extracellular ice during cryopreservation is known to be a hazard to structured organs and tissues, and conventional cryopreservation strategies have proved unsatisfactory.
		Vitrification is an alternate method of freezing that involves the solidification of an object in an amorphous glassy state that obviates the formation of ice crystals.
		In this issue, Taylor and colleagues have evaluated a vitrification approach to preserving vascular tissue, and show that it markedly improves the function of thawed tissues compared with those subjected to a standard crypreservation technique.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v18/n3/full/nbt0300_250g.html (140 words)

	Stabilization/Solidification - Vitrification
		Vitrification uses heat to melt and then solidify harmful chemicals in a solid mass of glasslike material.
		In this process, waste is fed into a chamber where it is heated to temperatures greater than 1500°C. The melt exits the vitrification unit and cools to form a glassy solid that immobilizes inorganics.
		Vitrification applies to a broad range of solid media (e.g., debris, soil, etc.).
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/ssvit.htm (1215 words)

	Vitrification and Nanotechnology Research
		Recent breakthroughs in research have made possible the vitrification of human organs, in which tissues become a glass-like solid, without the formation of ice crystals.
		This vitrification research will soon make possible the long-term banking of human organs such as kidneys, hearts and livers for transplantation.
		Among the technologies that will be needed to revive such patients successfully are new treatments for killer diseases, for human aging control, for the regeneration of damaged tissues and for the repair of damaged tissues.
	www.timeship.org /site/research_2.html (444 words)

	Brigantes Nation Vitrification classification
		Partial vitrification can occur where an intense heat causes vitrifaction in one or more isolated locations along part of the rampart, or where the temperatures were never so high as to cause the rock to melt.
		Total vitrification appears to be the application of an extreme temperature evenly throughout the entire length or significant section of the rampart for a significant time, to the extent that the rock face of the rampart actually melts and forms a glassy or bubbled surface.
		A further factor is other materials used to help the vitrification process, these may include; salt has been suggested as capable of raising the temperature of the fire, some rocks may themselves give off minerals which could increase the temperature or act as a flux during vitrification.
	www.brigantesnation.com /VitrifiedForts/VitrifieedClassification.htm (604 words)

	VITRIFICATION IN CRYONICS
		When propylene glycol was replaced with a methoxylated compound, the resulting viability was slightly superior to that seen with the original vitrification solution (although this result was not statistically significant, and was not replicated).
		Nonpenetrating cryoprotectants are too large to diffuse into cells, but they assist with vitrification of water (and inhibition of devitrification) in the extracellular space.
		Vitrification can be achieved by using a small amount of cryoprotectant and by cooling fast enough to avoid nucleation.
	www.benbest.com /cryonics/vitrify.html (6589 words)

	ES&T Online News: Hanford's vitrification challenge
		Glassmaking is as old as civilization itself, and vitrification is the process of choice for treating nuclear weapons waste left over from the Manhattan Project and the Cold War.
		Vitrification is already used routinely for nuclear power plant waste in the United Kingdom and France, and it has worked reasonably well with homogeneous U.S. weapons waste.
		The vitrification processes being used to treat Hanford’s radioactive waste have tweaked that formula because, depending on their concentration and the processing temperature, many of the elements and compounds in the waste can interfere with glassmaking.
	pubs.acs.org /subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2002/dec/tech/vb_hanfordvitrif.html (1661 words)

	Mining Industry Waste Remediated for Recycle by Vitrification
		Vitrification processes are flexible enough to handle process chemistry variations and can accommodate dry or wet waste/recycle materials.
		Vitrification is cost effective on a life-cycle basis compared to other stabilization technologies.
		Large volume reductions (87-93%) were realized upon vitrification of the mining waste sludge due to the vaporization of water (~86.7 wt%), densification from a sludge of ~1 g/cc to a glass of ~2.7 g/cc, and volatilization of OH x
	www.p2pays.org /ref/11/10500.htm (2655 words)

	RMPJC: Vitrification of Plutonium at Rocky Flats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		I thought the topic of plutonium vitrification was as neglected elsewhere in the DOE complex as it has been at Rocky Flats.
		I myself address the topic of vitrification of plutonium not as a technical specialist but as one who lives near Rocky Flats and is concerned about both the local danger and the global threat previously mentioned.
		Direct vitrification of some residues, particularly combustibles, may not be possible; if so, this material would require some processing prior to the vitrification step.
	www.rmpjc.org /19/95/pjvit.html (2905 words)

	Vitrification Facility Closure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		During the six-year operation of the West Valley glass melter, liquid waste was retrieved from underground waste tanks, pumped to the Vitrification Facility, concentrated and combined with glass-forming chemicals.
		Testing for the evacuated canister assembly had several objectives, including determining the fill rate and volume transferred to the evacuated canister, measuring and recording the canister surface temperature to determine the maximum temperature during the glass transfer, and determining canister distortion during and after the filling process.
		The extent of disassembly, and the final disposition of materials removed from the Vitrification Facility will be determined as the WVDP moves ahead with discussions and closure decisions.
	www.wv.doe.gov /linkingpages/VitrificationFacilityClosure.htm (550 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Glass as a Waste Form and Vitrification Technology: Summary of an International Workshop (1996)
		Vitrification is proposed not only for HLW, but also for the very large volumes of low-level waste found throughout the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defense complex.
		Glass as a Waste Form and Vitrification Technology: Summary of an International Workshop Finally, despite many years of development and large investments in nuclear waste solidification, the present technologies are essentially of only two types; a single-stage liquid-fed ceramic melter and a two-stage rotating calciner and a metallic melter, both producing a borosilicate glass.
		The previous reviews of glass and vitrification technologies have at every step failed to present a balance of the experience with industrial-scale vitrification technologies against the demonstrated adequacy of glass as a material for the immobilization of radioactive waste over long periods of time.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309056829/html/3.html (3217 words)

	USATODAY.com - Vitrification could keep tissue safe during the big chill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vitrification will be one of the hot topics.
		Rall, a physiologist at the NIH's Veterinary Resources Program, says vitrification is used in many cases with animals and insects in which freezing would damage delicate tissues.
		Vitrification also is used to cryopreserve specimens of agricultural pests for research.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2002-07-28-vitrification_x.htm (938 words)

	Summary - In-situ Vitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		An emerging technology, referred to as in-situ vitrification, was one of those considered.
		In-situ vitrification (ISV) involves using electricity to melt the waste and surrounding soil in place, then cooling it to form glass.
		In 1996, in-situ vitrification was conducted on a simulated waste pit involving approximately one ton of soil, solid debris and sealed containers.
	www.bnl.gov /erd/Surface/ou1/ISV-facts.html (369 words)

	Medical Time Travel
		Morphological vitrification is vitrification in which tissue is preserved without freezing, with good structural preservation, but in which key enzymes or other biomolecules are damaged by the vitrification chemicals.
		Morphological vitrification of a kidney was photographically demonstrated in Fahy's original vitrification paper [17], but 20 years later reversible kidney vitrification is still being pursued.
		Morphological vitrification of most organs and tissues in the body may now be possible, but moving from morphological vitrification to reversible vitrification will require fundamental new knowledge of mechanisms of cryoprotectant toxicity, and means to intervene in those mechanisms.
	www.alcor.org /Library/html/medicaltimetravel.htm (3395 words)

	Alcor: Cryonics Myths
		Vitrification is an ice-free process in which more than 60% of the water inside cells is replaced with protective chemicals.
		For example, very few scientists even know what vitrification is. Fewer still know that vitrification can preserve cell structure of whole organs or whole brains.
		Even though this use of vitrification has been published, it is so uncommon outside of cryonics that only a handful of cryobiologists know it is possible.
	www.alcor.org /cryomyths.html (1715 words)

	Abstract: Effect of Macromolecules for Bovine Oocyte Vitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vitrification of bovine oocytes could become the procedure of choice to preserve gametes of valuable females.
		All vitrification procedures were carried out at 37 + 2ºC. Sub-groups of 4 oocytes were pre-equilibrated in 100 µl of vitrification solution 1 (Hepes-TCM 199 with 10% DMSO, 10% Ethylene Glycol (EG) and the corresponding macromolecule) for 30 sec.
		Then oocytes were moved through two 100-µl drops of vitrification solution 2 (Hepes-TCM 199 with 20% DMSO, 20% EG, 0.5 M of galactose and the corresponding macromolecule), loaded onto cryoloops (Nat Biotechnol, 17:1234) and immersed in liquid nitrogen after 25 sec.
	www.cvmbs.colostate.edu /bms/abstract/ges15.htm (471 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Nation -- Hanford breaks ground on pilot project to glassify waste
		And construction is under way on a nearly $6 billion plant that will use a process called vitrification to turn some of the tank waste into glass logs for permanent disposal in a nuclear waste repository.
		The technology, called bulk vitrification, will be tested at a new facility at the Hanford site under a research and development permit approved by the state Department of Ecology.
		Similar to the vitrification process that is used in the waste treatment plant now under construction, bulk vitrification turns waste into a glasslike substance by melting it at a very high temperature with soil and chemicals for hours.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/nation/20050209-2346-wst-hanford-vitrification.html (736 words)

	Vitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Vitrification chemically bonds hazardous, radioactive, or mixed wastes in a durable glass.
		Permanence is a highly prized quality in waste disposal options, and research on vitrification shows that glass can be 10,000 times more durable than other waste disposal forms, such as concrete.
		Plans and vitrification models are being developed for low-level radioactive wastes, actinides, contaminated asbestos, ion exchange resins, and medical wastes.
	sheff.caeds.eng.uml.edu /hazwaste/sciadone/vitrific.htm (466 words)

	Dec.29, 2000: VITRIFICATION FACTS AND PROSPECTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When actual verified results and capabilities are in place--whether for vitrification or for improved freezing--we expect to offer our members all useful options, either directly or indirectly, using our own or/and licensed technologies.
		It means formation of a glass-like state that is "solid" in the sense that it does not flow or deform easily, but lacks the clear crystal structure characteristic of most pure solids.
		Also, if the vitrification can be accomplished without the removal of too much water, there may be less chemical damage.
	www.cryonics.org /Dec_00_3.html (477 words)

	vitrification with ethylene glycol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The macromolecules modify the vitrification tendencies of these solutions, but there is little detailed information on the vitrification properties of ethylene glycol solutions containing the additives PVP, Ficoll, and dextran.
		Although this indicates that PVP and EG have comparable vitrification properties, the melting and the glass transition temperature of the solutions rose as the PVP content increased.
		When 1 m sucrose was added to saline and 0, 5, 10, or 20 wt% PVP 40,000 MW vitrification was achieved with 31, 26, 23, and 15% EG, respectively, indicating that the total solute concentration required for vitrification could be estimated with reasonable accuracy from the sum of the individual components.
	www.cryonet.org /cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=9437 (373 words)

	FACTORS INFLUENCING VITRIFICATION OF CARNATION AND CONIFERS
		The vitrification was affected by microelement content of the nutrient medium and by the ratio of KIN: NAA the inoculation period, the variety and the properties of mother plant.
		The vitrification rate was reduced on medium containing MS macro with Heller microelements, simultaneously the multiplication rate increased.
		Vitrification of shoots frequently occured during embryo culture of some conifers.
	www.actahort.org /books/212/212_27.htm (214 words)

	Fox River - PCB Cleanup - Vitrification
		While vitrification is in many ways an attractive option, there are some drawbacks that could make it difficult to use in the Fox River project.
		In addition, there are no vitrification facilities in Wisconsin that can handle sediment, and it could take up to three years to obtain the necessary permits, find a suitable site, and design and build a new full-scale facility.
		The greater cost of vitrification instead of landfilling for sediment disposal may be offset by permanently removing the PCBs from the environment.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/wm/foxriver/vitrification (257 words)

	In Situ Vitrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In situ vitrification (ISV) is a process which uses electrical power to heat and melt soil contaminated with organics, inorganics, and metal-bearing wastes.
		Possible emissions resulting from in situ vitrification include gaseous steam from the contact of the melt with saturated soil if the treated soil is wet.
		Timmerman, C.L. In Situ Vitrification Of PCB Contaminated Soils.
	es.epa.gov /techinfo/case/comm/insitu.html (1544 words)

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