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Topic: Vivianite

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	Natural Mineral Pigments: Vivianite (Blue Ochre)
		Vivianite is a rare mineral of hydrated iron phosphate that exhibits an intense dark blue color.
		Vivianite forms radiating clusters of acicular (needle-like), prismatic or fibrous bluish-green crystals in association with hematite, siderite or anapaite.
		Vivianite is generally stable and dark blue or green in color, though the mineral may be colorless when first exposed.
	www.iconofile.com /pigments_vivianite.asp (615 words)

	Vivianite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vivianite Fe O), hydrated iron phosphate, is a secondary mineral found in a number of geological environments.
		It is formed by the alteration of ore deposits near the surface, or of primary phosphates in pegmatites.
		Vivianite crystals are often found inside fossil shells, such as those of bivalves and gastropods, or attached to fossil bone.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vivianite (164 words)

	Blue Ochre (Vivianite)
		Vivianite, named after the English mineralogist F. Vivian, is a rare mineral of secondary origin associated with pyrite in copper and tin veins, and is a hydrated iron phosphate of a blue to green color.
		Vivianite is recognized to generally be stable, but there have been instances were it was observed to alter from its blue hue to a yellow color.
		Vivianite is not considered to be toxic, but care should be used in handling the dry powder pigment so as not to inhale the dust.
	www.naturalpigments.com /detail.asp?PRODUCT_ID=410-20S (502 words)

	Vivianite spectra
		The iron phosphate mineral, vivianite, is unusual in that, when ground, the green mineral will turn dark blue due to partial oxidation.
		The origin of color in vivianite is iron.
		Pale blue vivianite from Mullica Hill, New Jersey, with Fe bands near 820 and 1220 nm.
	minerals.gps.caltech.edu /FILES/Visible/vivianite/index.htm (127 words)

	KREMER Pigments: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Vivianite may have a cristalline structure in the form of shimmering plates, but it is usually found as an earthy deposit.
		Deposits of vivianite are in Serbia, Germany, Cornwall/England, Krim/Ukraine, Bolivia, colourado/USA and the elephant graveyard in Camerun.
		Vivianite has rarely been found on European easel paintings, but it was used to depict skies by the School of Cologne in the 13
	www.kremer-pigmente.de /intl.catalog/10400e.htm (93 words)

	UCL Earth Sciences - Research
		Vivianite is the Fe-rich end-member of the vivianite mineral group [X3(YO4)2•8H2O, where X=Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni or Zn, and Y=P or As].
		This general formula suggests that vivianite should be able to incorporate substantial amounts of the potentially toxic elements zinc and arsenic, and this is confirmed by preliminary research by one of the proposed supervisors that suggests that freshwater vivianites from the Manchester Ship Canada, UK, contain thousands of ppm of zinc.
		The aim of this research is to test the hypothesis that synthetic vivianite acts as a significant sink for lead, zinc and copper.
	www.es.ucl.ac.uk /graduate/PhDtopics-2006/Hudson-EdwardsVivianite2006.htm (571 words)

	Pala International's Featured Mineral Specimens
		First, we have a striking cluster of vivianite crystals on matrix from the Potosí mining district in Bolivia.
		The vivianite crystals lie on a botryoidal limonite matrix, and when the specimen is flipped over, a solid iron-pyrite core is revealed.The specimen comes from the Potosí deposit, which was one of the original sources for vivianite in Bolivia.
		Production from this deposit is very limited today, while most of the vivianite comes from other mines within the region.
	www.palagems.com /featured_minerals.htm (2229 words)

	Biofilms-substratum Interface (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This layer of vivianite was found to be the reason for the observed reduction of the corrosion rate.
		The surface reaction was always accompanied by an increase in the iron concentration in the medium, but after some days, upon the build-up of the vivianite layer, the iron release stopped.
		However, a non-biofilm forming microbial species (Streptomyces pilosus DSM 40714), resting cells or cells that had been separated from the steel surface by a membrane, were not able to form vivianite and to reduce the corrosion rate.
	www.aramis-research.ch /e/7239.html (316 words)

	The Giant Crystal Project : Giant vivianite crystals from Anloua, Cameroon
		The vivianite crystals of Anloua, which form stellate aggregates of more than 2 m diameter and individual crystals of a maximum of 1,35 m, are often somewhat rounded (due to corrosive effect of humic acids ?) and display a greyish blue colour.
		Vivianite is a very common mineral in swamps and many localities are known - in fact most of the swamps in middle Europe - where this iron phosphate forms white earthy masses and crusts, which rapidly turn bright blue when exposed to fresh air.
		Even if the giant vivianite crystal finds of Anloua seems to be long gone history, the locality still produces vivianite specimen, which can be found from time to time on mineral fairs, mostly in form of thin, bladelike translucent cleavage fragments up to about 40 cm.
	giantcrystals.strahlen.org /africa/anloua.htm (592 words)

	Blue Bones
		The blue that forms on Beringian fossils is actually a mineral known as vivianite, an iron phosphate; whitish gray in its unoxidized condition, vivianite soon turns blue when exposed to air.
		Such bands of vivianite are white when the pond is first cored, but like Pleistocene bones, they turn blue when exposed to air.
		A thick mixture of vivianite and shellac was also dabbed into the craters remaining on the head skin to re-create the blue warts.
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/bbones.html (449 words)

	HotBot Web Search for Vivianite
		Vivianite Fe 3(P O 4)2·8(H2O), hydrated iron phosphate, is a secondary mineral...
		Vivianite is not a display case type mineral.
		The vivianite minerals are a group of phosphates that have very similar structures.
	www.hotbot.com /index.php?query=Vivianite&currProv=lygo (324 words)

	Petrov Rare Minerals; A Scientific Study of the Absorption of Evil by Vivianite by Alfredo Petrov
		Turns out they wanted their vivianites to turn fl and were delighted when the hoped-for phenomenon really happened.
		As a historical aside, powdered vivianite used to be used in blue oil paint, with the blue color becoming more intense as time went on, as opposed to powdered azurite paint which tends to slowly alter into malachite, resulting in the greenish skies of some old paintings.
		The reason is that the iron in vivianite actually occupies two different types of sites (the formula as usually written is oversimplified and doesn’t reflect the structure very well), and one of these structural sites is easier to oxidize than the other.
	www.petrovrareminerals.com /articles03.html (1598 words)

	National Museum Wales \| Mineral Database
		Introduction: vivianite is a secondary phosphate mineral that forms in range of geological settings, which include gossans and more generally the oxidation zone of ore deposits; phosphate bearing pegmatites: clays and superficial deposits particularly where organic matter is present.
		Vivianite is a light-sensitive mineral and darkens from colourless to dark green-blue or fl on exposure to light, this colour change and continued exposure to light may cause disintegration in larger crystals.
		Tallarn Green, Wrexham: vivianite was found in boulder clay during excavation of a culvert, near Threapwood, Clwyd (S. Conway, personal communication in Bevins, 1994).
	www.museumwales.ac.uk /en/800/?mineral=235 (249 words)

	Vivianite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Also known as Odontolite, Vivianite is not a stone.
		It is actually fossilized dinosaur bone that has been naturally stained by minerals in the earth, taking on a turquoise hue that has often led it to be confused with the stone Turquoise.
		Use in spells to increase patience and endurance or to find the energy to see a difficult task through to the end.
	www.snazzdragon.com /caz/viv.html (98 words)

	That Crystal Site: VIVIANITE, QUARTZ, MICA AND MIMETITE : Remain in a state of enlightened compassion! - Sydney
		Vivianite is a beautiful blue / green mineral that needs to be cared for by keeping it indoors and not exposing it to sun light for too long as the UV rays will darken it and it left out they will go completely fl.
		Vivianite is great for meditation allowing the ease of quieting the mind and the openness to receive messages from your hearts urgings.
		Vivianite assists mental clarity, and can possibly be used to treat cases of dementia.
	www.thatcrystalsite.com /products/sold-product-details.php?product_id=3232 (882 words)

	MinVision - VIVIANITE
		Several lustrous gemmy blue green Vivianite crystals are intergrown together, perched on an olive green matrix.
		The Vivianite crystals are sharply terminated and diverging cluster of prismatic crystals.
		Some damage to the Vivianite on the rear of the crystals, but not visible from the front.
	www.minvision.com /mineral-5273.html (105 words)

	WHEN BIVALVES GET THE BLUES: VIVIANITE REPLACEMENT OF BIVALVES FROM THE KERCH IRON-ORE DEPOSITS, UKRAINE
		Vivianite forms acicular crystals up to a cm in length filling in the bivalves.
		Based on BSE imaging, both vivianite and the bivalve shell are partially replaced by a Ca-Fe-Mn carbonate of the matrix.
		The subsequent formation of vivianite suggests anoxic conditions and sediments low in sulfate, but high in iron and phosphate,with neutral to low pH and Eh.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2005AM/finalprogram/abstract_96019.htm (487 words)

	Mineral Classics - Bolivian Vivianite 7 2005
		We are very proud to offer the first of what we consider to be some of the very best quality crystals of this species to ever come from Bolivia.
		Another outstanding feature is the wonderful color contrast between the vivid green Vivianite and the altered red sandstone.
		This is about as good of quality for gem Vivianite crystals that you'll see from this find.
	www.minclassics.com /vivianitebolivia705.html (1267 words)

	Mineral description : Triplite (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Phosphates : Vivianite - Skorodite - Triplite group.
		Rarely, one 5mm thick vein with triplite covered in blue vivianite was found when the mine was active.
		If you have some questions, suggestions or comments you are welcome to write me a line or two.
	www.geology.neab.net /minerals/triplite.htm (91 words)

	VIVIANITE (Hydrated Iron Phosphate)
		Many clusters are found inside of fossil clam or snail shells or attached to fossil animal bone.
		Specimens should be kept from long exposure to light as this can darken a specimen to near flness.
		Vivianite can be enjoyed and then should be put back in a dark cabinet to preserve its beauty for years to come.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/phosphat/vivianit/vivianit.htm (180 words)

	QUT \| ePrints Archive - Identification by Raman microscopy of magnesian vivianite formed from Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+ and PO43- ...
		Identification by Raman microscopy of magnesian vivianite formed from Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+ and PO43- leached from metal and bone fragments in a Roman camp near Fort Vechten, Utrecht, The Netherlands
		Kloprogge, J. Theo and Visser, Diederik and Martens, Wayde N. and Duong, Loc V. and Frost, Ray L. Identification by Raman microscopy of magnesian vivianite formed from Fe2+, Mg, Mn2+ and PO43- leached from metal and bone fragments in a Roman camp near Fort Vechten, Utrecht, The Netherlands .
		The presence of a magnesian vivianite (Fe2+)2.5(Mg,Mn,Ca)0.5(PO4)2.8H2O, has been identified in a soil sample from a Roman camp near Fort Vechten, The Netherlands, using a combination of Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
	eprints.qut.edu.au /archive/00000897 (305 words)

	IngentaConnect Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the vivianite-group pho...
		IngentaConnect Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the vivianite-group pho...
		Raman and infrared spectroscopic study of the vivianite-group phosphates vivianite, baricite and bobierrite
		The molecular structure of the three vivianite-structure, compositionally related phosphate minerals vivianite, baricite and bobierrite of formula M
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/minsoc/mag/2002/00000066/00000006/art00017 (279 words)

	Vivianite
		Vivianite occurs as an alteration product of iron ores and iron phosphates.
		The finest crystalline specimens of Vivianite are found in Bolivia.
		This nice transparent, green specimen of Vivianite comes from the Potosi Department of Bolivia.
	www.kgg.org.uk /vivianiteh.html (66 words)

	Thumbnails
		This specimen highlights the classic shape and color of the Bolivian Vivianites.
		An unusual and seldom seen mineral, this wonderful specimen of Carrollite from the Kamoto mine in Zaire will certainly be an attractive addition to a collection.
		Smithsonite specimens from the Kelly mine in Socorro County, New Mexico, are world famous for the color and habit.
	www.schoolersinc.com /minerals_thumbnails.htm (804 words)

	Geology: Baricite
		I had never heard of vivianite, but his confirmation started a fire under me. I got on the internet and looked up vivianite.
		He determined that the minerals were in the vivianite family of minerals, but were more like baricite than vivianite.
		X-ray powder data for baricite and three confirmed vivianite samples from the article "X-ray diffraction studies of vivianite, metavivianite, and baricite" by T. Sameshima, et.al.
	www.memphisgeology.org /g_baricite.htm (764 words)

	Vivianite Gallery
		Some damage to the Vivianite on the rear of the crystals, but not visible from...
		A fabulous example of Vivianite, dark green and partly translucent with a vitreous lustre, formed of two intergrown tabular crystals, the largest is 6cm by 3.8cm.
		A delicate and elegant mini of vivianite, featuring thin, terminated crystals of the classic bottle-green standing straight up off of a carefully-trimmed matrix.
	www.mindat.org /gallery.php?min=4194 (311 words)

	Vivianite Mineral Specimens and Crystals
		The blue-green vivianite is translucent to semi-transparent with small transparent areas.
		The blue-green vivianite is translucent to semi-transparent with some transparent areas.
		We do have additional natural vivianite mineral specimens in stock, so be sure to let us know if you have any natural vivianite mineral specimens and crystals special requests.
	www.mineralminers.com /html/vivmins.stm (311 words)

	Vivianite
		Mineral Notes: Vivianite comes in a range of colours and usually has a very shiny surface.
		The mineral is light sensitive and will darken as the iron oxidises from +2 to +3 and this process is accelerated by light.
		Closer inspection shows this to be composed of many columnar crystals fused together, and apparent by the vertical striations running lengthways along the surface.
	www.wildaboutrocks.com /prod1149.htm (120 words)

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