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Topic: Vladimir Markovnikov

	Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov (December 22, 1838 in Nizhny Novgorod - February 1904) was a Russian chemist.
		Markovnikov is best known for the Markovnikov's rule which he developed in 1869.
		Markovnikov also contributed to organic chemistry by finding carbon rings with more than six carbon atoms, a ring with four carbon atoms in 1879, and a ring with seven in 1889.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Vladimir_Vasilevich_Markovnikov (116 words)

	Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov. Who is Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov? What is Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov? ...
		Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov was a Russian chemist born in Nizhny Novgorod December 22, 1838 died in February 1904.
		Markovnikov is best known for the Markovnikov Rule which he developed in 1869.
		Markovnikov also contributed to organic chemistry by finding carbon rings with more than six carbon atoms, a ring with four carbon atoms in 1879, and a ring with seven in 1889.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Vladimir_Vasilevich_Markovnikov (112 words)

	Markovnikov's rule - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It was formulated by the Russian chemist Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov.
		Therefore when a molecule of the form HX (where X is more electronegative than H) is added in an addition reaction to a carbon-carbon double bond, the H is added to the less substituted carbon atom, while the X is added to the more substituted.
		The rule may be summed up by quoting that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, in that a carbon rich in substituents will get more substituents and the carbon with more hydrogens attached will get the hydrogen in case of many different organic addition reactions.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Markovnikov%27s_rule (183 words)

	MSU Chemistry - Gallery of Chemists' Photo-Portraits and Mini-Biographies - Individual
		Formulated for the addition of hydrogen halides, Markovnikov stated the rule in 1869 that the halogen (and in 1875, generalized to the negative group) adds to the less hydrogenated carbon of the double bond.
		Markovnikov's Rule went unnoticed in Europe until 30 years later (1899) because the Russian language was not (and still is not) widely known in the West, and Markovnikov refused to publish in a foreign language.
		Markovnikov studied at the Universities of Kazan and St. Petersburg and later taught at the Universities of Kazan, Odessa and Moscow (1873-1898), where he became Director of the Chemistry Institute.
	www.chemistry.msu.edu /Portraits/PortraitsHH_Detail.asp?HH_LName=Markovnikov (250 words)

	Markovnikov's rule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was formulated by the Russian chemist Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov.
		Therefore when a molecule of the form HX (where X is more electronegative than H) is added in an addition reaction to a carbon-carbon double bond, the H is added to the less substituted carbon atom, while the X is added to the more substituted.
		The rule may be summed up by quoting that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer, in that a carbon rich in substituents will get more substituents and the carbon with more hydrogens attached will get the hydrogen in case of many different organic addition reactions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Markovnikov's_rule (191 words)

	Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov
		Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov (also spelled Markownikoff) was a Russian chemist.
		Markovnikov is best known for predicting the regiochemistry of addition reactions of hydrogen halides[?], sulfuric acid, water, ammonia, and other (small) molecules to unsymmetrical alkenes.
		Markovnikov also showed that butyric acid and isobutyric acid[?] are isomers (they do have the same chemical formula but different structures).
	www.fastload.org /vl/Vladimir_Vasilevich_Markovnikov.html (258 words)

	The Museum of Kazan School of Chemistry
		Master and Doctor's theses by Markovnikov are dedicated to the development and further studies of Butlerov theory of chemical structure of organic compounds, which marked the beginning of the contemporary organic chemistry.
		The dissertations by Markovnikov with dedicatory inscriptions for Butlerov as well as some of substances, obtained by him, are kept in the laboratory.
		Works by V.V. Markovnikov and A.M. Zaitsev on the addition of galogen-hydrogen acids and unsaturated hydrocarbon as well as the research of reverse reaction of splitting are of great theoretical value.
	www.ksu.ru /chmku/eng/s4.php (361 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Based on a series of experimental results, the Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov, formulated a general rule to predict the direction of addition of a hydrogen halide (HX) to an alkene.
		Markovnikov's rule states that when HX undergoes addition to alkenes, the hydrogen attaches to the carbon of the double bond which has the greater number of hydrogen atoms attached.
		Markovnikov's rule is predictive but for any explanation of these results we need to consider the mechanism of the reaction.
	people.uis.edu /gtram1/organic/alkenes/markovnikov.htm (422 words)

	Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov (December 22, 1838 in Nizhny Novgorod - February 1904) was a Russian chemist.
		Markovnikov is best known for the Markovnikov's rule which he developed in 1869.
		Institute of Chemistry, Skopje, Macedonia - Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vladimir_Vasilevich_Markovnikov (142 words)

	Vladimir Vasilevich MARKOVNIKOV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Markovnikov studied under Butlerov in Kazan and St. Petersburg.
		Markovnikov is best known for predicting the regiochemistry of addition reactions of hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, water, ammonia, etc. to unsymmetrical alkenes.
		Markovnikov also showed that butyric and isobutyric acids have the same chemical formula but different structures; i.e., they are isomers.
	www.pmf.ukim.edu.mk /PMF/Chemistry/chemists/markovnikov.htm (278 words)

	Britannicaindia.com: Britannica Browse
		in organic chemistry, a generalization, formulated by Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov in 1869, stating that in addition reactions to unsymmetrical alkenes, the electron-rich component of the...
		Russian organic chemist who contributed to structural theory and to the understanding of the ionic addition (Markovnikov addition) of hydrogen halides to the carbon-carbon double...
		Markowitz, Harry M. American finance and economics educator, cowinner (with Merton H. Miller and William F. Sharpe) of the 1990 Nobel Prize for Economics for theories on evaluating...
	www.britannicaindia.com /britannica_browse/m/m17.html (1754 words)

	Markovnikov, Vladimir Vasilyevich -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Vladimir was founded in 1108 by Vladimir II Monomakh, grand prince of Kiev.
		It is centred on Vladimir city and lies east of Moscow in the basin of the Oka River.
		Russian-born pianist and conductor Vladimir Ashkenazy was known for his virtuoso technique, intellect, and sensitivity in performance.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9051024 (721 words)

	Vladimir - susning.nu (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vladimir är en industristad med tillverkning av bl.a.
		Vladimir grundades år 990 eller år 992 av Vladimir I.
		Furstarna, som får storfurstetiteln, flyttar inte till Vladimir numera utan stannar i sina hemstäder.
	www.susning.nu /Vladimir (296 words)

	Alkene Reactivity
		The Markovnikov Rule: When a Brønsted acid, HX, adds to an unsymmetrically substituted double bond, the acidic hydrogen of the acid bonds to that carbon of the double bond that has the greater number of hydrogen atoms already attached to it.
		The Markovnikov Rule, for example, suggests there are common and important principles at work in these addition reactions, but it does not tell us what they are.
		This supprising result may be explained by a carbocation rearrangement of the initially formed 2º-carbocation to a 3º-carbocation by a 1,2-shift of a methyl group.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/addene1.htm (3521 words)

	[No title]
		Interestingly, Alexander Zaitsev was a colleague of Vladimir Markovnikov at the University of Kazan.
		Markovnikov investigated the regiochemistry of the "forward" (addition) process by adding HI to alkenes to prepare alkyl iodides (we will talk about this in class when we look at addition reactions to alkenes and alkynes).
		When HZ is removed from a compound to form an alkene, the hydrogen is lost preferentially from the carbon atom that has the fewer number of hydrogens adjacent to the carbon holding the Z group.
	www.naz.edu:9000 /~organic/spring/laboratory/spexp1.htm (1114 words)

	Additions to Alkenes
		Historically, this pattern was observed by Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870, long before the mechanism was understood.
		The generalization that hydrogen adds to the carbon with the most hydrogens (another way to say what is in bold above) is known as Markovnikov's rule.
		Practically, the overall result of this reaction sequence is to add water to an alkene double bond in an orientation which is opposite to that predicted by Markovnikov's rule.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis/AlkeneAddn.html (1583 words)

	ORGANIC CHEMISTRY I - CHAPTER 6 LECTURE OUTLINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Upon examining hydrogen halide (HX) addition to alkenes, Markovnikov's Rule was proposed: In the addition of HX to an alkene, the H attaches to the carbon of the double bond with the fewest alkyl substituents (i.e., most H's) and the X attaches to the carbon with the most alkyl substituents.
		Markovnikov's Rule reflects the stability of the carbocation intermediates in the reactions.
		For example, addition of HCl to 3-methyl-1-butene produced a 50% 2-chloro-3-methylbutane and 50% 2-chloro-2-methylbutane mixture, not the 100% 2-chloro-3-methylbutane predicted by Markovnikov's Rule.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~ggray/CHE3304/ocp6outl.html (643 words)

	The St. Petersburg Times - Top Stories - Lermontova Was Renaissance Woman
		Lermontova rubbed shoulders with the elite of Russian and foreign science, among them Dmitry Mendeleyev who developed the periodic table of elements, Ilya Mechnikov, the microbiologist and Nobel Prize winner, Alexander Butlerov and Vladimir Markovnikov who contributed much to structural theory in chemistry, and August Hofmann, president of the German Chemistry Society.
		Her time in Markovnikov's laboratory turned out to be very fruitful.
		By 1880, Markovnikov had managed to separate Lermontova from the two Sophias and get her to join his research on Caucasian oil.
	www.sptimes.ru /index.php?action_id=2&story_id=825 (1719 words)

	Markovnikov rule -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		in organic chemistry, a generalization, formulated by Vladimir Vasilyevich Markovnikov in 1869, stating that in addition reactions to unsymmetrical alkenes, the electron-rich component of the reagent adds to the carbon atom with fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to it, while the electron-deficient component adds to the carbon atom with more hydrogen atoms bonded to it.
		More results on "Markovnikov rule" when you join.
		The addition of water (hydration) across the double bond of an alkene yields an alcohol.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9051025 (819 words)

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