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Topic: Vno

In the News (Tue 2 Dec 08)

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Wake Forest

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Oklahoma State

	Catherine Dulac
		In mammals, pheromones are primarily detected in a distinct olfactory structure apposed to the ventral nasal septum, the vomeronasal organ (VNO).
		This led us to propose a model of pheromone information processing in which the VNO acts as a sensor for a variety of chemical cues and the AOB mitral cells function as coincidence detectors to ensure the pheromone response is specific to the species, the sex, and the individual.
		The population recording of VNO neurons provides a powerful tool to investigate the complex sensory recognition involved in the pheromone-evoked response: the discrimination of the species, the sex, the familial status, or the individual differences among animals.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/dulac.html (866 words)

	Electrophysiological Characterization of Chemosensory Neurons from the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ -- Liman and Corey 16 ...
		Photomicrographs of VNO sensory epithelium and VNO sensory neurons.
		VNO neurons showed a remarkable sensitivity to small current injections, firing repetitive action potentials with injections of 1-2 pA. This sensitivity was also observed in cell-attached patch-clamp recordings, in which we were routinely able to elicit action potentials in response to depolarization of the patch.
		Response of VNO and olfactory neurons to cyclic nucleotides.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/16/15/4625 (9552 words)

	briefText (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The VNO recipient areas of the amygdala and the preoptic area are active during VNO initiated mating behavior in rodents, and when males investigate female chemosignals.
		VNO removal in female mice and voles leads to a number of changes in reproductive behavior and physiology, including: failure of male stimuli to accelerate puberty in immature females, failure of adult group-housed females to influence each other's estrus cycles and failure of "foreign-strain" males to cause pregnancy block in recently impregnated females.
		Because VNO removal also damages the Nervus terminalis (NT), there is a slight possibility that some deficits attributed to loss of VNO function are due to loss of NT function.
	www.neuro.fsu.edu /research/vomeronasal/briefTopicsBody.htm (1988 words)

	Human Sexual Chemistry
		Although the precise anatomy of the VNO varies considerably from one vertebrate species to the next, Newman says it generally is a pair of small sacs lined with sensory neurons, tucked inside the vomer bone, where the hard palate and nasal septum meet behind the nostrils.
		The VNO is separate from the primary olfactory epithelium, and in animals such as mice and rats, it is connected to the brain through an independent neural pathway.
		To probe the function of the human VNO, Monti-Bloch devised a e combination electrode and microspritzer that he used to blow small amounts of the compounds Berliner had isolated from human skin directly into either the VNO or olfactory epithelium of volunteers, while simultaneously recording the surface electrical potential of the tissue.
	www.erox.com /SixthSense/StoryTwo.html (2444 words)

	M.R. Bauer Foundation at Brandeis
		We propose a model of pheromone information processing in which the VNO acts as a sensor for a variety of chemical cues and the AOS mitral cells function as coincidence detectors to ensure the pheromone response is specific to the species, the sex, and the individual.
		Sensory transduction in the VNO appears unrelated to that in the vertebrate olfactory and visual systems: the putative pheromone receptors of the VNO are evolutionarily independent from the odorant receptors and, in contrast to vertebrate visual and olfactory transduction, vomeronasal transduction is unlikely to be mediated by cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.
		This surprising feature of the VNO response may be physiologically related to the necessity of detecting minute amounts of pheromonal cues and to the long-lasting impact of pheromone detection on the organism.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /bauer/2003/dulac.html (1181 words)

	Sixth Sense: The Vomeronasal Organ
		In a recent experiment, human VNO was reported to respond positively (by emitting electrical signals) to puffs of air laden with substances claimed to be human pheromones (2).
		The VNO information from the AOB and the olfactory information from the MOB are carried via separate sets of "second-order" axons to the amygdala (2).
		From there the VNO system projects directly to the preoptic area and to the hypothalamus, areas known to be involved in reproductive behavior (2).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Bernstein.html (2260 words)

	Do Human Pheromones exist? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A number of recent papers contest this view, attempting to show that the VNO is present in all normal humans, and is able to respond to airborne chemicals emitted by other humans and convey this information to the brain.
		Moran suggests that previous studies missed many VNO's because the studies were conducted without magnification; He found that VNO openings can be as small as 0.2mm, which is roughly the maximum resolution of the human eye.
		The VNO is a blind-ended tube surrounded by a type of epithelium that has not been seen before (Moran, 1991).
	bredelin.bol.ucla.edu /vno.html (1894 words)

	On the topographic targeting of basal vomeronasal axons through Slit-mediated chemorepulsion -- Knöll et al. 130 ...
		Axons from the apical zone of the VNO terminate in the anterior AOB, whereas basal axons terminate in the posterior AOB.
		(E) The repulsive effect of Slit1-Slit3 on VNO axons was quantified by measuring the length of the neurite front in the proximal (P) and distal quadrants (D) of the VNO explant relative to the cell aggregate.
		Segregation of basal and apical VNO axons in the AOB
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/130/21/5073 (6838 words)

	Sex Difference and Steroid Modulation of Pheromone-Induced Immediate Early Genes in the Two Zones of the Mouse ...
		Data are presented for Egr-1-IR neurons in the apical and basal VNO neuroepithelium and Fos-IR neurons in the rostral and caudal mitral cell layer of the AOB.
		or not at all in VNO neurons of the EB-males and EB-females.
		VNO were not as evident at the level of the AOB.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/7/2474 (5208 words)

	Perfumery and the Sixth Sense
		The human VNO was discovered by Ruysch in 1703.(4) Since that time there have been many reports; some confirm Ruysch, while others state that in adult humans the VNO is nonexistent, vestigial or atrophic.
		The functional nature of the human VNO was described in 1991.(9) Substances present in human skin were found to activate the human VNO in a species-specific and sexually dimorphic fashion.
		In order to correlate the VNO activity of finished products with the activity of their "active" ingredients, some perfumes or perfume additives were tested which are claimed to contain pheromones.
	www.erox.com /SixthSense/StoryOne.html (2430 words)

	Pheromones: The Smell of Beauty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In the middle of the1980s, the existence of the VNO in human adults was disclosed, although the location of VNO and the system were different from other mammals.
		The existence of VNO in human fetuses is clear, so the odorous relationship between infants and their mothers was examined.
		If this hypothesis were incorrect and human VNO performed effectively, sex-attractant human pheromones would be used in not only the perfume industry but also other kinds of industries to make consumers purchase their products.
	www.colorado.edu /iec/FALL297RW/Pheromones.html (2141 words)

	[No title]
		VNO neurons respond to both "general" and pheromonal odors, but these respective classes of odors activate distinctly different second messenger pathways within the neurons, presumably in distinctly different populations of VNO neurons (e.g.
		VNO Receptors are membrane proteins of VNO neurons.
		The sea turtle OR sequences (and VNO Receptor sequences if obtained) will be used, in conjunction with other available data, to develop estimations of odors which might be either attractive or repellant to sea turtles respond to and odors that might serve as repellants.
	www.biol.sc.edu /~vogt/turtle/vogt-turtle-yr3.doc (2616 words)

	Love Stinks: Intraspecies Chemical Communication
		In mammals, the VNO is an elongated tube lined with chemoreceptor cells that extends from the nasal palatine canal (3).
		Chemicals that stimulate the VNO are generally non-volatile and dissolve in the mucus of the nasal organ and diffuse into the duct (3).
		In some animals, such as the hamster, large blood vessels near the VNO duct act as pumps, sucking the nasal mucus into the duct to increase the likelihood of contact between the chemicals and the neurons of the VNO (3).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro99/web2/Bartek.html (1171 words)

	Characterization of cAMP Degradation by Phosphodiesterases in the Accessory Olfactory System -- Cherry and Pho 27 (7): ...
		in basal VNO neurons and caudal AOB glomeruli.
		In (B), light labeling of VNO sensory neurons is seen in the neuroepithelium with anti-PDE4D antibody, with neurons in the basal layer (ba) appearing to be more immunoreactive.
		An isolated, 105 kDa band is present in the VNO lane that migrates with the dominant protein observed in the olfactory epithelium.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/27/7/643 (5265 words)

	Identification of Non-functional Human VNO Receptor Genes Provides Evidence for Vestigiality of the Human VNO -- ...
		VNO receptor gene sequences, all of which appear to be pseudogenes.
		VNO is a vestigial structure that had degenerated during the
		VNO receptor gene sequences separated by 21-124 kb.
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/9/1167 (3067 words)

	Three strikes?
		Charles Wysocki, an expert on the animal VNO at the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, says there are "gaping chasms" in the claim that humans have a VNO that responds to human pheromones.
		Recall that until the 1980s, the accepted wisdom was that the human VNO appeared briefly during fetal development, and then disappeared (this exact "now-you-see-the-VNO-and-now-you-don't" occurs, as we mentioned, in birds).
		But the pendulum could be swinging back again: Wysocki says recent evidence shows that the human VNO indeed does develop -- and then disappears -- in the fetus (see "Luteinizing Hormone-releasing Hormone" in the bibliography).
	whyfiles.org /033love/main6.html (686 words)

	MHC compatability and VNO receptors
		Called the veromonal nasal organ (VNO) it consists of two small pits with tiny openings in their centres about a tenth of a millimetre wide.
		According to the magazine New Scientist, a group of American researchers claims to have discovered the VNO in humans, raising the possibility that we may be responding to chemi- cal messengers.
		For the past few years the team has been experimenting with the human VNO and have found it responds to quite different chemicals from those that trigger off our sense of smell.
	www.dhushara.com /book/genes/mhc.htm (2034 words)

	Realm Human Pheromones & The Vomeronasal Organ (VNO)
		(Vomer is Latin for plow; the organ sits within the mucous membrane that covers the plow-shaped septum, the cartilage that divides the nostrils.) In lower animals, the VNO serves as a receptor for sex pheromones.
		Although the VNO was identified in man more than a century ago, scientists assumed it had become a useless vestigial organ.
		Because the human VNO is small, and hidden except for a slit that leads inside, some concluded that it had atrophied.
	www.world-breakthroughs.com /vno-info.htm (623 words)

	UK-based VNO Adds Voice to IP VPN Mix \| September 13, ...
		Sirocom, a UK-based virtual network operator (VNO) that had hitherto focused solely on providing managed IP VPNs for business customers’ data needs, officially launched its voice strategy today.
		As a VNO offering managed IP VPNs, Sirocom has always argued that its main competitive advantages over carriers who own networks are price and flexibility.
		The company now believes that the time is right to extend the economies of scale that the VNO model brings to voice.
	www.telecommagazine.com /newsglobe/article.asp?Id=AR_1111 (596 words)

	VNO Phenomenon Could Shake Up the World's Telecom Market
		Virtual network operators like Vanco, which don't own the infrastructure they use, are a new phenomenon in the world of telecom.
		Reproduction of this publication in any form without prior written permission is forbidden.
		The opinions expressed herein are subject to change without notice.
	www.gartner.com /DisplayDocument?doc_cd=131283 (245 words)

	ClearStation : Details : VNO
		I was looking for a rally in this stock.
		VNO has moved up nicely since first recommended.
		Great real estate properties, and will have made alot...
	clearstation.etrade.com /cgi-bin/details?Symbol=VNO (169 words)

	Quote.com: Quotes, charts, news and more (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		More VNO data on Company Info pages »
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	www.quote.com /qc/stocks/quotes.aspx?symbols=VNO (126 words)

	MedlinePlus: West Nile Virus
		West Nile Virus, Pregnancy and Breast-Feeding (National Center for Infectious Diseases)
		Virus du Nil occidental (VNO) (National Center for Infectious Diseases) - Links to PDF - In French
		West Nile Virus (National Center for Infectious Diseases) - Links to PDF - In Chinese
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/westnilevirus.html (448 words)

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