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	Vocal range - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, when speaking of the vocal range of a male opera singer, one usually excludes falsetto pitches, which are not used in most opera.
		In opera, two considerations are paramount in determining vocal range: consistency of timbre across the vocal range, and ability to project the pitches (that is, to be heard clearly over an orchestra without amplification).
		Vocal range for women is only slightly more freely determined: The same criteria broadly apply, but women of the highest voice type (soprano) can on occasion deploy their flageolet register to reach very high notes despite a typically noticeable difference in timbre.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vocal_range (1959 words)

	Welcome to The Bastian Voice Institute
		Vocal fold bowing: A descriptive term referring to the appearance of vocal folds that are somewhat atrophied, often with some concomitant flaccidity.
		Vocal fry may be heard in poorly produced voices; in other cases, it is used intentionally as a training technique, particularly for air-wasting dysphonia that has a functional cause.
		Vocal limitations may not be understood by clinicians who: (1) do not have a complete understanding of normal capabilities, often derived through thorough knowledge of singing voice capabilities; (2) can’t or don’t elicit a complete vocal capability battery, with necessary modeling of various vocal tasks, particularly at the extremes of vocal capability.
	www.bastianvoice.com /v.htm (1585 words)

	Glossary of Terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A voice disorder that is caused by misuse or abuse of the anatomically and neurologically intact vocal apparatus.
		Deterioration of the vocal quality due to prolonged use; may be the result of vocal misuse or abuse, or may be indicative of a pathological condition.
		The external phonatory output of the vocal tract.
	www1.wfubmc.edu /voice/terms (2453 words)

	cmj.com \| new music first (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As Fry yearns for that perfect love it all comes together into one auspiciously assembled musical package.
		But Fry's world of perfect romance isn't always the way he'd like it to be.
		Fry can have it both ways if he'd like.
	www.cmj.com /articles/display_article.php?id=8643 (302 words)

	Falsetto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Falsetto is produced via expansion and separation of vocal cords where only the edges of the vocal cord vibrate, not the entire vocal cord.
		Not to be confused with head voice, falsetto is produced differently from head voice, in which 1/4th of the chord vibrates as in chest voice in addition to the falsetto edge vibrating.
		Although it is not often counted by classical purists as a part of the vocal range in anyone, bar countertenors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Falsetto (296 words)

	How to Sing Three Notes at the Same Time
		The vocal cords are used in a special way that allows them to vibrate at two different frequencies at the same time.
		Vocal fry is associated with a very low fundamental frequency (approximately 30-75 Hz).’’ When developing a classical singing voice, one goes through exercises meant to blend modal singing and falsetto.
		When the overall vocal posture is correct the identification of the elements in the chord is fairly straightforward.
	www.scena.org /lsm/sm2-9/sm2-9Nomads.html (1353 words)

	The Voice oriented examination - History taking (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A generalization is that most voice disorders cause problems with stiffening the vocal fold and are most detectable at high pitch when extra physiologic stiffness is being applied to the vocal folds.
		At higher pitches this luffing may disappear as tensioning of the vocal folds increases the ability of a flaccid vocal fold to recoil.
		To confirm range we listen for characteristics of a vocal ceiling and vocal floor to determine overall pitch range.
	www.voicedoctor.net /diagnose/vcb.html (1331 words)

	Popsinger, vocal and voice trainer. You are the star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		After the vocal folds are moved a little, they will then move in the other direction primarily because of their elasticity and changing air pressures.
		Vocal fold length then increases by 3-5 mm in the female and 5-10 mm in the male during puberty.
		This hyperadduction of the vocal folds may help cause or be related to overuse and fatigue of larynx muscles, and lead to adverse tissue reactions.
	popsinger.co.za /voice.htm (2268 words)

	Terms-V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		With regard to the vocal tract, refers to the region of the soft palate and adjacent nasopharynx that closes together under normal circumstances during swallowing and phonation of certain sounds
		vocal fold (or cord) stripping A surgical technique, no longer considered acceptable practice under most circumstances, in which the vocal fold is grasped with a forceps, and the surface layers are ripped off
		vocal fry A rough squeezed vocalized sound heard in the lowest pitch range of the voice and usually produced by an upward movement of the larynx
	vocalresource.rutgers.edu /termsv.htm (290 words)

	ADDRESSING VOCAL REGISTER DISCREPANCIES: AN ALTERNATIVE, SCIENCE-BASED THEORY OF REGISTER PHENOMENA
		vocal anatomy, physiology, and the nature of vocal sound only began to be widely distributed in about the middle of the 19th century.
		With increased sophistication of instruments that are capable of documenting various vocal phenomena came a curiosity about the actual anatomic, physiologic, and acoustic realities of vocal registers and their transitions in both speaking and singing.
		primary role, therefore, is to have a vocal fold closing influence within the synergistic functioning of all the internal larynx muscles, especially in their interactions with the posterior and the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles.
	www.ncvs.org /pas/2004/pres/thurman/ThurmanPaper.htm (6338 words)

	Glottal Volume Velocity Waveform During Loose and Tight Voiced Glottal Adjustments
		To reduce speech distortion caused by acoustic loading of the vocal tract, and improve the frequency response of the pneumotachograph, the wire screen is distributed around the circumference of the mask, as close to the face as possible.
		Note that in the lowest trace there was not a complete closure of the vocal chords; during the most closed portion of the glottal cycle, where the flow is minimum, and the waveform is flat, the waveform was not at the level of zero air flow.
		For the same transglottal pressure and mode of vocal fold vibration, a larger peak air flow generally indicates a looser adjustment of the vocal folds (vocal folds not pressed together as tightly), and vice versa.
	www.rothenberg.org /Glottal/Glottal.htm (2183 words)

	Conference Materials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The stroboscopic method, usually used to evaluate vocal fold vibratory patterns, is not often used due to the great variability in the frequency shifts that occur during sustained phonation, thus making a precise evaluation of the vocal fold vibration unfeasible.
		The first pattern, where the closed period of the vocal fold vibratory cycles are much longer than the open period, has been assumed as the typical behavior of the vocal folds in SD.
		The observation of the vocal fold vibration showed that there is a great variability in vibratory patterns during sustained phonation in spasmodic dysphonia.
	cognet.mit.edu /library/conferences/paper?paper_id=48862 (333 words)

	Songwriting Articles - How The Voice Works - by Eric Frey
		When I took vocal lessons, it always baffled me as to why, on my first lesson, my vocal coach did not make it a point to make sure I understood what was happening in my throat.
		Vocal fry is the only way to add a screaming sound to singing without hurting your voice and limiting your range.
		Vocal fry, used well, has a smoother sound than this, but still lends itself well to a raspy or rock and roll sound.
	www.musesmuse.com /art-vocalrelease1.html (1753 words)

	Modeling Speech Production: Formant and Articulatory Synthesis
		The advantages of this approach are that it is non-invasive and provides a dynamic model of glottal and vocal tract characteristics, and furthermore, the model may be evaluated and validated using speech synthesis techniques.
		The vocal tract is approximated by a set of non-uniform, lossy, soft wall, straight tubes with 60 concatenated elemental sections, which may be circular or elliptical.
		A transmission-line circuit model of the vocal system, which includes the vocal tract, the nasal tract with sinus cavities, the glottal impedance, the subglottal tract, an excitation source, and a turbulence noise source, is included in the synthesis model.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /nsf/isgw97/reports/childers2.html (1552 words)

	Modelling Biphonation - The Role of the Vocal Tract —
		Instabilities of the human voice source appear in normal voices under certain conditions (newborn cries, vocal fry, creaky voice) and are symptomatic of voice pathologies.
		Vocal instabilities are intimately related to bifurcations of the underlying nonlinear dynamical system.
		However, vocal instabilities appear in the extended model at lower subglottal pressures and even for weak asymmetries.
	itb.biologie.hu-berlin.de /Research/publications/mergell1997 (198 words)

	Falsetto - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The falsetto register is used by male countertenors to approximate the register in classical voice that previously employed castrati, in pieces written before castratism became socially unacceptable and eventually universally outlawed.
		It is also used by many male rock and roll singers such as Jon Anderson of Yes, King Diamond of Mercyful Fate, Justin Hawkins of the Darkness and the solo artist David Usher to produce their over-the-top soaring vocals.
		See also: voice registers, vocal fry or glottal fry.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Falsetto (233 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Having vocal freedom allows you to sing without fear that your voice will crack or that a note will be too high or too airy.
		The head voice is a higher vocal range where the resonance is felt in the lips, cheekbones and teeth.
		The vocal ring, technically called vocal formant, happens when a singer is in complete vocal harmony.
	www.laneybird.com /faq.html (631 words)

	Leonardo Fuks
		This is a simplified physical model proposed by me for the larynx during VVM phonation mode, which produces similar sounds to those from the Tibetan Chant tradition.
		In this example, vocal folds oscillate at a frequency which is twice as that of the ventricular folds.
		The first group of sound files refers to Paper VI of my thesis, which are identified with the Tibetan Chant voice, and other extended vocal effects investigated in the paper.
	www.speech.kth.se /music/publications/leofuks/leosounds.html (278 words)

	Pamela Fry :: Collegiate Faculty :: San Francisco Conservatory Of Music
		Coloratura soprano Pamela Fry has been on the faculty of the San Francisco Conservatory of Music since 1989 and is currently co-chair of the Voice Department.
		Fry earned a B.M. from the University of Iowa and her M.M. in Opera Theater and Voice from the Manhattan School of Music.
		Fry has taught classical and musical theater technique and vocal rehabilitation in the Bay Area for 30 years and has served as the Northern California Governor for NATS.
	www.sfcm.edu /faculty/fry.aspx (189 words)

	Phonation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The vocal folds (or cords) are two flaps of tissue attached to the cartilages of the larynx (or voicebox).
		The vocal folds are too far apart to vibrate, but close enough that they can cause some turbulence in the airstream under the right circumstances.
		The vocal cords are vibrating, but there is also a significant amount of air escaping through the glottis, causing turbulence.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/phonatio.htm (674 words)

	Benign Mucosal Disease - Symptom complexes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The surface lining of the vocal fold reacts to an injury by a change in the surface architecture (involving the epithelium, the lamina propria or the vasculature).
		Because the surface lining of the vocal fold is the sound generator, a change in the surface results in a change in the quality of the voice.
		At low pitches the vocal folds are shortened and mass lesions, while they would drop the pitch slightly (from the patients premorbid anchor pitch), they would not interfere with the mucosal wave until the vocal fold is stiffened at higher pitches.
	voicedoctor.net /diagnose/sx/benign.html (1525 words)

	VoceVista: Visual Feedback for Instruction in Singing
		For the singer, however, the most important factor in their amplitude is the influence of variable resonances, or formants, of the vocal tract.
		The sung spectrum (blue) is overlaid with the vocal fry spectrum, showing how the second formant is responsible for the dominance of the fourth harmonic at 1320 Hz, two octaves above the fundamental.
		Once one has become familiar with typical resonance patterns in a variety of voices, it is generally possible to interpret the 'resonance strategies' used by singers from the sung sound alone, even without having a vocal fry spectrum for comparison.
	www.vocevista.com (1611 words)

	Gary Fry :: Faculty & Staff at Midwest Young Artists at Midwest Young Artists
		Fry has developed a high-quality program that has taken his young singers to some of the most prestigious venues in America, including the White House (three invitations), the United Nations, and choral festivals across the country.
		Fry is a former faculty member of the University of Miami (Florida) and Northwestern University, where he conducted vocal ensembles and taught classes in music theory and composition.
		Fry’s music performed by the Boston Pops, the Dallas Symphony, or the Colorado Symphony, or find it every day on the Cartoon Network program “Baby Looney Tunes.” Travelers hear his work in the pedestrian passageway at the O’Hare Airport United Airlines terminal and at exhibits in Sea World in Orlando.
	www.mya.org /people/faculty/fry.php (302 words)

	Computer-aided musical analysis of extended vocal techniques for compositional applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Phenomena of co-oscillation between the vocal folds and other structures may cause amplitude modulation on a quasi-periodic glottal signal, thus establishing subharmonics and their integer partials.
		Such phenomena may include the participation of the false vocal folds (vocal-ventricular mode, VVM, found in Tibetan and Mongolian chants), epiglottis (vocal growl, used in Jazz and Pop music), and segregated mass-spring subsystems within the vocal folds (hypothesised in the case of vocal fry or creaky voice).
		In addition, cases of biphonation (diplophonia), where the pair of vocal folds oscillates at two or more different frequencies are considered.
	gsd.ime.usp.br /sbcm/1999/papers/Leonardo_Fuks.html (197 words)

	Vocal Release with Eric Frey
		The terminology of breaks and registers was brought about to describe the voices of singers who had these noticeable gaps in between the different tonal parts of their singing voice.
		It is the voice most abused by singers that do not know how to adduct or shorten their vocal cords while singing.
		If you've ever listened to a singer and were amazed at how full their voice was, or how easy they made it seem to hit high notes, it was because they have smoothed out their bridges and have a mastery of middle.
	www.vocalrelease.com /h.singing.w.htm (905 words)

	Welcome to The Bastian Voice Institute
		Candida laryngitis: Infection/inflammation of the surface tissue, or mucosa, of the vocal folds caused by overgrowth of the commensal organism candida albicans.
		Overgrowth of the organism is potentiated by use of steroid inhalers, as for asthma; by use of broad-spectrum antibiotics; by diabetes or other mechanisms of immunosuppression on the part of the patient; or by some combination of these factors.
		In laryngology, this entity is found primarily on the vocal folds themselves, where a tiny, early lesion can change the quality of the voice.
	www.bastianvoice.com /c.htm (1322 words)

	Mixed Voice - How to Develop? - Muse's Muse Songwriting Message Board
		I heard a lot about mixed voice as well; and recently it has been taught by a lot of vocal technicians as the healthiest way to sing for pop singers who are have to resort to the "belt" to showcase vocal power.
		Glottal or Vocal Fry is the term used by some to describe lowest part of the voice.
		It is effectively a toneless "rattle", rasp or roughness produced by the vocal cords at the lower end of the range which is often used as an effect in rock singing.
	www.musesmuse.com /forums/index.php?showtopic=9510 (3726 words)

	Speech Production Seminar Abstract: Mergell / Herzel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We analyze in this paper bifurcations in 2-mass models of the vocal folds and study, in particular, how the incorporation of the vocal tract effects bifurcation diagrams.
		However, vocal instabilities appear in the extended model at lower subglottal pressures.
		Mergell, Patrick / Herzel, Hanspeter (1996): "Bifurcations in 2-mass models of the vocal folds - the role of the vocal tract", In SPM-1996, 189-192.
	www.isca-speech.org /archive/spm_96/sps6_189.html (182 words)

	Rolling Stone : ABC: The Lexicon Of Love : Music Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Fry, who wears his heart on his silk shirt sleeve like a giant diamond cuff link, flashes a Phil Spector-like armada of horns, synthesizers, strings, percussion and backup sirens as he compiles a pumping disco dictionary of sordid B-movie romantic maneuvers and smug sexual wordplay.
		Yet Fry's vocal playacting – broad gestures à la David Bowie fringed with Bryan Ferry's aching tremolo – and the intricate yet remarkably fluid arrangements turn them into a winning combination of Gamble-Huff R&B glitz and martial funkadelic guts.
		Martin Fry's fixation on the language of love and the look of his songs suggests that this album doesn't come entirely from the heart.
	www.rollingstone.com /artists/abc/albums/album/248814/review/5943342 (327 words)

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