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Topic: Voiced fricatives

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	Shanghai Dialect Phonology
		Voiced consonants require you to vibrate your vocal cords (and lips) as you pronounce the consonant.
		Voiced fricatives v, z are equivalent to the English v (viper) and z (zoo).
		Voiced fricative palatal zh is identical to the "zh" in the English pronunciation of "Doctor Zhivago".
	www.zanhei.com /consonant.html (1002 words)

	The Strong Fricatives
		Voicing may not be evident throughout an entire phoneme perceived as a voiced fricative.
		Voicing in fricatives will be present in an intervocalic environment whether or not the phoneme is voiced, because of the influence of the surrounding vowels.
		Generally even if a voiced fricative is partially devoiced, the voicing will pick back up at the end of the segment when followed by a vowel, whereas a voiceless fricative will continue to be voiceless once it has begun in that state, even when a vowel follows.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/cse551html/cse551/node32.html (437 words)

	The Daltaí Boards: Labial fricatives
		The use of a velarised labio-dental fricative would seem to be, in part at least, due to a reluctance to make the full movement of the lips necessary to cause bilabial friction.
		A slight movement of the upper lip in the direction of the lower one is noticed when he is making a velarised labio-dental, although the friction is visibly the result of the closeness of the lower lip to the upper teeth.
		Before a vowel, the phoneme is realized as a voiced palatalized bi-labial fricative, made by raising the soft palate, and bringing the lips together in a spread position, leaving a narrow horizontal aperture through which the air-stream issues, while the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate and the vocal cords vibrate.
	www.daltai.com /discus/messages/13510/14160.html?1126322756 (1028 words)

	Philip Jackson > Publication abstracts
		Voicing strength and modulation depth for frication noise were measured for sustained English voiced fricatives using high-pass filtering, spectral analysis in the modulation (envelope) domain, and a variable pitch compensation procedure.
		Results suggest that fricative duration is the main determinant of how much the sources overlap at the VF boundary of voiceless fricatives and that the amount of modulation occurring in voiced fricatives is chiefly dependent on voicing strength.
		Use of the decomposition algorithm on voiced fricatives revealed greater complexity than expected: the anharmonic component appears sometimes to be modulated by the harmonic component, sometimes to be independent of it, and tends to change from one case to the other in the course of the fricative.
	www.ee.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/P.Jackson/abstracts.html (7029 words)

	ECS EPrints Service - Modelling the Noise Source in Voiced Fricatives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The noise source in voiced fricatives has not received as much attention as that of unvoiced fricatives, in part because the voiced case, with two sound sources, is undoubtedly more complicated, and the unvoiced case cannot be considered to be solved.
		The classic model of voiced fricatives includes two sources of sound: a periodic volume-velocity source located at the glottal end of the tract, and a noise source located in the vicinity of the primary tract constriction.
		There are therefore two distinct problems in characterizing the noise source in voiced fricatives: understanding the nature of the glottis-constriction coordination, and describing the effect of the modulation imposed by voicing.
	eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /106 (571 words)

	THEORY OF LINGUISTIC DERIVATION: CONTINUING STUDY
		The phonetic surrogates of violence are the voiced fricatives.
		Among groups with voiced fricative allophones, the range of socially approved violence covers all levels from the most violent groups, in which these groups are dominant, to the least violent category, in which they, at present, represent a small minority.
		Among groups in which voiced fricatives are rare or absent, there is minimal representation in the most violent category (one), similar representation in the more violent category(one); one in the less violent category, and, currently, fifty percent representation (three groups) in the least violent category.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~reed0180/page4.html (10972 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
		Fricatives are distinguished by their relatively long period of frication (aperiodic or random noise).
		A fricative in a CV context is distinguished from a stop by its lack of a burst.
		The main cues to fricative place of identification is the intensity of the overall frication as well as the position of the main spectral peak of each fricative.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /speech/perception/workshop_masking/phonetic_cues.html (1511 words)

	Smithsonian Speech Synthesis History Project (dk_752.htm)
		Fricative consonants involve the generation of turbulence noise at a constriction in the vocal tract (Heinz and Stevens, 1961).
		Acoustic properties that distinguish the English fricatives from one another include the general spectral shape of the frication noise and the motions of the formants into and out of adjacent sounds, rows 3 and 4 of Fig.
		Each fricative noise has a relatively fixed characteristic spectral shape, although there are differences observed across speakers and across phonetic environments -- e.g., anticipatory lip rounding for a rounded vowel may lower the frequencies of the most prominent spectral peaks slightly.
	www.mindspring.com /~ssshp/ssshp_cd/dk_752.htm (828 words)

	Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
		The voiceless fricatives are produced with more muscular energy and stronger airflow than the voiced and are often referred to as fortis with voiced referred to as lenis.
		Fricatives can be divided into high and low energy sounds, the high energy sounds are referred to as the sibilants.
		Voiced fricatives are sometimes characterised by simultaneous periodic and aperiodic noise.
	www.shlrc.mq.edu.au /speech/acoustics/consonants/fricweb.html (694 words)

	Phonetic Transcription Workshop
		Voiced consonants involve a vibration of the vocal cords that you can feel when you place your hand on your throat.
		The voiced alveolar fricative is the initial consonant of zoo; the unvoiced alveolar fricative is the initial consonant of sue.
		A voiced velar fricative is heard sometimes as the initial consonant in Spanish llame.
	www.uta.edu /english/tim/courses/4301f98/2sept.html (1750 words)

	Reconstructing PIE Phonology
		The problem was that both voiceless and voiced fricatives appeared medially between vowels, and the choice between voiceless fricatives, on the one hand, and voiced fricatives, on the other hand, appeared to be entirely random.
		Their reinterpretation of the traditional plain voiced stops as glottalics (ejectives) makes it easy to account for the fact that the phoneme traditionally reconstructed as *b was highly marked in the system, being characterized by an extremely low frequency of occurrence (if it even existed at all).
		Such a low frequency distribution is not characteristic of the patterning of the voiced labial stop /b/ in natural languages having a voicing contrast in stops, but it is fully characteristic of the patterning of the labial ejective /p'/.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-ling/ie-phon-Bomhard.html (3387 words)

	The International Phonetic Alphabet
		fricative) is voiced in the former and voiceless in the latter.
		Nasals and approximants are voiced (except when whispered), because it is hard to hear them when they are not: a laminar (the opposite of turbulent) flow of air not accompanied by a vibration of the vocal cords is all but inaudible.
		The voiced counter part of [q] sounds very much like [g] but it is articulated at the very back of the tongue, against the uvula.
	www.madore.org /~david/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)

	ME Phonology
		Rather, these voiced fricatives had been conditionally produced in OE times when they were surrounded by voiced vowels within a word.
		However, as English continued to be transformed into an uninflected language, the vowels and consonants which were used as inflectional suffixes dropped from the conjugations, leaving the voiced fricatives at word-final position.
		The voiced pronunciation, [z], at word-final position remained voiced because it contrasted with the noun for house (ME hous, OE hús) which was pronounced with the voiceless fricative [s].
	members.tripod.com /~Duermueller/MEphon.html (698 words)

	Voiced uvular fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, [ʁ̝].
		Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
		In Western Europe, a uvular trill or voiced fricative pronunciation of orthographic r spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Danish, Dutch, German, Hebrew, Norwegian, Portuguese, and Swedish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative (496 words)

	Proto-Germanic Encyclopedia Article @ Canst.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The main theoretical argument in favor of the "originally soft" theory is that improve this article works out slightly neater – voicing applied to unvoiced fricatives produces voiced fricatives, which merge immediately with existing voiced fricatives.
		With the "originally hard" theory, the newly voiced fricatives would not be the same as the original voiced stops, and therefore a subsequent step is required to merge them.
		The main theoretical argument in favor of the "originally hard" theory is that intervocalic "hardening" of voiced fricatives to stops is rather less common typologically than softening/weakening of voiced stops to fricatives; the most common change to intervocalic voiced fricatives is not hardening but further weakening, to approximates or to outright deletion.
	www.canst.net /encyclopedia/Proto-Germanic (2805 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology
		Voiced stops occurred in somewhat more restricted environments than voiceless stops: they did not normally occur before other stops or fricatives (except across morpheme boundaries, where they may have developed by forward assimilation to another voiced consonant).
		The main reason for this is that languages that have voiced but no voiceless aspirate stops are thought to be "typologically unusual".
		It is thus clearly possible to have a sound system in which voiced aspirates are very common, while their voiceless counterparts are marginal at best.
	www.tundria.com /Linguistics/pie-phonology.shtml (828 words)

	Van Rooy: Word-final devoicing by Tswana and Afrikaans speakers of English
		and in the case of fricatives, the vowel/diphthong, the transition to the fricative and the fricative itself.
		Table B: Discriminant analysis trained on fricatives and plosives respectively, with the underlying voicing as grouping variables and the vowel duration combined with fricative duration as independent variables for the fricatives, and the vowel duration, voicing into closure, closure duration and burst duration combined for the plosives.
		Voicing is conceptualized at the same level as features related to the position of the tongue and oral cavity.
	www.und.ac.za /und/ling/archive/rooy-01.html (3882 words)

	Athabaskan languages and the schools - ATHABASKAN SOUND SYSTEMS
		Voiceless fricatives: Fricatives are consonants that are produced by blocking the air stream in the mouth only partially.
		Voiced fricatives: Voiced fricatives are pronounced with partial blockage of the air stream and with vibration of the vocal cords.
		Typical Athabaskan voiced fricatives are z, l, dh, y, and gh.
	www.alaskool.org /language/Athabaskan/Athabas_Sounds.htm (1132 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.859: interdental fricatives
		fricative laminoalveolar voiceless s and z > s fricative apicoalveolar voiceless S and Z > S fricative [lamino]postalveolar voiceless this is the basis for the most usual sistems.
		The voiced "th" occurs in all varieties of Spanish and is generally assumed to result from a progressive weakening of Latin t first to d, then to "th", especially in intervocalic position.
		There is a lot of discussion of fricatives there, mostly sibilants though, and a comment about the young speakers of a language, whose name I can't recall now, who produce /s/'s as /th/'s (I suspect due to lack of developed enough dentition?).
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/7/7-859.html (1397 words)

	the abstract of master thesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Regarding affricates, voiceless ones are always geminated whereas voiced ones are geminated 41.6% of the time.
		Voiceless fricatives in the ambisyllabic group are geminated half of the time.
		Thus the frequency of gemination of voiced affricates is 100%.
	home.myuw.net /ssetsuko/abstract.html (450 words)

	The Weak Fricatives
		Just as with the strong fricatives, the first member of each pair is voiceless, while the second is voiced.
		The observations made about voicing for the strong fricatives also apply to the weak fricatives; phonemically voiced fricatives may lack obvious voicing during part or all of their duration, while phonemically voiceless fricatives may show some voicing, particularly in intervocalic contexts.
		The phoneme D has the weakest pattern and energy of all the fricatives; it can almost disappear in rapid speech, and unfortunately it occurs in many of the most common function words in English (the, that, then, there, their, etc.).
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /tutordemos/SpectrogramReading/cse551html/cse551/node33.html (434 words)

	Proto-Indo-European Phonology. Chapter 14: The Allophones of the Laryngeals
		The foundation for description of laryngeals from IE-HS relationships is weak, for we are not yet able to reconstruct the early stages of IE and HS, to say nothing of the common source.
		From their role in IE root structure and in the patterns determined by Edgerton I assume that the allophones of laryngeals were neither oral stops nor resonants, but fricatives.
		Such voicing is found in PIE when the phoneme in question is a member of a structural set that contrasts with another structural set without voice; thus the resonants, though voiced, do not produce such voicing.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/books/piep14.html (2486 words)

	Middle English Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As a result, fricatives became voiced in voiced contexts.
		In Middle English, these voiced and voiceless fricatives became phonemic, and no longer varied according to their phonological environment.
		When Middle English lost inflectional endings (or at least reduced them dramatically) voiced fricatives were left in previously voiceless position, but they remained voiced.
	www.sampo.ru /~astihin/MEphon.htm (1044 words)

	GERMANIC CONSONANT SHIFT
		STEP 3: Voiceless fricatives became voiced (when they were in a voiced environment and the IndoEuropean stress was not on the preceding syllable):
		STEP 5: Voiced fricatives sometimes became the corresponding voiced stops (the exact conditions depended on the sound, the environment, and the dialect):
		In this same step, the voiced fricative z became an r-like sound that was spelled with a distinctive letter (transliterated a) in the early runic inscriptions of North Germanic; it later merged with the r inherited from Indo-European.
	www.tutorpal.com /Our_English/germanic/consonant_shift.html (331 words)

	Acoustic structure of consonants
		Obstruents - stops, fricatives and affricates - are characterised by a combination of intervals of noise, silence, and changing formant transitions.
		A low frequency voicing buzz is present in phonetically voiced sounds, seen on spectrograms as 'voice bar'.
		They are nearly always voiced, and they show a sudden change in formant structure from/to adjacent vowel (a 'fault transition').
	www.phon.ox.ac.uk /~jcoleman/consonant_acoustics.htm (944 words)

	Liva
		Voiced and voiceless occlusives are very common in natural languages, with the possible exception of central ones (palatals), which are found e.g.
		So, central fricatives are typically prevelar, like in German ich, but they can also be pronounced, without risk of confusion, as the palatal fricatives common in French (jambon, choisir) and English (azure, sheep).
		Voiced occlusives are hence relatively rare in Liva, as in Finnish where they even are almost absent: such feature is an aesthetic preference by the author -- but probably it is not by chance that Finnish is regarded as a sweetly sounding language by many linguists and glossopoets, included J.R.R. Tolkien.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Agora/7070/liva.htm (6350 words)

	Linguistics 120 \| Outline, 10/05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Note: The tube resonance frequencies for fricatives are conceptually the same as vowel formants, but for some reason, the term "formant" is not generally used to talk about fricatives (except glottal fricatives)
		In a bilabial or labiodental fricative -- and even in an interdental fricative -- there is essentially no filter, so there is no high-intensity region in the spectrum
		This means that the spectrum of a voiced fricative shows glottal harmonics overlaid with random components
	www.unc.edu /~jlsmith/ling120/ohp/1005.html (366 words)

	The Tengwar for Esperanto
		Grade 1 and 2 were used for voiceless and voiced plosives.
		Grade 3 and 4 were used for voiceless and voiced fricatives (including, in modern terminology, affricates).
		The voiced palato-alveolar affricated stop that begins English "judge" (Rye writes this /dZ/).
	www.catb.org /~esr/tengwar/esperanto-tengwar.html (1836 words)

	Sound Changes
		, identify the features (place and manner of articulation, voicing, nasalization, tongue position, tenseness, etc.) for the sounds that are involved in the change.
		Since only one feature has changed and there is another voiced retroflex liquid in the word, we probably have dissimilation, a move away from a nearby sound.
		Since only one feature has changed and the sounds around the “k” (vowels) are both voiced, we probably have assimilation, a move closer to surrounding sounds.
	gsteinbe.intrasun.tcnj.edu /tcnj/hotel/change.htm (525 words)

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