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Topic: Voiced retroflex fricative

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Voiceless epiglottal fricative

Voiceless retroflex fricative

Voiced alveolar fricative

Voiced glottal fricative

Voiced bilabial fricative

Voiceless labiodental fricative

Voiceless bilabial fricative

Fricative

Voiceless glottal fricative

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	Fricative consonant
		Fricative consonants are produced by air flowing through a narrow channel made by placing two articulating organs close together (e.g.
		Fricatives may be voiceless or voiced (see phonation).
		Ubykh may be the language with the most fricatives, with 26.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/f/fr/fricative_consonant.html (135 words)

	Voiced retroflex fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is produced by directing air flow through a groove in the tongue at the place of articulation and directing it over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
		In the Polish orthography, the voiced fricative is spelled ż or rz, as in może [mɔz̠ɛ] 'perhaps', or morze [mɔz̠ɛ] 'a sea'.
		Exists as a voiced allophone to the voiceless retroflex fricative in Castilian Spanish when directly preceding a voiced consonant, as in the word, "mismo" [miʐmɔ] 'same'.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative (423 words)

	Fricative - KneeQuickie
		A fricative is a consonant made by partially blocking the airflow, but not forming a complete stop, thus causing friction in the mouth.
		Fricatives were formerly called spirants, as the difference between a fricative and a stop is that the airflow is not completely blocked for fricatives, so the breath continues.
		Unvoiced fricatives are more common than voiced ones, although languages with no phonemic voicing distinction for fricatives often assimilate the voicedness of the fricative to that of the surrounding sounds.
	www.penguindeskjob.com /wiki/index.php?title=Fricative&redirect=no (253 words)

	Retroflex consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Retroflex consonants are common in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages; and can also be found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese, Vietnamese, Swedish, Norwegian and some languages of Southern Italy and Sardinia.
		Because of the regularity of deriving retroflex symbols from their alveolar counterparts, people will occasionally use a font editor to create the appropriate symbols for such sounds.
		Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants, but with the addition of a right-facing hook to the bottom of the symbol.
	www.antiwebfilter.com /cgi-bin/cgiproxy/nph-proxy.pl/000110A/http/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant (607 words)

	Fricative peee.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
		A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence.
		The alveolo-palatal and retroflex consonants are also postalveolar in their point of articulation, but they are given separate columns in the IPA chart, and illustrated with examples in their own articles.
	www.peee.org /en/fricative (3638 words)

	Voiced dental fricative Information
		The dental fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.
		According to contemporary fennists voiced dental fricative was used in old Finnish as weak pair of consonant gradation of singular voiceless plosive t.
		The letter delta (Δ, δ) stands for the voiced dental fricative in Modern Greek, though as a technical symbol it is pronounced as a D (a voiced alveolar plosive) by non-Greeks.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative (643 words)

	Retroflex Trill Encyclopedia Articles @ ChannelsAndNetworks.com (Channels and Networks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The retroflex trill has been reported from the Dravidian language Toda, and confirmed with laboratory measurements.
		Peter Ladefoged transcribes it with the IPA symbol normally associated with the retroflex flap, ɽ.
		Wintu is another language with a reported (apico-)retroflex trill where the tongue apex "approaches" the hard palate (this is not sub-apical as in Toda).
	www.channelsandnetworks.com /encyclopedia/Retroflex_trill (365 words)

	Places of articulation
		In some languages, retroflexes are so extreme that the tongue tip touches the hard palate or contact is made by the underside of the tongue tip.
		The voiceless palatal fricative [ç] is used in German ich.
		A voiced uvualar trill or fricative (depending on the dialect) is used for the R sound of European French and increasingly in Canadian French.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/linguistics/russell/138/sec5/s5-poa.htm (899 words)

	Fricative consonant information - Search.com
		Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
		Prototypical retroflexes are sub-apical and palatal, but they are usually written with the same symbol as the apical postalveolars.
		The glottal "fricatives" are actually unaccompanied phonation states of the glottis, without any accompanying manner, fricative or otherwise.
	www.search.com /reference/Fricative (486 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Retroflex consonant
		Retroflex consonants are rare among European languages, occurring only in Swedish and Norwegian (where a non-retroflex consonant and an r following immediately after it may be replaced by the consonant's retroflex equivalent, i.e.
		Retroflex consonants are concentrated in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent.
		For example, the Iwaidja language of northwestern Australia has a retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̢] as well as a retroflex tap [ɽ] and retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ];; and the Dravidian language Toda has a sub-apical retroflex lateral fricative [ɬ̢] and a retroflexed trill [ɽ͡r];.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Retroflex_consonant (717 words)

	Voiced uvular fricative - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, [ʁ̝].
		In Standard German, r tends to be a uvular fricative or trill initially, but an uvular approximant between vowels, as in Ehre [eʁ̞ə] 'honor'; while in Danish the r is a pharyngeal approximant in all but the most conservative speech.
		A voiced uvular fricative is also found in many varieties of European Portuguese for orthographic rr or initial r, as in the name of the city Rio de Janeiro.
	en.orangehedgehog.com /content/Voiced_uvular_fricative (457 words)

	How to pronounce Hebrew
		Voiced labiodental fricative v Note: Although the more logical choice would might been the voiced bilabial fricative (as Ancient Greek "beta"), this is not at all attested in Hebrew; all modern pronounciations have /v/ (except Babylonian which has aspirated /b/, but this seems borrowed, since no other Semitic languages use aspiration).
		Voiced velar fricative gh The Yemenite "jimmel" seems a clear borrowing from Arabic, as no other Semitic languages have it, and it breaks the otherwise clear consistency of dagesh hazaq.
		Voiceless labiodental fricative f Although (as for beth) the more logical choice might have been the unvoiced bilabial fricative (as Ancient Greek "phi"), this is not at all attested in Hebrew; all modern pronounciations have /f/ (except Babylonian which has aspirated /p/, but this seems borrowed, since no other Semitic languages use aspiration).
	ir.iit.edu /~argamon/hebrew.html (704 words)

	The International Phonetic Alphabet
		fricative) is voiced in the former and voiceless in the latter.
		Nasals and approximants are voiced (except when whispered), because it is hard to hear them when they are not: a laminar (the opposite of turbulent) flow of air not accompanied by a vibration of the vocal cords is all but inaudible.
		Retroflex sounds are not found in English as such, but some postalveolar consonants tend to have a certain retroflex quality about them, for example the ‘r’.
	www.madore.org /~david/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)

	cyrillic > Voiced+uvular+fricative
		The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
		Voiced uvular: Ê: Voiceless pharyngeal: Ä§: Voiced pharyngeal: Ê•: Voiceless glottal: h: Voiced glottal: É¦...
		Though not a phoneme in French, the voiceless uvular fricative [Ï] is an allophone of /Ê/ in many sorts of French when it follows...
	www.cnsppa.com.tw /cyrillic/Voiceduvularfricative.php4 (301 words)

	Retroflex consonant - Gurupedia
		Retroflex consonants are consonants articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up and back so the bottom of the tip touches the roof of the mouth.
		Retroflex consonants are common in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages; and can also be found in languages such as Mandarin Chinese,
		In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the
	www.gurupedia.com /r/re/retroflex_consonant.htm (101 words)

	retroflex consonant Information Center - retroflex consonant
		The tongue may be flat, with the blade of the tongue (the top surface of the tongue near the tip) touching the roof of the mouth, as in Polish cz, sz, ż and Mandarin ch, zh, sh.
		For example, the Iwaidja language of northwestern Australia has a retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̢] as well as a retroflex tap [ɽ] and retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ;]; and the Dravidian language Toda has a sub-apical retroflex lateral fricative [ɬ̢] and a retroflexed trill [ɽ͡r].
		Some linguists restrict these symbols for the "true" retroflex consonants with sub-apical palatal articulation, and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete IPA underdot symbol for an apical post-alveolar articulation: [ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣].
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_R_-_T/retroflex_consonant.html (524 words)

	Linguistique UNIL -True fricatives
		This section describes the dorsal fricatives and the fricatives where the dorsal/lateral opposition is unimportant.
		This symbol stands for both a fricative articulation and a spirant articulation, according to the degree of tension of the articulators.
		In reality, this retroflex fricative, like its voiced counterpart below, is often realized as a husher, since the tongue groove is generally not narrow enough to produce a true hissing sound.
	www.unil.ch /ling/page24535.html (828 words)

	Talk:Polish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the values of sz, ż/rz, cz and dż may be inbetween postalveolar and retroflex, thy are clearly more postalveolar (if you have ever heard true retroflex sounds made by native speakers of some Indian languages, you'll know wha I mean).
		As stated lower down in Polish retroflexes are laminal, as opposed to the Hindi apical, neither of these are "true" retroflexes.
		The thing is that Voiceless retroflex fricative and Voiced retroflex fricative both have articles along the lines of other phones.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Polish_language (2480 words)

	Palula Phonology
		The fricatives /z, x, ğ;/ are rather frequent in present-day Palula, and many of the words probably have a long history in the language, although they almost exclusively derive from languages in the immediate region.
		The voiced retroflex fricative is a marginal phoneme, but is included for comparative reasons, and an even more rarely occurring voiced retroflex affricate [dz’] is most likely an allophone of this phoneme.
		Aspiration or breathy voicing is considered a property of the lexeme as a whole, mainly due to its limited word-internal distribution.
	www.fli-online.org /documents/languages/palula/Palula-Phonology-Summary/palula-phonology-summary.htm (823 words)

	Voiced uvular fricative - Mirrorpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Because the IPA symbol stands for both the uvular fricative and the uvular approximant, the fricative nature of this sound may be specified by adding the uptack to the letter, [ʁ̝].
		In Western Europe, a uvular trill or voiced fricative pronunciation of orthographic r spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of German, Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Hebrew, and Portuguese.
		In Standard German, r tends to be a uvular fricative or trill initially, but a uvular approximant between vowels, as in Ehre [eʁ̞ə] 'honour'; while in Danish the r is a pharyngeal approximant in all but the most conservative speech.
	www.mirrorpedia.com /wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative (449 words)

	Describing consonants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But instead of finishing the articulation quickly and moving directly into the next sound, the tongue pulls away from the stop slowly, so that there is a period of time immediately after the stop where the constriction is narrow enough to cause a turbulent airstream.
		The fricatives [s] and [z] are also at this place of articulation, as is the lateral approximant [l].
		The English fricatives [ʃ] and [ʒ] are made at this POA, as are the corresponding affricates [tʃ;] and [dʒ;].
	www.umanitoba.ca /linguistics/russell/phonetics/articulation/describing-consonants.html (1759 words)

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