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Topic: Volatile memory

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	Memory information page
		Memory cells are etched onto a silicon wafer in an array of columns (bitlines) and rows (wordlines).
		Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that uses in-circuit wiring to erase by applying an electrical field to the entire chip or to predetermined sections of the chip called blocks.
		A ferroelectric memory cell consists of a ferroelectric capacitor and a (metal oxide semiconductor) MOS transistor.
	www.epanorama.net /links/memory.html (5493 words)

	Nanomem - Non Volatile Memory
		The first generation of magnetic memory cells were based on the anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) or Giant Magneto-resistance (GMR) and worked by exploiting the change in resistance of all metal memory cells when their magnetisation states were altered.
		When one memory cell in the series path is being sensed, the current flows through many other cells with the result that the sensing power is high owing to the power dissipated in the other cells in the sense path.
		The MRAM memory cell is controlled with just two lines, this being the minimum needed to locate a cell in a two dimensional array: all the elements of the memory cell are arranged vertically between the two intersecting lines.
	www.nanomem.u-nancy.fr /Non_volatile_memory.asp (1066 words)

	Howstuffworks "How RAM Works"
		SAM works very well for memory buffers, where the data is normally stored in the order in which it will be used (a good example is the texture buffer memory on a video card).
		Similar to a microprocessor, a memory chip is an integrated circuit (IC) made of millions of transistors and capacitors.
		In the most common form of computer memory, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a transistor and a capacitor are paired to create a memory cell, which represents a single bit of data.
	www.howstuffworks.com /ram.htm (1202 words)

	Non-volatile semiconductor memory device - Patent 6907497 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The non-volatile semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein said third value as guaranteed by said erratic program verify control function is net to less than a normal read voltage as given to a control gate of a selected memory cell in a normal read operation.
		The non-volatile semiconductor memory device according to claim 1, wherein a verify read operation controlled by said over-program verify control function is detecting whether a memory cell turns on or off while giving a read voltage equivalent to said fourth value to a control gate of a memory cell to be checked.
		During erase-verify, all of the memory cells within the NAND cell unit are to verified; thus, the erase verify is passed only when the threshold voltage of all the series-connected memory cells falls within a predetermined negative range.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6907497.html (12120 words)

	Non-volatile memory cell - Patent 4651303 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A volatile/non-volatile integrated circuit memory cell combines a non-volatile cell (110) connected to a volatile cell (105) at a volatile node (118), in which data recall is effected through a DC-stable arrangement of transistor (142), (145) and (146) that does not employ a capacitor to hold down the storage node.
		A combined memory cell according to claim 2, in which said volatile memory cell is a static RAM memory cell and said non-volatile cell is permanently programmed with fixed data.
		The field of the invention is that of integrated circuit memories, in particular those that combine a non-volatile memory cell with a volatile memory cell, data being transferred from the non-volatile cell to the volatile cell.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4651303.html (1551 words)

	Crucial memory chips - COMPUTER CHIPS Who would have thought that a pile of sand would one day bec
		Crucial memory chips are small units that are capable of storing computer memory and can also be used in microprocessors for logic circuitry.
		Crucial memory chips has reflective properties and when light falls on it, it is reflected and refracted and different colors are produced depending on the design of the chip, the technology and the lens used the magnification, the lighting and the viewing angle.
		This memory includes a chip erase mode whereby the entire chip could be erased in 10 ms compared to 15-20 minutes in EPROM.
	www.yourdictionary.com /business_profile/debt/business/crucial-memory-chips.html (1314 words)

	Volatile memory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volatile memory, or volatile storage, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information, unlike non-volatile memory.
		Most forms of modern random access memory are volatile storage, including dynamic random access memory and static random access memory.
		Content addressable memory and dual-ported RAM are usually implemented using volatile storage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volatile_memory (94 words)

	Novtek - NVM Info. Page
		Non-volatile memory is a type of memory that retains its data when power is removed from the circuit.
		Since the memory element is a single floating gate transistor the devices are manufactured in relatively high density.
		Ferroelectric Random Access Memory is a type of non-volatile memory that consists of a ferroelectric capacitor and MOS transistor.
	www.novtek.com /NVM.html (712 words)

	Memory
		More commonly known as RAM, memory is a location where information is stored that is currently being being utilized by the operating system, software program, hardware device, and/or the user.
		There are two types of memory, volatile memory and non-volatile memory.
		Volatile memory is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power.
	www.computerhope.com /jargon/m/memory.htm (196 words)

	volatile - a definition from Whatis.com
		In computers, volatile is used to describe memory content that is lost when the power is interrupted or switched off.
		Your computer's ordinary memory (or RAM) is volatile memory.
		Volatile memory contrasts with nonvolatile memory, memory that does not lose content when power is lost, that has a continuous source of power, or does not need to have its memory content periodically refreshed.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci526639,00.html (134 words)

	STMicroelectronics Advances Non-Volatile Memory Technology
		Even though the market for Flash memories today is very large and is currently one of the fastest growing sectors of the semiconductor market, chip manufacturers have known for many years that it will become increasingly difficult to keep on reducing the size of the basic Flash memory cell.
		The new memory technology exploits the fact that certain so-called 'chalcogenide' materials can be reversibly switched between two stable states - one amorphous with a high electrical resistance, the other crystalline with a low resistance - by appropriately heating the material.
		A memory cell in the new technology consists essentially of a variable resistance formed by the chalcogenide material and its tiny electrical heater, along with a selection transistor used for the read/write operations.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/chip-tech-04t.html (640 words)

	MEMORY ARCHITECTURES INCLUDING NON-VOLATILE MEMORY DEVICES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		When powered off, volatile memory architectures lose the ability to retain information, which must be transferred to low-speed, non-volatile memory storage prior to powering down.
		Furthermore, traditional non-volatile memories operate at voltages different from those of volatile memories, complicating their integration on the same circuit.
		Thus, the benefits of volatile memory are realized without any noticeable degradation in system performance, while avoiding the drawback of losing data when powered off.
	www.research.ucla.edu /tech/ucla06-333.htm (364 words)

	Global Non-Volatile Memory Markets To Cross $69 Billion By 2010
		The worldwide semiconductor memory market is characterized by rapidly evolving technology, continuous reduction in process, increasing competition, and a rapid move towards nanotechnology.
		NVM is a general term for all forms of solid-state (no moving parts) memory that do not require their memory contents to be periodically refreshed.
		The emergence of advance memory technologies such as MRAM, FRAM and OUM are expected to gradually take away some share of total volatile memory.
	electronics.ca /presscenter/articles/94/1/.../Page1.html (1043 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Computer Memory Works"
		Although memory is technically any form of electronic storage, it is used most often to identify fast, temporary forms of storage.
		All of the components in your computer, such as the CPU, the hard drive and the operating system, work together as a team, and memory is one of the most essential parts of this team.
		As part of this test, the memory controller checks all of the memory addresses with a quick read/write operation to ensure that there are no errors in the memory chips.
	computer.howstuffworks.com /computer-memory.htm (1205 words)

	Networking Technology - Questy's study guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Used in cache memory, is preloaded with frequently accessed RAM values and serves as a buffer between the DRAM and the CPU.
		EDO (extended data output) memory is faster than other memory because it allows the memory controller to eliminate the 10-ns delay that it would normally wait before it issues the next memory address.
		Expanded memory is memory that is not directly assigned system memory addresses, but rather uses a small window of addresses in upper memory that is shared by all of expanded memory.
	www.computerguru.net /tech/aplus4b.htm (959 words)

	Self-assembled nanocells function as non-volatile memory
		Dubbed NanoCells, the devices were shown to function as re-programmable memory with memory states that hold for more than a week at room temperature, and probably far longer.
		Present-day dynamic random access memory, or DRAM, only holds its memory state for about one hundredth of a second and must be refreshed every thousandth of a second.
		The JACS paper, titled "NanoCell Electronic Memories," was co-authored by Tour, postdoctoral researchers Long Cheng and Yuxing Yao, graduate student Austen Flatt, Penn State chemist Thomas Mallouk and his graduate student Sarah St. Angelo, and North Carolina State electrical engineer Paul Franzon and his graduate student David Nackashi.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/ru-snf101703.php (561 words)

	Non-volatile memory technology claims breakthrough
		Memory company Ramtron claims its ferroelectric random access memory (FRAM) is a new generation of nonvolatile memory that has the fast read/write speed and low power of battery-backed SRAM and eliminates the need for a battery.
		Memory technologies can be broadly divided into two categories: volatile and non-volatile.
		While volatile memories (such as SRAM and DRAM) lose their contents when power is removed, non-volatile memories do not.
	www.theinquirer.net /default.aspx?article=6182 (416 words)

	Linux.com - Non-Volatile Memory chips
		The difference between a PROM and a ROM (read-only memory) is that a PROM is manufactured as blank memory, whereas a ROM is programmed during the manufacturing process.
		EPROM: Acronym for erasable programmable read-only memory, and pronounced e-prom, EPROM is a special type of memory that retains its contents until it is exposed to ultraviolet light.
		Flash memory is also popular in modems because it enables the modem manufacturer to support new protocols as they become standardized.
	www.linux.com /howtos/Network-boot-HOWTO/a610.shtml (842 words)

	volatile (C++)
		The volatile keyword is a type qualifier used to declare that an object can be modified in the program by something such as the operating system, the hardware, or a concurrently executing thread.
		A write to a volatile object (volatile write) has Release semantics; a reference to a global or static object that occurs before a write to a volatile object in the instruction sequence will occur before that volatile write in the compiled binary.
		A read of a volatile object (volatile read) has Acquire semantics; a reference to a global or static object that occurs after a read of volatile memory in the instruction sequence will occur after that volatile read in the compiled binary.
	msdn2.microsoft.com /en-us/library/12a04hfd.aspx (504 words)

	Non-Volatile Memory securely stores system firmware., Kilopass Technology, Inc.
		As a replacement for external memory chips XPM technology can be used in high density embedded memory applications for publishing games, movies and other multimedia content, as well as for secure firmware storage in embedded MCU and DSP-based systems.
		Data is permanently retained for the life of most systems (over 20 years), and is protected from reverse engineering, since it is not possible to detect the stored data with a microscope or by voltage contrast testing.
		The Company's super-permanent memory technology is manufactured using standard commercial CMOS process, and is used for storage of firmware and security codes.
	news.thomasnet.com /fullstory/456918/264 (722 words)

	What is Non Volatile Memory? Retaining Information No Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Memory chips are generally divided into two main groups known as volatile and non-volatile.
		Examples of such memory are Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) or Static RAM (SRAM).
		They are usually used in small and hand-held devices like cellular phones and electronic pocket organizers / dictionaries whereby program codes or basic operating codes are stored permanently that require repeated usage.
	bugclub.org /beginners/memory/NonVolatile.html (151 words)

	Non-Volatile Memory for Fast, Reliable File Systems - Baker, Asami, Deprit, Ousterhout (ResearchIndex)
		We present the trace-driven simulation and analysis of two uses of NVRAM to improve I/O performance in distributed file systems: non-volatile file caches on client workstations to reduce write traffic to file servers, and write buffers for write-optimized file systems to...
		Given that such short lifetimes mean that file cache blocks will be rewritten, we recommend that all operating system developers...
		In such systems, NVRAM is used as a non volatile cache for disk,...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /baker92nonvolatile.html (694 words)

	Dense, Non-Volatile Organic Memory
		Dense, Non-Volatile Organic Memory: Organic materials may be suitable for dense, non-volatile memories because their properties can be tailored into different states that can be read as on/off.
		At IEDM 2003, Infineon researchers will describe such a memory built from an unspecified organic layer sandwiched between two sets of electrodes in a simple cross-point array.
		Figure (1) shows a simple cross-point array with the memory material sandwiched between two sets of electrodes.
	www.his.com /~iedm/presskit/organic.html (184 words)

	Memory
		In early age computing arena, memory was deployed volatile only, and memories were classified static or random.
		"volatile only" means while power is on, temporary memory storage space available to store / to keep / to retrieve / to process instructions; And while power is off, those memory storage spaces become unavailable.
		A storage physical portion of hard disk is used to swap between physical memory and hard disk's storage; .swp, .tmp,...
	www.usamyanmar.net /IT/Note/Memory.htm (1386 words)

	PhotoNotes.org Dictionary - Non-volatile memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Memory chips which retain data even when power is not applied.
		ROM and flash memory are forms of non-volatile memory.
		Magnetic media such as floppy disks and hard drives are also non-volatile storage systems (though technically they are mass storage systems, not memory per se).
	photonotes.org /cgi-bin/entry.pl?id=Nonvolatilememory (170 words)

	High speed non-volatile memory device (EP0348893B1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A non-volatile memory device fabricated on a semiconductor substrate, comprising:
		a) a plurality of non-volatile memory cells arranged in rows and columns and coupled in parallel to a constant voltage source, said non-volatile memory cells respectively having threshold voltage levels of either high or low level depending upon data bits memorized therein,
		This invention relates to a non-volatile memory device and, more particularly, to a discharging circuit for discharging the column lines except for that coupled to the access memory cell.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn=EP00348893B1 (372 words)

	Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Class 1 and 2: Overview of Non-volatile Memory
		Read this Solid State Technology overview of emerging memory technology (Note, you will have to register your email for this site but it is free.
		MRS article on FLASH and Intel's Tutorial on FLASH Memory.
	www.engr.sjsu.edu /sgleixner/PRIME/memory_reading.htm (325 words)

	Fujitsu Launches High-Capacity, Next-Generation Non-Volatile Memory : FUJITSU United States
		The FRAMs are designed to meet the growing demand for non-volatile memory that provides high-speed operation, low power consumption, and high endurance for office equipment (including printers, copier machines and portable information devices) and appliances (such as microwaves and washing machines).
		Fujitsu first marketed embedded LSI FRAMs in 1999 and produced a 256 Kbit application-specific standalone memory for the non-volatile memory market.
		FRAM replaces battery back-up memory, and offers many other advantages including easy production and maintenance.
	www.fujitsu.com /us/news/pr/fma_20041117.html (451 words)

	ST \| Volatile memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Eleven papers originating from Crolles, France, cover developments in leading-edge CMOS technology, while four are devoted to advances in Non-Volatile Memory technology developed at ST's Central R&D facility in Agrate, Italy.
		Most importantly, PCM is better suited to continuing the rapid shrinking of features for cost and speed advantage that has long characterized the semiconductor industry than Flash and other so-called " Non-Volatile Memories " (NVM), which are able to store information even when their power is switched...
		We are highly impressed by the potential of the Ovonyx thin-film technology and excited by the challenges and opportunities it presents to further enhance our already world-class technology portfolio, not only in memories, but also in a wide range of differentiated products and System-on-Chip solutions...
	www.st.com /site-index/Volatile-memory.htm (1323 words)

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