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Topic: Volcanism

In the News (Mon 20 May 13)

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	Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information
		According to news articles, gas-and-ash plumes from Anak Krakatau continued rise and seismicity was elevated during 9-11 November.
		The Director of the Global Volcanism Program since 1995, Jim Luhr, passed away unexpectedly on January 1, 2007, at the age of 53.
		The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions — small as well as large — during the past 10,000 years.
	www.volcano.si.edu (267 words)

	Volcanism on Io - Io: Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon
		Volcanic eruptions were first observed by the Voyager spacecraft in 1979, and have been witnessed in every flyby of the spacecraft Galileo, which is currently exploring the Jovian system.
		Volcanic activity on Io is so relentless that there are no signs of impact craters on its surface, because they are rapidly filled in with volcanic material soon after they appear.
		Given the volcanic nature of Io, it is not surprising that place names on the moon are taken from various mythological associations with fire and volcanoes.
	www.planetaryexploration.net /jupiter/io/volcanism_on_io.html (513 words)

	Ocean floor volcanism
		While spreading ridges at diverging plate boundaries have been extensively studied since the early 50's, it is only recently that comprehensive submarine explorations of intraplate volcanism were performed.The first European project on intraplate volcanism were initiated in 1986 in collaboration between several French and German institutes and universities.
		During fracturing and fissuring of the oceanic crust seawater penetrates into the lithosphere and it is heated in the vicinities of a magmatic reservoir.
		This stage is related to a volcanic cycle with lower melt extraction (low extent of melting) than that giving rise to the N- and T-MORBs (<15% vesicles) found in the rift valley NVZ and/or forming the main MR structure underlying the volcanic cones.
	www.ifremer.fr /drogm_uk/Realisation/Vulgar/Volcanisme (1343 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Volcanic Activity Reports \| SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Batu Tara lies north of the main volcanic arc and is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic and tephritic rocks.
		Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.
		The upper slopes of the stratovolcano, composed primarily of Pleistocene andesitic lava flows, steepen to nearly 45 degrees.
	www.volcano.si.edu /reports/usgs/index.cfm (3888 words)

	The Line Islands revisited: New ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronologic evidence for episodes ...
		Volcanism during the older episode (81–86 Ma) extended over a distance of at least 1200 km along the eastern part of the complex seamount chain.
		Volcanism during the younger episode (68–73 Ma) was concentrated in the western part of the chain and may have extended over a distance of >4000 km.
		Extensive coeval volcanism along major segments of the chain is compatible with decompressional melting of heterogeneous mantle due to diffuse lithospheric extension along pre-existing zones of weakness.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2002/2001GC000190.shtml (422 words)

	Volcanism
		Volcanism is part of the process of bringing material from the deep interior of a planet and spilling it forth on the surface.
		Volcanism is part of the process by which a planet cools off.
		On Earth, the most general cause of volcanism is caused by subduction of the Earth's crust.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/earth/interior/volcanism.html (234 words)

	Evolution: Extinction: What Killed the Dinosaurs?
		According to the volcanism hypothesis, this global-scale volcanic activity spewed so much gas, ash, and dust into the atmosphere that it kept sunlight from reaching Earth's surface.
		Lava flows like these provide evidence of a rash of volcanic activity for at least 500,000 years leading up to the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		Some scientists think the presence of high concentrations of iridium at the geological layer associated with the dinosaur extinction could be the result of extremely large-scale volcanic activity.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/extinction/dinosaurs/volcanism.html (349 words)

	SPACE.com -- Study Claims Recent Volcanic Activity on Mars
		"Volcanism is therefore likely to be an active geological process in current geological time in a few localized areas on Mars," concluded a new study by William K. Hartmann and Daniel C. Berman of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Arizona.
		Recent volcanism "means that if we are looking for life, there are heat sources and liquid water under the ground -- possibly even today," he added.
		"Flood volcanism is one of the most significant crust-forming processes identified on Mars," said the authors of that study, including Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/mars_lava_lead_000720.html (914 words)

	Volcanism
		Volcanic Hazards: Gases (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hyrdogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride)
		Through the early 90's proponents of the volcanic hypothesis argued that all the evidence for an impact (iridium anomaly, shocked quartz, etc.) could more easily be explained by massive volcanic eruptions for which there was direct evidence in the form of flood basalts in India (Deccan Traps).
		The legacy of the volcanists is, however, a very strong one, with intense debate now centered on the contribution of the massive volcanic eruptions to not just the K/T extinction, but to many major extinction events, including the greatest biologic crisis in the history of the earth - the Permo-Triassic extinction event.
	faculty.plattsburgh.edu /thomas.wolosz/volcanism.htm (904 words)

	Volcanism Review
		Volcanic Explosive Index [VEI] - roughly tenfold increase in ejecta volume (and energy release) for each VEI-step; applied to explosive or pyroclastic volcanoes.
		Recurrence intervals [R] for eruptions increase with size of eruptions (as indicated by volcanic explosive index [VEI]).
		R is a function of volume of magma input, type of magma, type of reservoir, and strength of containing rocks, among other factors (tectonic activity, access of water to magma body, triggering earthquakes, etc.).
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~leeman/volcanic_hazards.html (1762 words)

	Eight Charts Which Prove Chandler's Wobble causes earthquakes, volcanism, El Nino, and global warming
		The reflection of the X Wave in the peaks of volcanic activity for the vast arc of South Pacific Islands which compose the Fiji/Tonga-Papua Tectonic Arc is in nearly perfect rhythm for a substantial portion of the 20th century.
		The pattern of volcanic activity is so similar to the undalations of the X Wave that it appears that sharp pulsations in volcanic activity are directly induced by the wobbling motion of the Earth's crust just as apparantly major peaks of seismic activity are created in Japan and Southern California.
		Since volcanic activity in the South Pacific seems correlated at least to some degree with the El Nino years, it is logical to suspect that underwater volcanism could be the source of the increase in the temperatures of the mid Pacific which is known to cause El Nino.
	www.michaelmandeville.com /polarmotion/spinaxis/vortex_correlations2.htm (2680 words)

	GO 326 Eifel volcanism
		The Eifel volcanic zone is separated into two portions--east and west, which developed during the Quaternary uplift of the Rhenish Shield.
		The volcanic deposits are dominated by potassium-rich, silica-poor scoria cones, which are typical for intraplate, continental settings (van den Bogaard 1995).
		The Eifel volcanic region is closely associated with the Rhine Graben, a continental rift zone of Cenozoic age--see handout maps.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/tectonic/eifel/eifel.htm (882 words)

	THREE NONHOMOGENEOUS POISSON MODELS FOR THE PROBABILITY OF BASALTIC VOLCANISM: APPLICATION TO THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN REGION
		In the Quaternary the locus of volcanism shifted; the youngest basalts erupted in the southern portion of the Coso field.
		Maps of the probability of volcanic eruptions throughout the region are plotted in Figures 8a and 8b.
		In areas where shifts in the locus of volcanism are as temporally distinct as they are in the YMR, methods 2 and 3 are easily adapted by subdividing the volcano data set on the basis of age, as we have done for the YMR.
	www.cas.usf.edu /~cconnor/hazards/art2/art2.html (9805 words)

	Coal, volcanism and Noah's Flood
		Even with abundant evidence for contemporaneous volcanism resulting in volcanically derived inter-seam sediments, such coals are still viewed as having formed in peat swamps that were periodically buried by volcanic debris.
		The Mount St. Helens volcanic eruption as a depositional model for coals appears particularly obvious from the widespread occurrence of volcanic tuffs and associated clay minerals resulting from devitrification of tuffs in the coals and inter-seam sediments of the Newcastle and Rosewood-Walloon coalfields.
		Applying this explosive pyroclastic volcanism model to the formation of coal deposits world-wide, it is entirely feasible that all of today’s coal seams were formed by the volcanism, flooding, erosion, deposition, tectonism and hydrothermal activity during the global year-long Noah’s Flood catastrophe and its aftermath.
	www.answersingenesis.org /tj/v1/i1/noah.asp (6860 words)

	Volcanism bibliography
		Conner, C. W., 1985, Sixty-five volcanic events recorded in a single coal bed: Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, v.
		Postnikova, I. Y., and Kotel'nikov, D. D., 1969, New data about the signs of volcanic activity in Vendian deposits of Irkutsk cirque: Academy of Sciences of the USSR Reports, v.
		Snelling, A., and Mackay, J., 1984, Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/volcanism.html (262 words)

	MTU Volcanoes Page
		We could say a volcano is a liquid rock plumbing system which extends from several 10's of kilometers depth to the earth's surface, and includes the near vent deposits of eruptions.
		Volcanic Cloud Hazards to Aviation - This page aims to provide information about how volcanic ash clouds affect aircraft, and how to avoid this hazard.
		Volcanic Clouds Page--The Volcanic Clouds Web Site describes the formation and composition of volcanic ash, gas and aerosol clouds, the remote sensing methods we use to study them, and ways that this information can be used for science and hazard mitigation.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes (514 words)

	Photo Gallery of Hawaiian Volcanism USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
		The island of Hawai`i has one of the youngest and most diverse landscapes on Earth.
		These time lapse camera systems supplement the near-real-time Pu`u `O`o webcam and the Mauna Loa webcam by providing an inexpensive alternative that can be rapidly and easily deployed.
		These camera systems have allowed Hawaiian Volcano Observatory scientists to document a variety of exciting volcanic processes that occur on active shield volcanoes.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /gallery (349 words)

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