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Topic: Volcanic Arc

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	Volcanic and Geologic Terms
		Dacite: Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is light in color and contains 62% to 69% silica and moderate a mounts of sodium and potassium.
		Hot Spot: A volcanic center, 60 to 120 miles (100 to 200 km) across and persistent for at least a few tens of million of years, that is thought to be the surface expression of a persistent rising plume of hot mantle material.
		Volcanic Cone: A mound of loose material that was ejected ballistically.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/glossary.html (4560 words)

	VOLCANIC TSUNAMI GENERATING SOURCE MECHANISMS IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION - Dr. George Pararas-Carayannis
		Volcanic centers in the region is the by-product of active tectonic activity.
		Arc stresses and back-arc spreading result in increased volcanic activity in the region and in a greater potential for tsunami generation from subsequent volcanic mass edifice failures, and other mechanisms, which will be discussed and evaluated further in subsequent sections.
		Variations in the chemical composition of volcanic eruptive effluents result from differences in the mineralogy and the bulk composition of mantle material, differences in depth at which melting occurs, differences in percentages of melting at the source, and alterations in composition as the magma rises to the surface (Wright and Helz, 1987).
	www.drgeorgepc.com /TsunamiVolcanicCaribbean.html (10969 words)

	Sunda Arc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Sunda Arc is a volcanic arc that has produced the islands of Sumatra and Java and the Sunda Strait and the Lesser Sunda Islands.
		The arc marks an active convergent boundary between the East Eurasian plates that underlie Indonesia, especially the Sunda Plate and the Burma Plate, with the India and Australian Plates that form the seabed of the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal.
		The Sunda Arc is a classic example of a volcanic island arc, in which all the elements of such geodynamic features can be identified.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sunda_Arc (184 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Also, the currently active volcanic arc, the modern Chiapanecan volcanic arc, is oblique and situated far inland from the Middle America trench, where the slab depth is ~200 km.
		In contrast, the Central America volcanic arc is parallel to the Middle America trench and the slab depth is ~ 100 km.
		The position and the distinct K-alkaline volcanism at El ChichÃ³n volcano are proposed to be related to the arrival of the highly serpentinized Tehuantepec Ridge beneath modern Chiapanecan volcanic arc.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /seismo/seminars/VladManea_Abstract.txt (329 words)

	Mount Vesuvius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is known today as a pyroclastic flow, which is a cloud of superheated gas, ash, and rock that erupts from a volcano.
		Geologists have used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 volcanic rocks and pieces of debris (eg roof tiles) found in Pompeii to estimate the temperature of this pyroclastic flow.
		However the dilemma that would face those implementing the plan is when to start this massive evacuation, since if it is left too late then many people could be killed, whilst if it is started too early then the precursors of the eruption may turn out to have been a false alarm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mount_Vesuvius (3853 words)

	Ordovician Volcanic Activity in the Puna
		Emergency and instability periods in the volcanic structures are represented in the thick epiclastic upper levels of volcanic sources (volcaniclastic turbidites and debris flows), which became thinner and present a less primary volcanic participation towards the tops.
		The usual scarce participation of clastic volcanic material in the contemporary sedimentary sequences indicate a low rate for the extrusive volcanism, as well as a significant participation of it as sills and dykes emplaced in superficial levels, at the same time that an important rate of clastic sedimentation from cratonic areas.
		Episodes of an explosive acid intermitent volcanism are later registered near erosive periods of an arc located to the west, revealed in the important volcaniclastic contribution in sandy levels as well as in debris-flows.
	www.unt.edu.ar /fcsnat/INSUGEO/geologia_16/19-Coira.htm (6458 words)

	Tectonics and Volcanoes of Japan
		The Northeast Honshu Arc and the Kurile Arc trend to the northeast.
		The Southwest Honshu Arc and the Ryukyu Arc trend to the south west.
		Pyroclastic flows, one of the deadliest volcanic hazards, have occurred at 28% of Japan's eruptions.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/volc_images/north_asia/japan_tec.html (486 words)

	Tectonic Evolution of the Northern New England Fold Belt: a progress report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Camboon Volcanics consists of a lower bimodal mafic lava/felsic ignimbrite unit and an upper terrestrial andesitic sequence from which a K/Ar age on plagioclase of 282.8±5 Ma was obtained at the top of the sequence (Jones et al., op cit.).
		The Early Permian units of the Gympie Block (Highbury Volcanics, Rammutt Fm) are dominated by basaltic and andesitic volcanics and volcaniclastics, an association quite distinct in character from the mud-matrix conglomerate-bearing units of the Marumba and Cambroon Beds.
		Volcanism was interpreted to have ceased during the Late Carboniferous, coincident with the intrusion of voluminous granite batholiths, and sedimentation limited to relatively quartz-rich sediments on the shelf and slope.
	www.earthsciences.uq.edu.au /~rodh/publications/NefbC_P.html (9350 words)

	Wilson Cycle-Stage E: Volcanic Arc Mountain Building
		The location of the volcano is called the volcanic front (in three dimensions it is a string of volcanoes all rising above the subduction zone).
		The area on the trench side of the volcanic front is the forearc, and the area on the back side of the volcanic front is the backarc.
		Notice that the ocean basin to the west of the volcanic arc is trapped between the divergent continental margin and the subduction zone.
	csmres.jmu.edu /geollab/Fichter/Wilson/StageE.html (1464 words)

	Raabs Unit: Evidences for the presence of a volcanic arc.......
		This characteristic signature of subduction related basalts is mainly due to the crustal contamination affecting the magmatism in a volcanic arc in both ocean arcs and continental margins.
		This volcanic arc genesis is also supported by other chemical ratios, as seen in the diagram Nb/Zr Th/Zr by Beccaluva et al (1984, Fig.7).
		So the possible presence of a calc-alkaline volcanic arc cannot be neglected during a discussion about the origin of the Raabs unit.
	www.geocities.com /tarek_y_nasr/raabs.htm (2558 words)

	Untitled Document
		Surprisingly, the possibility that the Loyalty Islands mark the line of the volcanic arc to a New Caledonia forearc is suggested in neither paper, and the models proposed involve former subduction beneath the SW coast of New Caledonia rather than immediately beneath the ophiolite.
		During the rifting phase, the volcanic arc of the collided terrane (the NBFA Terrane) is assumed to have separated from the forearc, which remained attached to the New Guinea margin as the PUB and Marum complexes.
		The ocean basin has been eliminated and the fomer volcanic arc and forearc have been restored to roughly their previous relative positions, but are separated by an accretionary complex rather than by a forearc basin.
	www.es.ucl.ac.uk /people/milsom/ophio.htm (4479 words)

	Accreted Terrane
		The volcanic arc terranes are similar to the accreted island-arc terranes termed Wrangellia that lie between Alaska and Vancouver Island.
		The Flysch is situated between the volcanic arc and the oceanic crust terrane and is believed to have been compressed against the arc by the oceanic terrane.
		The oceanic terrane and the volcanic arc terrane were sutured in Late Triassic and Early Jurassic time and the Flysch derived from the volcanism was deposited along the suture.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/geo/accreted/attext/atmain.htm (1000 words)

	Eastern Aleutian Volcanic Arc Digital Model - Version 1.0
		Geometry of volcanic arc relative to trench and deep slab.
		The eastern Aleutian arc extends approximately 1,000 km from Unimak Pass on the west to the vicinity of Spurr Volcano on the east (Figure 4).
		All the rupture zones of the eastern Aleutian arc west of Kodiak Island are considered to be seismic "gaps" (according to Nishenko and Jacob, 1990) because they have historic records of great earthquakes, yet have not experienced great earthquakes in the last 3 decades.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2000/ofr-00-0365/report.htm (4212 words)

	Cocos Plate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Central American arc is a continuous range of volcanoes running from northwest to southeast through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
		These volcanoes lie parallel to, and approximately 100 km to the east of, the plate boundary between the Cocos and Caribbean plates.
		Beginning in Costa Rica, the goal of this and subsequent expeditions is to sample the entire arc through all five countries.
	sio.ucsd.edu /volcano/expedition/cocos.html (79 words)

	PACRIM 1995 abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Alteration of "footwall" volcanics involves volume expansion, and this causes repeated stretching and disruption of the manganiferous crusts formed where diffuse low-temperature hydrothermal fluids debouch onto the seafloor.
		However, PACMANUS is associated with almost sediment-free dacites and lies on the crest of a volcanic ridge, whereas Jade occurs in a heavily-sedimented tectonic depression associated with a basement of pumiceous rhyolite.
		PACMANUS is associated with almost sediment-free dacitic lavas and hyaloclastites on the crest of an elongate volcanic ridge, whereas Jade occurs in a heavily-sedimented tectonic depression with an apparent basement of pumiceous rhyolite.
	www.syd.dem.csiro.au /research/hydrothermal/jo/abstracts/PACRIM.htm (5529 words)

	Frosty - Bibliography
		Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards)."
		Brophy, J. G., 1986, The Cold Bay volcanic center, Aleutian volcanic arc: 1, Implications for the origin of Hi-alumina arc basalt: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.
		The curving chain of volcanoes from Kiska Island near the western end of the Aleutian Islands to Mt. Spurr on the mainland constitutes one of the Pacific volcanic arcs.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/volcbib.php?volcname=Frosty&sort=author (2860 words)

	Aegean volcanic Arc, Greece - John Seach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Aegean volcanic Arc is caused by the subduction of the
		A submarine crustal swell that extends from the Ionian Sea to Cyprus and parallels the Hellenic trench.
		The volcanic arc consists of several volcanic islands and includes andesitic active volcanoes (Methana, Santorini, Nisyros) and solfatara fields.
	www.volcanolive.com /aegean.html (104 words)

	Pagan, Northern Marianas, a Close-Up Look at an Active Volcano
		Pagan is a volcanic island located 173 nautical miles north of Saipan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas.
		Closest to the trench is the inactive frontal arc, which runs north from Guam to Medinilla, and then continues underwater in a series of seamounts.
		To the west runs the active volcanic arc, going from Farallon de Pajaros in the north to Anatahan in the south, where the chain passes underwater.
	www.heptune.com /pagan.html (1158 words)

	Growth and modification of volcanic arc islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Volcanic islands and seamounts grow into irregular shapes because of eruption along radiating volcanic rift zones, caldera collapse, slope failure, coalescence of adjacent volcanoes and marine and subaerial erosion.
		The South Sandwich arc is seismically highly non-uniform, with much higher incidence of seismicity in the north where the underlying slab is tearing as it descends into the trench.
		The morphological characteristics of arc islands and submarine volcanoes could differ from those created by hotspots because of differing magma characteristics and because of effects of different regional seismicity on landsliding.
	www.ocean.cf.ac.uk /people/neil/sandwich.html (344 words)

	NicLakes
		Oblique subduction along the Pacific margin of Central America causes the forearc terrane to move slowly northwest, parallel to the margin and the volcanic arc.
		This motion, relative to the interior of the Caribbean plate, is accommodated by faulting in the low-lying Nicaragua depression, but because of very active volcanism and large lakes that cover much of this area the tectonic nature of this deformation zone is poorly known.
		Geodetic, earthquake, and geologic structure analyses all indicate that oblique convergence is commonly partitioned into an arc-normal component, accommodated by interactions of the subducting plate and the forearc, and an arc-parallel component, which may be absorbed by deformation in the forearc, backarc, or concentrated along the arc.
	www.ig.utexas.edu /research/projects/NicLakes (951 words)

	Book: The South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc: Geology Department, University of Otago, New Zealand
		A west-east traverse along the magmatism of the South Aegean volcanic arc in the light of volcanological, chemical and isotope data (L. Francalanci et al.).
		Volcanic hazards in the Aegean area, relative risk evaluation and monitoring state of the active volcanic centers (G.E. Vougioukalakis, M. Fytikas).
		Investigation of non-pristine volcanic structures acting as probable hosts to epithermal gold mineralization in the back arc region of the active Aegean Arc, used combined satellite imagery and field data: examples from Lesvos volcanic terrain (C. Vamvoukakiset al.).
	www.otago.ac.nz /geology/cvs/book-aegeanarc.html (414 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cenozoic era (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia
		In the late Cenozoic, the Cascade Range of volcanoes extended from southern British Columbia to N California, and represented a new volcanic arc superimposed on older structures.
		The volcanic arc is still periodically active today.
		Following the disturbances of the late Mesozoic era, the geography of North America had by the beginning of the Cenozoic attained substantially its present form.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cenozoic.html (493 words)

	Atka - Bibliography
		"Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and substantial damage to aircraft and equipment.
		The phrase "suspected volcanic activity", used to characterize several responses, is an eruption report or report of unusual activity that is subsequently determined to be normal or enhanced fumarolic activity, weather-related phenomena, or a non-volcanic event."
		Atka sits atop the Aleutian Ridge, an ensimatic volcanic archipelago that separates Pacific oceanic crust south of the ridge from older oceanic crust north of the ridge that forms the floor of the deep Bering Sea.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/volcbib.php?volcname=Atka&sort=date (5921 words)

	Augustine - Bibliography
		Volcanism has built some of the world's greatest mountain ranges, covered vast regions with lava (molten rock at the Earth's surface), and triggered explosive eruptions whose size and power are nearly impossible for us to imagine today.
		Heiken, G. H., 1994, Volcanic ash: what is it and how it forms: in Casadevall, T. J., (ed.), Volcanic ash and aviation safety: proceedings of the First international symposium on Volcanic ash and aviation safety, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 2047, p.
		McNutt, S. R., 1994, Volcanic tremor amplitude correlated with eruption explosivity and its potential use in determining ash hazards to aviation: in Casadevall, T. J., (ed.), Volcanic ash and aviation safety: proceedings of the First international symposium on Volcanic ash and aviation safety, U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin B 2047, p.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /volcanoes/volcbib.php?volcname=Augustine (8821 words)

	Digitale Hochschulschriften der LMU - Magmatic dyke systems of the South Shetland Islands volcanic arc (West ...
		Magmatic dykes are essential elements of such arcs and intrude along zones of instability.
		In contrast to other hypabyssal intrusions and the effusive products of arc activity, dykes do not only reflect the geochemical characteristics of their magma source but also the tectonic parameters at the time of their emplacement.
		Besides the continental crust underlying the South Shetland Islands, partial melts from the subducted sediments, fluids derived from the subducting plate and a depleted, heterogeneous mantle wedge contributed to arc magma genesis.
	edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de /archive/00003827 (615 words)

	North Cascades Geology: Traces of the Last Volcanic Arc
		Mount Baker is one of the youngest members of the Cascade Volcanic Arc.
		In describing the rocks generated by the arc, we tend to be overawed by the amounts of volcanic material making up the mountainsides.
		Keeping in mind that all the arc rocks mentioned, rocks of both the volcanoes and their plutonic roots, were generated over a time span of 35 million years, the amount produced in any one hundred year period or even a thousand year period is not so much.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/usgsnps/noca/nocageol8b.html (641 words)

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