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Topic: Volcanic ashes

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Except for the volcanic region around Naples, farming in southern Italy is exceedingly difficult because limestone forms the basement rock and the soil is generally quite poor.
		Volcanic loams have developed on older (4,000 and 40,000 years old) volcanic ash deposits of the Waikato and Bay of Plenty regions.
		Volcanic rocks make some of the best soils on earth because they not only have a wide variety of common elements the rock and are readily chemically separated into elemental components.
	volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu /soil.htm (533 words)

	ASHES - Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame.
		{In dust and ashes}, {In sackcloth and ashes}, with humble expression of grief or repentance; -- from the method of mourning in Eastern lands.
		{Volcanic ashes}, or {Volcanic ash}, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/ashes (142 words)

	Alaska Volcano Observatory - Staff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prehistoric eruptions have generated plumes of volcanic ash, pyroclastic flows, and lahars that extended to the volcano flanks and beyond.
		The number and distribution of known volcanic ash deposits from Iliamna Volcano indicate that volcanic ash clouds from prehistoric eruptions were significantly less voluminous and probably less common relative to ash clouds generated by eruptions of other Cook Inlet volcanoes.
		Plumes of volcanic ash from Iliamna Volcano would be a major hazard to jet aircraft using Anchorage International Airport and other local airports, and depending on wind direction, could drift at least as far as the Kenai Peninsula and beyond.
	www.avo.alaska.edu /about/staff.php?dirid=18 (5553 words)

	Physiography (1881)
		Volcanic ashes are, in fact, nothing but fragments of lava, or partially-fused rocky matter.
		The pile of volcanic matter forming this isle must have been upwards of 800 feet high, for the highest part of the island was 200 feet above water; while the circumference of the mass of land was nearly three miles.
		There the traveller may see hundreds of volcanic cones, known locally as "puys," still preserving their characteristic shape, in spite of long exposure; there, too, are the streams of lava just as they flowed from the craters, or burst through the sides of the cones (Fig.
	aleph0.clarku.edu /huxley/Book/PhysioG.html (9764 words)

	CVO Menu - America's Volcanic Past - Idaho
		Volcanic rocks range in composition from basaltic rocks that are dense, fine grained, dark colored, and contain large quantities of iron and manganese to silicic volcanic rocks that generally are coarse grained, light colored, and contain large quantities of silica.
		This type of volcanic activity is characterized by extrusion of lavas from fissures or vents that is relatively quiet in comparison with highly explosive eruptions such as the 1980 Mount Saint Helens eruption.
		It is the radioactive elements such as potassium 40 in the volcanic ashes that allowed scientists to determine the age of the fossils by measuring the rate at which one radioactive element breaks down into another.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_idaho.html (5697 words)

	volcanic ashes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Not all volcanic dust is not glassy, but I suspect most that comes from magma is. At least the stuff I've seen has been.
		Jo suspects that there are volcanic ashes which are not glassy.
		I suspect there are volcanic ashes which are not glassy, as well.
	www.totalblowhole.com /new-1878623-4330.html (2967 words)

	Monte Vesuvio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Romans, however, were entirely ignorant of the link between earthquakes and volcanism, and grew used to them; the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that they "were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania." This complacancy proved fatal for many on August 24, 79, when the mountain erupted spectacularly.
		By this time, there was so much ash in the air that the party could barely see through the murk and needed toches and lanterns to find their way.
		Around 2,000 people are believed to have died in the town, the vast majority as the result of suffocation by volcanic ashes and gases.
	www.vulcanit.com /mount-vesuvius.htm (1317 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The principal cone of Mount Etna was ascended in 1834 by Messrs.
		The volcanic activity of this island was renewed in August 1824, when there was formed, near the port of Rescif, a new crater, which vomited forth such quantities of stones, ashes, and other volcanic matters, that in the short space of twenty-four hours they formed a hill of considerable height.
		In Java the day was darkened by clouds of ashes, thrown from the mountain to that great distance (three hundred miles), and the houses, streets, and fields, were covered to the depth of several inches with the ashes that fell from the air.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/etext04/wndnt10.txt (22763 words)

	IndiaDaily - Early signs of mega volcano in Sumatra very close to where the Tsunami happened - it can be devastating to ...
		Volcanic ashes have made thousands of people in Sumatra flea the active volcanic regions that are experiencing harmonic tremor and some solid signs of an eminent mega volcano in that region soon.
		The recent volcanic activities with the accompanying harmonic tremor since last week is alarming and is making many geologists run towards their computer model for finding clues and validation of facts.
		The volcanic activities in the regions in the past week may be signaling an eminent mega volcano a sort of repeat of what happened 74,000 years back.
	www.indiadaily.com /editorial/2350.asp (594 words)

	Volcanic ash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Volcanic ash is rock particles less than 0.25 inch across from a volcanic vent.
		The ejection of large quantities of ash produce an ash cone.
		A layer of volcanic ash tends become cemented together (see pozzulana) to form firm rock called tuff (pronounced "toof").
	www.freeglossary.com /Volcanic_ash (250 words)

	Historical perspective for Edinburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The general character of these volcanic ashes is different from the coarse agglomerate which now forms the higher part of the hill, and which was ejected at a much later date.
		The contemporaneous volcanic rocks of Arthur's Seat are truncated on the N side by an E and W fault-an offshoot from the main dislocation trending from Craiglockhart by the Castle to the NW slope of Calton Hill.
		The coarse ash is admirably displayed in the Queen's Drive, where the blocks are extremely large, from an examination of which it is evident that they have been derived from the older rocks of the hill.
	www.geo.ed.ac.uk /scotgaz/towns/townhistory337.html (8038 words)

	Conference Center
		The composition and shape of volcanic ashes may be used to interpret physical properties of erupting magma and its volatile content.
		The ash from Johnston Ridge Observatory was probably deposited from the mudflow or the debris avalanche that moved north towards Johnston Ridge Observatory during the eruption.
		Ash fell at least 3 more times in Yakima and air traffic was diverted on more than one occasion (ash can clog aircraft engines and potentially cause the aircraft to crash - more than one instance of engine failure from volcanic ash causing a scare).
	www.spring.net /yapp-bin/public/read/Geo/70 (19613 words)

	Iceland
		Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area.
		In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island.
		Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms.
	www.ovayonda.biz /lodging/country/is.html (709 words)

	Miscellaneous Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Was volcanism the killing mechanism that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs?
		I recently heard a news report that the volcanic eruption on Montserrat is expected to be the largest of this century.
		Did the massive volcanic eruptions of the Deccan Trops in India cause the extinction of the dinosaurs, or was it a meteor impact on the Yucatan Peninsula?
	volcano.und.edu /vwdocs/frequent_questions/group13_new.html (10687 words)

	Volcanic ash \| TutorGig.co.uk Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		[1913 Webster] Note: Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash-grey, ash-colored, pearlash, potash.
		[1913 Webster] The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame.
		[1913 Webster] In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; -- from the method of mourning in Eastern lands.
	www.tutorgig.co.uk /dict.jsp?keywords=Volcanic+ash (363 words)

	PETROLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The volcanic rocks of Tacaná are calc-alkalic, typical for Central America.
		Airfall ash from La Haciendita is nearly compositionally identical to the Tacaná lavas.
		Mercado and Rose (1991) conclude that Tacaná's recent eruptives (lava and ashes) are dominantly silicic calc-alkalic andesites with normative quartz.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/tacana/petro3.html (385 words)

	Cassini and Galileo spacecraft analyse volcanic ashes at Jupiter \| SpaceRef Canada - Your Daily Source of Canadian ...
		Cassini and Galileo spacecraft analyse volcanic ashes at Jupiter
		Cassini and Galileo spacecraft analyse volcanic ashes at Jupiter
		"The volcanic ash particles released from Io are accelerated to speeds of 300 km/sec by Jupiter's magnetic field," said Prof.
	www.spaceref.ca /news/viewpr.html?pid=3536 (1243 words)

	clayart - thread 'for those who haven't tried mel's volcanic ash glaze' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		already know -- not all volcanic ashes are alike.
		>volcanic alone is a decent cone 11 glaze.
		I have some Volcanic ash that I got from Piedmont before they sold to
	www.potters.org /subject30067.htm (454 words)

	ashes from On-line Medical Dictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		"Their martyred blood and ashes sow." (Milton) "The coffins were broken open.
		The ashes were scattered to the winds." (Macaulay)
		"The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame." (Byron) In dust and ashes, In sackcloth and ashes, with humble expression of grief or repentance; from the method of mourning in Eastern lands.
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cgi-bin/omd?query=ashes&action=Search+OMD (135 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Resulting changes in pore-water chemistry modify carbonate equilibria, causing the precipitation of calcite and dolomite, while the dissolution of biogenic silica and volcanic glasses lead to new silicate minerals, principally smectites and zeolites.
		VICAP Sites 953 through 956 demonstrated that compositional evolution, growth, and mass wasting of an ocean island is reflected in the sediments of the adjacent volcaniclastic apron; all major volcanic and nonvolcanic phases of Gran Canaria were recognized in the ages, compositions, physical properties of sediments, and the geophysical logs.
		Middle Miocene felsic volcanics overlying the shield stage at Sites 953, 955, and 956 include the submarine facies of ignimbrite P1, which marks the beginning of explosive volcanism on Gran Canaria at 14.1 Ma.
	www.ga.gov.au /odp/sciops/Leg_Summaries/Legs_141-158/Leg157.html (474 words)

	Landscapes of Lanzarote
		wide extensions of fl ashes at the foot of a uniquely bizarre mountain.
		in this spectacular landscape with thousands of small volcanic craters you can see some of the world's most unusual vineyards: in small pits filled with volcanic ashes and surrounded by stonewalls are growing the grapes of Canary Islands' most famous wine, Malvasía.
		a volcanic crater flooded by the sea, emerald green water contrasting with fl sand.
	www.red2000.com /spain/canarias/lanzarot/tour.html (363 words)

	Atlantis, the Antediluvian World: Part II: Chapter VI: Some Consideration of the Deluge Legends.
		This is, in fact, the composition of the volcanic mud thrown up by the soufrières at Watton Waven and in the Boiling Lake country, and it is found in solution as well in the lake water.
		The Pointe Mulâtre River suddenly began to run volcanic mud and water; then the mud predominated, and almost buried the stream under its weight, and the odor of sulphur in the air became positively oppressive.
		It is probable that the ships of the Atlanteans, when they returned after the tempest to look for their country, found the sea impassable from the masses of volcanic ashes and pumice.
	www.sacred-texts.com /atl/ataw/ataw206.htm (2070 words)

	clayart - thread 'iron, vol ash, magnets' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		in the volcanic ash, either all of it would stick to the magnet or none
		It wouldn't separate the iron from the rest of the ash.
		of some of the minerals in the ash, and consequently not magnetic.
	www.potters.org /subject30079.htm (281 words)

	NYS Museum Press Release - Volcanic Ash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The scientists will focus on the evolution of animals in a time interval known as the Early to Middle Cambrian periods.
		They will examine ancient volcanic ashes to determine high precision uranium-lead ages.
		They will be able to quantify rates of evolutionary change in fossil marine animals.
	www.nysm.nysed.gov /press/archive/preash.html (381 words)

	Central American Volcanism
		Rose, W.I., T.J. Bornhorst and J.W. Drexler, 1982, Preliminary correlation of Quaternary volcanic ashes, Mid-America trench off Guatemala, Initial Reports of DSDP, Leg 67, 493-495.
		Ford, A., and W. Rose, 1995, Volcanic ash in ancient maya ceramics of the limestone lowlands: implications for prehistoric volcanic activity in the Guatemalan Highlands and/or Chiapas, J.
		Rose, W I, F M Conway, C R Pullinger, A Deino and W C McIntosh, 1999, A more precise age framework for late Quaternary silicic eruptions in northern Central America, Bulletin of Volcanology, 61:106-120.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /~raman/CAVolc.html (249 words)

	HyperWar: USMC Operations in WWII: Vol IV--Western Pacific Operations [Chapter VI-1]
		The area between the northern base of Suribachi and the dome-shaped northern plateau is covered by a deep layer of fl, volcanic ash so soft and so much subject to drifting that even walking becomes a problem.
		Yet the island was destined to witness one of the epic amphibious assaults of World War II, followed by a month-long running battle that cost the assault force heavily in men and equipment and at the same time resulted in the complete destruction of the enemy garrison.
		The Japanese were quick to discover that the fl volcanic ash that existed in abundance all over the island could be converted into concrete of superior quality when mixed with cement.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-VI-1.html (7837 words)

	GEMOC publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Thermal state of the lithosphere beneath Central Mongolia: evidence from deep-seated xenoliths from the Shavaryn-Saram volcanic centre in the Tariat depression, Hangai, Mongolia Lithos, 36, 243-255.
		Teale, G.S., Flood, R.H. and Shaw, S.E. A Devonian cordierite-bearing volcanic pebble from the Cretaceous Bulldog Shale, South Australia.
		Cao, L.-Q., Arculus, R.J. and McKelvey, B.C. Geochemistry of volcanic ashes recovered from Hole 887A.
	www.es.mq.edu.au /GEMOC/annrep2003/Public03.htm (9536 words)

	Basketball (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Volcanic Seismology (Iavcei Proceedings in Volcanology, Vol 3)
		Volcanic Rocks of the Ross Archipelago (British Antartic "Terra Nova" Expedition 1910)
		Volcanic constructs on Ganymede and Enceladus topographic evidence from stereo images and photoclinometry (SuDoc NAS 1.26:205163)
	www.mainseek.com /AMZ_1-Basketball.html (358 words)

	Stanley Ambrose
		We are investigating the chronology of the Middle Stone Age (MSA) by dating volcanic ashes in archaeological sites in the Kenya Rift Valley.
		Several sites document the Acheulean to MSA, and MSA to LSA transitions.
		"Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and the differentiation of modern humans." Journal of Human Evolution 34: 623-651.
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/ambrose (611 words)

	Miscellaneous Questions
		Do you know the adress of "Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research" and "Bull.
		What percentage of the Earth's crust was formed by volcanic activity?
		Do magnetic anomalies give any useful indication of future volcanic eruptions or earthquakes?
	www.volcanoworld.org /vwdocs/frequent_questions/group13_new.html (10687 words)

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