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Topic: Volcanic eruptions

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	Epic Disasters - World's Deadliest Volcanic Eruptions
		The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide: 1816 became known as the "year without a summer" because of the volcanic ash in the atmosphere that lowered worldwide temperatures.
		Thought to be dormant, Mt. Pelee began a series of eruptions on April 25, 1902.
		The eruption of Mt. Unzen was followed by an earthquake, which collapsed the east flank of the dome.
	www.epicdisasters.com /worstvolcanoes.php (559 words)

	Volcanic eruptions and climate
		Volcanic eruptions are an important natural cause of climate change on many timescales.
		The volcanic aerosols also serve as surfaces for heterogeneous chemical reactions that destroy stratospheric ozone, which lowers ultraviolet absorption and reduces the radiative heating in the lower stratosphere, but the net effect is still heating.
		Citation: Robock, A. Volcanic eruptions and climate, Rev.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2000/1998RG000054.shtml (488 words)

	SVE - Volcano News
		The broad volcanic massif is cut by a large horseshoe-shaped summit caldera, ~6 km in diameter and 600 m deep, that was breached to the W during a slope failure ~50,000 years ago.
		Due to the heightened volcanic activity, the exclusion zone was increased from a 6.5-km radius to a 7.5-km radius and restrictions to access remained within a radius of 11.5 km from the volcano's summit.
		Eruption phreatomagmatic (mixture of the magma with superficial or subterranean water) or magmatic: the explosions of gas go accompanied with the exit of lava in the shape of fragments (ash, lapilli, blocks and volcanic bombs according to their size in which they solidify in their traveled through by the air.
	www.sveurop.org /gb/news/news.htm (17273 words)

	Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions
		Since volcanic eruptions are caused by magma (a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and dissolved gas) expelled onto the Earth's surface, we must first discuss the characteristics of magma and how magmas form in the Earth.
		That is the behavior of the eruption is continually changing throughout the course of the eruption.
		Eruption columns produce wide-spread fall deposits with thickness decreasing away from the vent, and exhibit eruption column collapse to produce pyroclastic flows.
	www.tulane.edu /~sanelson/geol204/volcan&magma.htm (2255 words)

	Volcanic eruption - How does a volcano erupt?
		Volcanic eruptions above these lithospheric plates are driven by the ascent of magma (molten rock) from deep beneath the surface.
		Volcanic eruptions range from relatively calm, non-violent extrusion of lava flows on the earth's surface to the highly explosive, with violent ejection of fragmented volcanic debris (called tephra) as high as 80 or 90 kilometres above the volcano.
		One of the factors underlying the type of eruption is the composition of the magma (molten rock) underlying the volcano.
	www.scenta.co.uk /nature/volcanoes/volcanic_eruptions.cfm (472 words)

	Volcanoes
		Explosive volcanic eruptions can inject large quantities of dust and sulphur dioxide, in gaseous form, to an altitude of over 10 miles into the atmosphere (the stratosphere), where the sulphur dioxide is rapidly converted into secondary sulphuric acid aerosols.
		Whereas volcanic pollution from smaller eruptions, ejected only a few miles into the atmosphere, is removed within days by rain, the volcanic dust and aerosols in the stratosphere may remain for up to two years, gradually spreading over much of the globe by winds.
		Volcanic pollution results in a 5 to 10% reduction in direct sunlight, largely through scattering as a result of the highly reflective sulphuric acid aerosols.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Climate_Change/Older/Volcanoes.html (343 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Volcanic Activity Reports \| SI / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
		Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea.
		Long-term small-to-moderate ash eruptions beginning in that year were later accompanied by lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows that forced evacuation of the southern half of the island and ultimately destroyed the capital city of Plymouth, causing major social and economic disruption.
		During the 1980 eruption the upper 400 m of the summit was removed by slope failure, leaving a 2 x 3.5 km horseshoe-shaped crater now partially filled by a lava dome.
	www.volcano.si.edu /reports/usgs (3547 words)

	How Asteroids Trigger Volcanos
		One long-supposed incendiary side-effect is enhanced volcanic activity, which can make life pretty miserable for survivors who find themselves on or near the flanks of a newborn plume of molten rock.
		During nine of the 10 peaks, volcanic activity also peaked, as measured by evidence of magma from deep inside Earth, in the mantle, flowing to the surface.
		The volcanic activity is most likely a tertiary effect, Abbott and Isley figure, resulting from the massive earthquakes triggered by the impact.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/asteroids_volcanoes_030204-1.html (1031 words)

	Plume Eruptions - Io: Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon
		Material ejected during the eruption returns to the surface and the recycling process is repeated.
		An enormous plume eruption was detected during the August, 2001 flyby from a previously undiscovered volcano.
		Particles from the eruption detected by Galileo's plasma science instrument were found to be snowflakes composed of sulfur dioxide molecules.
	www.planetaryexploration.net /jupiter/io/plume_eruptions.html (575 words)

	Smithsonian Institution - Global Volcanism Program: Worldwide Holocene Volcano and Eruption Information
		CVGHM raised the Alert Level to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) for Krakatau on 26 October due to the presence of multiple gray plumes from Anak Krakatau and an increase in seismicity during 23-26 October.
		Slight inflation of a volcanic edifice commonly occurs prior to eruptions.
		The Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program seeks better understanding of all volcanoes through documenting their eruptions — small as well as large — during the past 10,000 years.
	www.volcano.si.edu (247 words)

	Volcanoes, volcanoe pictures, volcanic eruptions trivia information
		Their shapes are determined by the explosivity of the eruptions and to the amount of water in the magma.
		The type of volcanic eruption Is often labeled with the name of a well-known volcano where characteristic behavior is similar--hence the use of such terms as "Strombolian," "Vulcanian," "Vesuvian," "Pelean," "Hawaiian," and others.
		The May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in the Cascade Range of Washington State happened after more than 100 years of dormancy (a time when the volcano was "asleep.") When the volcano erupted, it took the lives of 58 people and caused $1.2 billion in damage.
	www.indianchild.com /volcanoes.htm (1063 words)

	Peninsulas Emergency Preparedness Committee - Volcanic Eruptions in the Cascades
		The distribution of these volcanic peaks in a broad band that roughly parallels the coastline is typical of the so-called “Ring of Fire,” a roughly circular array of volcanoes located on islands, peninsulas, and the margins of continents that rim the Pacific Ocean.
		A series of intermittent eruptions of steam and volcanic ash beginning in May 1914 and lasting until 1921 climaxed, during the 4 days from May 19 to 22, 1915, in a series of violent events comprising small lava flows, massive lava-triggered mudflows, and explosive eruptions of ash.
		Although new fumaroles were formed and minor amounts of "volcanic dust" and sulfur were emitted, "the greatest undesirable natural results" that were observed at Mount Baker were "an increase in local atmospheric pollution and a decrease in the quality of some local water resources" (Bortleson and others, 1977, p.B1).
	www.pep-c.org /volcaniceruptions (647 words)

	Global Warming Facts and Our Future - Causes of Change - Volcanic Eruptions
		A volcanic eruption may send ash and sulfate gas high into the atmosphere.
		A massive volcanic eruption can cool the Earth for one or two years.
		A volcanic eruption may send ash and sulfuric acid (SO2) into the atmosphere, which increases planetary reflectivity causing atmospheric cooling.
	www.koshland-science-museum.org /exhibitgcc/causes06.jsp (134 words)

	KINDS OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
		Mauna Ulu eruption began as a fissure eruption and evolved to a central vent.
		The main phase of the eruption is characterized by the eruption of viscous, gas-rich magma that forms vitric (glassy) ash.
		The 1886 eruption of Tarawera is a rare case of a basaltic Plinian eruption.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vwlessons/kinds/kinds.html (2836 words)

	Volcanic Eruptions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Eruptions from vents near or beyond the base of the mountains are sometimes called excentric.
		Those eruptions that occur within the summit crater are often called terminal eruptions, whereas flank eruptions near the summit are referred to as subterminal eruptions.
		Terminal and subterminal eruptions produce no marked lowering of the top of the magma conduit in the conduit, but lateral and excentric eruptions generally result in a marked lowering of the magma column and an increase in gas activity at the summit.
	www.geo.ua.edu:16080 /volcanology/lecture_notes_files/volcanic_eruptions.html (319 words)

	SWVRC-Current Eruptions (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Frequent 19th and 20th century eruptions were dominated by small-to-moderate explosions from the summit crater, with occasional lava flows and larger explosive eruptions accompanied by pyroclastic flows that have reached the lower flanks of the volcano.
		Due to the heightened volcanic activity, the exclusion zone was increased from a 6.5-km radius to a 7.5-km radius and restrictions to access remained within a radius of 11.5 km from the volcano's summit.
		Prior to a long-term eruption beginning in 1995 that caused the temporary evacuation of the city of Baños at the foot of the volcano, the last major eruption had occurred from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925.
	www.swvrc.org /cerupt.htm (8492 words)

	Volcanic Eruptions
		Volcanic ash usually is erupted into the air above the volcano and then is carried downward along with volcanic gases.
		Volcanic gases associated with active volcanoes are water vapor, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, helium, carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid.
		Volcanic landslides are not always associated with eruptions; heavy rainfall or a large earthquake can trigger landslides on steep volcanic slopes.
	www.uidaho.edu /bae/disaster/volcano/volcano.html (789 words)

	EO DAAC Study: Volcanoes and Climate Change
		Volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.
		Major eruptions alter the Earth's radiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of the incoming solar radiation, an effect known as "radiative forcing" that can last from two to three years following a volcanic eruption.
		By understanding the impact of large volcanic eruptions on Earth's climate system in more detail, perhaps scientists will be in a better position to suggest measures to lessen their effects on people and natural resources.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Study/Volcano (1084 words)

	Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions — Infoplease.com
		Haze from eruption resulted in loss of island's livestock and widespread crop failure; 9,350 deaths, mostly due to starvation.
		Volcanic park: some of the world's largest volcanic eruptions have blasted Yellowstone National Park.
		Volcanic Catastrophe-in-waiting is redefining big bang theory: volcanologists are watching ancient calderas for signs of life - and......
	www.infoplease.com /ipa/A0001439.html (1853 words)

	Vic Camp - volcano climate effects
		Fortunately, volcanic particles will settle out of the stratosphere in two or three years, so that the effects of volcanic eruptions on ozone depletion are short lived.
		Volcanic eruptions enhance the haze effect to a greater extent than the greenhouse effect, and thus they can lower mean global temperatures.
		It was thought for many years that the greatest volcanic contribution of the haze effect was from the suspended ash particles in the upper atmosphere that would block out solar radiation.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/climate_effects.html (1456 words)

	Volcanic eruptions found to poke holes in ozone layer
		Volcanic eruptions destroy ozone and create ‘mini-ozone holes’, according to two new studies by researchers at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford.
		For the first time, analysing data from a 2000 eruption of the Hekla volcano, Iceland, the researchers discovered that volcanic gases may also lead to the formation of ice and nitric acid particles.
		Dr Millard said: 'We have shown for the first time that volcanic eruptions which penetrate the stratosphere can lead to the formation of the type of clouds that promote reactions with volcanic chlorine gases - gases that destroy stratospheric ozone and lead to the formation of "mini-ozone holes".
	www.physorg.com /news82218196.html (559 words)

	Types of Volcanic Eruptions — FactMonster.com
		” (glowing cloud) eruption, such as occurred on the Mayon Volcano in the Philippines in 1968, a large quantity of gas, dust, ash, and incandescent lava fragments are blown out of a central crater, fall back, and form tongue-like, glowing avalanches that move downslope at velocities as great as 100 miles per hour.
		eruptions may occur along fissures or fractures that serve as linear vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii in 1950; or they may occur at a central vent such as during the 1959 eruption in Kilauea Iki Crater of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii.
		Volcanic Eruptions - Volcanic Eruptions A volcanic eruption occurs when molten rock, ash and steam pour through a vent...
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0862601.html (619 words)

	Steam Explosions, Quakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What’s in Yellowstone’s Future? \| USGS Fact Sheet ...
		Eruptions of rhyolite have been responsible for forming many of the world’s calderas, such as those at Katmai National Park, Alaska, which formed in an eruption in 1912, and at Long Valley, California.
		Since its last cataclysmic volcanic eruption 640,000 years ago, the Yellowstone region has had about 40 eruptions of slow-moving lava flows of rhyolite (a variety of molten rock that is thick and sticky).
		Eruptions of the Yellowstone volcanic system have included the two largest volcanic eruptions in North America in the past few million years; the third largest was at Long Valley in California and produced the Bishop ash bed.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2005/3024 (3852 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Future volcanic eruptions may cause Arctic ozone hole
		The 1991 Pinatubo eruption was sulfur-rich, producing volcanic clouds that lasted a number of years in the stratosphere.
		Following eruptions, volcanic sulfuric acid clouds would greatly add to the ozone-destroying power of polar stratospheric clouds, researchers said.
		Computer simulations have shown that the early and rapid growth of the Antarctic ozone hole in the early 1980s may have been influenced in part by a number of large volcanic eruptions, she added.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /news/n0203/05volcano (1297 words)

	PSR Discoveries: Explosive Volcanic Eruptions on the Moon
		Because the core represents the inverted stratigraphy at depth, the eruption that produced the beads must have begun with rapid cooling in the volcanic plume to form the orange glasses.
		Simple ballistic calculations indicate that the volcanic plume that emplaced the deposit may have been 40 km in height and resembled the umbrella-shaped plumes on Io rather than the fire fountains in Hawaii.
		The Clementine multispectral data also indicate that the DMD is composed of volcanic glasses rather than crystallized beads, indicating that the beads cooled very quickly in the volcanic plume.
	www.psrd.hawaii.edu /Feb97/MoonVolcanics.html (1435 words)

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