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	CVO Website - Volcanic Pipe, Volcanic Neck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Volcanic plugs are believed to overlie a body of magma which could be either still largely liquid or completely solid depending on the state of activity of the volcano.
		These preserved rocks form crudely cylindrical masses, from which project radiating dikes; they may be visualized as the fossil remains of the innards of a volcano (the so-called "volcanic plumbing system") and are referred to as volcanic plugs or necks.
		Volcanic plugs, including diatremes, are found elsewhere in the western United States and also in Germany, South Africa, Tanzania, and Siberia.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Notes/volcanic_pipe.html (261 words)

	Volcanic pipe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volcanic pipes are subterranean geological structures formed by the violent, supersonic eruption of deep-origin volcanoes.
		Volcanic pipes are composed of a deep, narrow cone of solidified magma (described as "carrot-shaped"), and are usually largely composed of one of two characteristic rock types — kimberlite or lamproite.
		Lamproite pipes operate similarly to kimberlite pipes, except that the boiling water and volatile compounds contained in the magma act corrosively on the overlying rock, resulting in a broader cone of eviscerated rock (the ejection of this rock also forms a tuff ring, like kimberlite eruptions).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcanic_pipe (411 words)

	PALEO-GEOLOGY GLOSSARY: U-Z SET
		A volcanic sediment of rock fragments, usually glass, less than 4 millimeters in diameter that is formed when escaping gases force out a fine spray of magma.
		Volcanic ash fall: A deposit of volcanic ash resting where it was dropped by eruptions and winds.
		A mixture of volcanic ash and gases that moves downhill as a density current in the atmosphere.
	hometown.aol.com /eilatlog/glossaries/paleogloss-U-Z.html (1835 words)

	Amateur Geologist Structured Geological Glossary: Igneous Rocks
		The release of juvenile gases to the atmosphere and oceans by volcanism.
		Volcanic necks (also called plug) are usually more resistant to erosion than the material making up the surrounding cone and may remain standing as a solitary pinnacle when the rest of the original structure has eroded away.
		Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is light in color and contains 62 to 69 percent silica and moderate amounts of sodium and potassium.
	www.amateurgeologist.com /content/glossary/rock/igneous.html (4089 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms
		Dacite: Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is light in color and contains 62% to 69% silica and moderate a mounts of sodium and potassium.
		Hot Spot: A volcanic center, 60 to 120 miles (100 to 200 km) across and persistent for at least a few tens of million of years, that is thought to be the surface expression of a persistent rising plume of hot mantle material.
		Volcanic Cone: A mound of loose material that was ejected ballistically.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/glossary.html (4560 words)

	History of Diamonds
		Volcanic pipes are found below small surface volcanic craters, and contain material that was brought towards the surface during volcanic activity, yet never erupted.
		Diamonds that are brought to the Earth's surface by magma in a volcanic pipe can erode out and be dispersed over a very large area.
		A primary source of diamonds is the term used to describe a volcanic pipe containing diamonds.
	www.estatediamondjewelry.com /diamond-history.cfm (392 words)

	Appendix 7: Glossary
		Agglomerate: A course, pyroclastic deposit composed of a large proportion of fluidal-shaped volcanic bombs that are formed, in the strictest sense, by a fall deposit in the immediate vicinity of a volcanic vent.
		Volcanic craters may be formed by either explosion or collapse in the vicinityof the volcanic vent.
		Volcanic bomb: Juvenile fragments of semi-solid or plastic magma ejected during a volcanic eruption.
	www.d.umn.edu /~rmorton/ronshome/Volcanology/VolcanicGlossary.htm (8721 words)

	Argyle diamond mine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the margins of the volcanic pipe the lamproite is mixed with a volcanic breccia containing shattered wall rock fragments mixed and milled by the eruption.
		The diatreme pipe formed by explosive eruption of the lamproite magma through a zone of weakness in the continental crust.
		In addition to the pipe itself, there are a number of semi-permanent streams that have eroded away portions of the pipe and created significant alluvial deposits of diamonds.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Argyle_diamond_mine (1660 words)

	8th INTERNATIONAL KIMBERLITE CONFERENCE (8IKC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The pipe is filled predominantly with a complex mixture of extrusive volcaniclastic kimberlite displaying varying degrees of reworking and incorporation of surficial mudstone, as both lithified clasts and as dark unconsolidated fine-grained matrix material.
		The morphology and internal geology of the pipes indicate dynamic and complex eruption histories, with the interplay between the various volcanic processes probably influenced by a combination of the near-surface country rock geology and hydrogeological conditions, as well as the ascending magma.
		All higher structural levels of pipes (which are usually volumetrically more important regarding their ore reserves) within those fields are eroded, which thus also includes smaller pipes, shallow root zones and all forms of volcanic surface expressions of the kimberlites as e.g.
	www.venuewest.com /8IKC/s1post.htm (13979 words)

	Selected Igneous terms
		Volcanic avalanche: A large, chaotic mass of soil, rock, and volcanic debris moving swiftly down the slopes of a volcano.
		Volcanic cone or edifice: Used to describe the uppermost slopes and summit area of a volcano.
		Volcanic landslide: The downslope movement of soil, rock debris, and sometimes glacial ice, with or without water, from the flank of a volcano.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfjps/1300/igterms.html (2175 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms
		Dacite: Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is light in color and contains 62% to 69% silica and moderate a mounts of sodium and potassium.
		Renewed Volcanism State: Refers to a state in the evolution of a typical Hawaiian volcano during which --after a long period of quiescence--lava and tephra erupt intermittently.
		Volcanic Cone: A mound of loose material that was ejected ballistically.
	www3.sympatico.ca /compwr/family/andyweb/terms.html (4449 words)

	Vulcano
		Also, from time to time we hear of volcanic eruptions that are taking place in which huge quantities of molten lava or equally huge quantities of cinders and ash, together with enormous clouds of steam and gases are thrown out of the earth's surface.
		Volcanicity therefore includes volcanic eruptions (the formation of volcanoes and lava plateaus and geysers), and the formation of volcanic features such as batholiths, sills and dykes, etc., in the crust.
		The channel through which the lava rises is called the pipe, and the exit of the pipe, which is usually a shallow depression, is called the crater.
	library.thinkquest.org /03oct/01428/vulcano1en.html (3013 words)

	STEP Science on Saturday: Lecture Four
		Diatreme: A breccia filled volcanic pipe that was formed by a gaseous explosion.
		Hot Spot: A volcanic center, 60 to 120 miles (100 to 200 km) across and persistent for at least a few tens of million of years, that is thought to be the surface expression of a persistent rising plume of hot mantle material.
		Strombolian Eruption: A type of volcanic eruption characterized by jetting of clots or fountains of fluid basaltic lava from a central crater.
	education.llnl.gov /sos/2002/lecture4/terms.html (3654 words)

	U-Haul: Arkansas SuperGraphic
		Geological studies have revealed that the volcanic pipe known as Prairie Creek Pipe consists of lamproite breccia and was created approximately 100-million years ago.
		On the surface, the pipe is an 80-acre crater, referred to as Crater of Diamonds.
		Drill-hole data obtained from the Prairie Creek Pipe in the early 1990s revealed that approximately 78 million tons of diamond-bearing rock are present to a depth of 650 feet.
	www.uhaul.com /supergraphics/diamond/statepark3.html (453 words)

	Volcanic Vent and Pipe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A volcanic vent is an opening in a volcanic structure through which lava or gases are emitted.
		The pipe is cylinderical with a diameter of 50 m to 1 km.
		Pipes or conduits sometimes flare towards the surface.
	www.volcanolive.com /vent.html (47 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms \| Taken From Volcano World
		Basalt: Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is dark in color, contains 45 to 54 percent silica, and generally is rich in iron and magnesium.
		Dacite: Volcanic rock (or lava) that characteristically is light in color and contains 62 to 69 percent silica and moderate a mounts of sodium and potassium.
		Renewed volcanism stage: Refers to a stage in the evolution of a typical Hawaiian volcano during which, after a long period of quiescence, lava and tephra erupt intermittently.
	www.ferndale.wednet.edu /nb/facts/maps/baker/glossary.htm (4320 words)

	Volcanoes
		Volcanic eruptions are often devastating and have destroyed many lives and property throughout recorded history.
		The volcanic vent and feeder channel becomes filled with breccia to produce a structure known as a diatreme.
		These diatremes, or volcanic pipes, can be exposed as tall structures on the surface after the surrounding softer material has been eroded away.
	www.uh.edu /~geos6g/1330/volcanoes.html (840 words)

	Diamond Information Atlanta: The Story of Diamonds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		fter the molten substance in the volcanic pipe has cooled and the volcano begins to erode, the diamond-baring material, kimberlite and lamproite, in the pipe is also exposed to weathering and glacial action.
		Mining the pipes usually involves sinking vertical shafts in the rock adjacent to the pipe, then tunnels are dug from the shaft to the pipe.
		When the pipe is reached, miners blast tremendous quantities of diamondiferous (diamond-baring) rock, load it into tunnel trucks and move it to the shaft.
	www.therossjewelrycompany.com /diamonds.formation.html (2363 words)

	The Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was once thought that volcanic eruptions were the result of water moving into highly heated area of the earth.
		The diamond mines in South Africa are in volcanic pipes.
		Volcanic eruptions bring many minerals to the surface and help fertilize the land.
	www.openix.com /~johnfh3/newpage1.htm (1816 words)

	Diamond, Industrial
		It is a breccia-filled volcanic pipe of Cretaceous age, formed by a series of gaseous explosions as are several other pipes nearby.
		This volcanic pipe and some surrounding acreage became Crater of Diamonds State Park in 1972 when the State of Arkansas purchased the property for $750,000 from General Earth Minerals.
		Several nearby diamond-bearing lamproite pipes are present northeast and east of the state park on private property.
	www.state.ar.us /agc/diamond,.htm (1117 words)

	Glossary
		A breccia-filled volcanic pipe that was formed by a gaseous explosion.
		An explosive volcanic eruption that results from the interaction of surface or subsurface water and magma.
		A broad, gently sloping volcanic cone of flat domical shape, usually several tens or hundreds of square miles in extent, built chiefly of overlapping interfingering basaltic lava flows.
	serc.carleton.edu /research_education/nativelands/definitions.html (1379 words)

	Pipe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volcanic pipe, a deep, narrow cone of solidified magma
		Organ pipe, one of the tuned resonators that produces the main sound of a pipe organ
		Piping (sewing), a cord or string covered in fabric that is used for embellishment
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pipe (347 words)

	Geology Dictionary - Volcanic Ash, Bomb, Neck - GEOLOGY.COM
		Sand-sized particles of igneous rock that form when a spray of liquid magma is blown from a volcanic vent by escaping gas.
		A projectile of hot magma or rock that is blown from the vent during a volcanic eruption.
		A vertical intrusion with the geometry of a volcanic pipe.
	geology.com /dictionary/glossary-v.shtml (524 words)

	Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
		The magma chamber is connected to the crater by a pipe.
		They are mudflows that are composed primarily of volcanic ash and debris sus-pended in water.
		Often the rock in the volcanic pipe is more resistant than the surrounding rock.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /GWBlaylock/Geol1010/Chapter04.html (1954 words)

	147. St. Helier - Volcanic Pipe
		The material has been described as crinanite (Edwards, 1934), and the composition and dimensions of the outcrop indicate it is a small volcanic pipe intruded into Mesozoic sediments.
		The pipe is an important and rare exposure of igneous material of this nature.
		Further quarrying or reclamation or filling of the quarry should be permitted only on the condition that provision is made for retaining the face that displays the contact of the Mesozoic rocks and intrusive material.
	www.nre.vic.gov.au /dpi/vro/portregn.nsf/pages/port_lf_sig_sites_147 (131 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Diamond Mining
		The most common type of deposit is known as a primary deposit and usually occurs near a “pipe,” a volcanic pathway connecting Earth’s deep mantle to its surface.
		Like any other surface feature, diamond-bearing pipes are subject to natural weathering and erosion, and as the weathered and eroded material washes downhill and downstream, some of it eventually ends up in riverbeds.
		The most common and productive type of diamond mining, pipe mining, is a type of open-pit mining, and therefore involves similar mining techniques, and similar environmental stresses, as other types of open pit mining, in which large amounts of rock and materials, called overburden, are removed to allow access to the diamonds.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/1121.html (763 words)

	Chapter 7 - Fires Within: Igneous Activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The pipe connects the summit crater to the magma chamber.
		They are mudflows that are composed primarily of volcanic ash and debris suspended in water.
		Volcanic activity within a plate is thought to result from mantle plumes.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /gwblaylock/Geol1401/Chapter07.html (3273 words)

	Chapter Seventeen - The Russians are Coming
		It was a volcanic pipe mine she named "Thunder Flash." Unfortunately, however, the proportion of diamonds in the ore in Thunder Flash was not high enough for feasible production.
		It said cryptically, "I am smoking the pipe of peace." In Moscow, the prearranged code was immediately understood to mean that the geologist had discovered and tested a kimberlite pipe.
		Compared to kimberlite pipes in southern Africa, the Mirny was not an immense pipe.
	edwardjayepstein.com /diamond/chap17.htm (5062 words)

	Situation Reports: Philippines: Volcano - Feb 2000, Mayon Volcano Bulletin 29 Mar 2000
		The moderate number of recorded volcanic earthquakes is due to the readjustment the volcano is still undergoing after it erupted.
		As expected, the residual magma that remains at the whole length of the volcanic pipe and near the summit continue to release large amount of volcanic gases.
		The areas in which potentially destructive volcanic lahars may occur are lowlands fronting the Mabinit and Boyuan-Padang river channels in Legaspi City; Miisi in Daraga; Tumpa, Anoling and Quirangay channels in Camalig; Maninila channel in Guinobatan; Basud-Lidong channels in Sto.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/ACOS-64CNJH?OpenDocument (461 words)

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