
	Where results make sense

Topic: Volcanic winter

Related Topics

Year Without a Summer

Nuclear winter

Toba catastrophe theory

Little Ice Age

Mount Tambora

Porsche 997

Ice age

Krakatoa

Stratovolcano

Lake Toba

Population bottleneck

DVD ripper

Gunslinger Girl

New Granada

Breast cancer

In the News (Mon 21 Dec 09)

Northern Trust

Marvin Harrison

Peter Chernin

Gary Locke

Match Play

Penelope Cruz

Mickey Rourke

AR Rahman

Danny Boyle

Hugh Jackman

	Volcanic winter - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This, combined with the fact that most human differentiations abruptly occurred at that same period, is a probable case of bottleneck linked to volcanic winters (see Toba catastrophe theory).
		The next four years after the explosion were unusually cold, and the winter of 1888 was the first time snow fell in the area.
		Volcanic winter, Effects on life, Ancient case of volcanic winters, Recent cases of volcanic winter and See also.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Volcanic_winter (358 words)

	Global Volcanic Effects and Volcanic Winter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Volcanic eruptions can have many devastating effects on the local communities that choose to live in the dangerous areas around active volcanoes, but they can also have a devastating effect on the whole globe.
		Volcanic ash and dust particles only have short lived effects of around 3 to 6 months, while sulphur dioxide, which combines with water vapour to form sulphuric acid, stays in the atmosphere for several years, reflecting heat from the sun away from the Earth’s surface.
		It is estimated that the volcanic plume from this eruption reached heights of 27-37km.
	home.kooee.com.au /mrw/eureka/volcanic%20winter.htm (606 words)

	Volcanic Winter, and Differentiation of Modern Humans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Because the volcanic winter and instant Ice Age would have reduced populations levels low enough for founder effects, genetic drift and local adaptations to produce rapid changes in the surviving populations, causing the peoples of the world to look so different today.
		Volcanic ash from Mount Toba can be traced north-west across India, where a widespread terrestrial marker bed exists of primary and reworked airfall ash, in beds that are commonly 1 to 3, and occasionally 6 meters [18 feet] thick.
		For the volcanic aerosols to be effectively distributed around the earth, the plume from the volcanic eruptions must reach the stratosphere, a height greater than 17 kilometres.
	www.bradshawfoundation.com /evolution (878 words)

	Volcanic winter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The scales of recent winters are more modest but their effects can be significant.
		A paper written by Benjamin Franklin in 1783 blamed the unusually cool summer of 1783 on volcanic dust coming from Iceland, where the eruption of Laki volcano had released enormous amounts of sulfur dioxide, resulting in the death of much of the island's livestock and a catastrophic famine which killed a quarter of the population.
		The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, a stratovolcano in Indonesia, occasioned mid-summer frosts in New York State and June snowfalls in New England in what came to be known as the "Year Without a Summer" of 1816.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcanic_winter (366 words)

	Volcanic winter -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This, combined with the fact that most human differentiations abruptly occurred at that same period, is a probable case of (A narrowing that reduces the flow through a channel) bottleneck linked to volcanic winters.
		Following the eruption, a 6 km wide (A large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression) caldera was formed.
		In 1883, the (A violent release of energy caused by a chemical or nuclear reaction) explosion of (A small volcanic island in Indonesia between Java and Sumatra; its violent eruption in 1883 was the greatest in recorded history) Krakatoa (Krakatau) also created volcanic winter-like conditions.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/volcanic_winter.htm (438 words)

	Encyclopedia: Volcanic winter
		A population bottleneck (or genetic bottleneck) is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing, and the population is reduced by 50% or more, often by several orders of magnitude.
		Mount Pinatubo is an active volcano located on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, at the intersection of the borders of the provinces of Zambales, Bataan, and Pampanga.
		Climatology Nuclear winter is a hypothetical global climate condition that was predicted to be a possible outcome of a large-scale nuclear war.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Volcanic-winter (1039 words)

	Impact winter -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		These, and other types of unnatural winters, are often the subject of (Literary fantasy involving the imagined impact of science on society) science fiction (A extended fictional work in prose; usually in the form of a story) novels and/or short stories.
		So far in recorded history, an impact winter has never occurred, and one is not expected for at least 100 years because there is no known object on a collision course with earth that's large enough to generate one.
		It is theorized that an impact winter would cause the extinction of the human race.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/I/Im/Impact_winter.htm (231 words)

	Encyclopedia: Impact winter
		An impact winter is caused by debris from an impact of an asteroid or comet obscuring the sun.
		These, and other types of unnatural winters, are often the subject of science fiction novels and/or short stories.
		On March 16, 2880, the asteroid 1950 DA has a one in 300 chance of impacting the mid-Atlantic ocean.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Impact-winter (208 words)

	Dogpile - Web Search: Volcanic winter
		A volcanic winter is the reduction in temperature caused by volcanic ash and...
		Contains an abstract from Stanley Ambrose's paper regarding a volcanic winter caused by eruptions of the Toba caldera in Sumatra.
		Volcanic Winter A global drop in temperature resulting from volcanic ejecta (ash and/or aerosols) in the atmosphere, which blocks solar radiation.
	www.dogpile.com /info.dogpl/search/web/Volcanic+winter/1/-/1/-/-/-/-/-... (465 words)

	Volcanic eruptions and climate change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Volcanic eruptions that add significant quantities of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere lower global surface temperatures.
		Volcanic eruptions need to be taken into account when using satellite measurements of temperature to detect trends caused by human activity.
		However, volcanic emissions of gases such as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen fluoride are important compared to human-induced sources.
	www.dar.csiro.au /publications/greenhouse_2000e.htm (542 words)

	Overview: Science Issues: Volcanoes and Climate
		Vog is an abbreviation for volcanic smog which is created when sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other volcanic gases chemically combine and interact in the atmosphere with oxygen, dust, moisture and sunlight over a time period from minutes to days.
		Approximately 71,000 years ago a horrific volcanic winter was brought on by the eruption of Mount Toba in Sumatra.
		This volcanic winter followed by the coldest 1,000 years of the Last Ice Age caused massive death and famine to modern human and animal populations throughout the world.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/vc_web/overview/o_sc_volcano_climate.html (696 words)

	Volcanic evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A new hypothesis about recent human evolution suggests that a horrific "volcanic winter" 71,000 years ago, followed by the coldest 1,000 years of the last Ice Age, brought widespread famine and death to modern human populations around the world.
		Ambrose argues that volcanic winter resulting from the super-eruption of Toba "caused the bottleneck, and that populations may have expanded in response to climatic warming 10,000 years before the advent of modern technology."
		Those six years of "relentless volcanic winter" led to substantial lowering of global temperatures, drought and famine, and to a global human population crash during which, if geneticists are correct, no more than 15,000 to 40,000 people survived.
	virus.lucifer.com /bbs/index.php?board=3;action=display;threadid=29290 (587 words)

	Population Bottlenecks and Volcanic Winter
		The bottleneck was caused by a volcanic winter resulting from the super-eruption of Toba in Sumatra.
		Ambrose concludes that bottlenecks occurred among genetically isolated human populations because of a six-year long volcanic winter and subsequent hyper-cold millennium after the cataclysmic super-eruption of Toba.
		Ambrose, Stanley H. Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differenciation of modern humans.
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/bottleneck.html (505 words)

	Search Tuna Report for mount tambora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		This event had unprecedented impact on the earth's atmosphere, as the huge quantities of dust and volcanic aerosols interfered with incoming solar radiation to the earth, causing global climate deterioration for one to two years, which was particularly well documented in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere....
		Because of this volcanic ash in the atmosphere the earth was shielded from the normal warming effects of the sun....
		A blanket of volcanic ash sand- and silt-size grains of volcanic minerals and glass and larger pumice lapilli frothy pebbles blanketed the countryside....
	www.searchtuna.com /ftlive2/3823.html (3192 words)

	Recreational Opportunities In Gifford Pinchot National Forest
		This page is to serve as a winter activities reference, specifically for the winter activities web site, as well as within the Forest itself.
		Please be aware that not all winter activties are available and/or offered in all Gifford Pinchot National Forest and Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument winter recreation areas and Sno*Parks.
		Winter Shelter Symbol - A winter shelter is available at this location.
	www.fs.fed.us /gpnf/recreation/winter/symbols.shtml (355 words)

	Guardian \| Violent volcanic activity linked to winter months
		Cambridge scientists believe that volcanic eruptions seem more likely to occur when it is winter in the northern hemisphere than during the summer months - a discovery that could one day help save some of the lives of the estimated 500 million people who live in the shadow of volcanos.
		Sea levels tend to fall when it is winter in the northern hemisphere and around 10 million million (10 trillion) tonnes of sea water shifts to land.
		Most of the continents lie in the northern hemisphere, and most of the rain, ice and snow falls in the winter months, to compress the bedrock by centimetres and subtly alter the shape of the Earth.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4910083-103690,00.html (693 words)

	From The Green Mountains to Hawaii's Volcanic Mountains: A Winter Term in Paradise - Freatures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		While the majority of the Middlebury College student body spent Winter Term in the sub-zero Vermont temperatures, a group of students spent the month studying in a tropical paradise.
		The students were also back at Middlebury for the final week of Winter Term in order to prepare written reports and give oral presentations on their findings.
		During the trip, the group spent the greatest amount of time on the main Hawaiian island, the "Big Island." While there, the group climbed to the top of Mauna Kea, the tallest volcano on the island of Hawaii and perhaps the tallest mountain on earth.
	www.middleburycampus.com /news/2003/02/12/Freatures/From-The.Green.Mountains.To.Hawaiis.Volcanic.Mountains.A.Winter.Term.In.Paradise-368010.shtml (740 words)

	Winter Driving Conditions In The USA And Canada (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Winter driving conditions naturally tend to be more extreme in the mountains and on the open expanses of the Great Plains.
		The Beartooth Highway, the northeastern approach road to Yellowstone National Park is closed in winter, as are all roads in Yellowstone itself except for the road between the North Entrance (near Gardiner) and the Northeast Entrance (near Cooke City) which remains open year round.
		All roads through Yellowstone National Park are closed in winter except for the road between the North Entrance (near Gardiner) and the Northeast Entrance (near Cooke City) which remains open year-round.
	freespace.virgin.net /john.cletheroe/usa_can/driving/winter.htm (1868 words)

	URI oceanographers investigate link between last Ice Age and Indonesian volcanic eruptions
		Lee and the team of scientists present new data on the distribution of volcanic ash from the oldest Toba eruption in Ocean Drilling Program cores and piston cores in the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
		By using high-resolution litho-, magneto-, and oxygen isotope stratigraphic records, the geologists were able to clarify the correlation between distribution patterns in the cores, refine the age of the layers, and reestimate the eruptive volume of the early eruption of Toba.
		Although the estimated volume of the oldest Toba eruption is not as large as the youngest Toba, they are both enormous eruptions involving discharges of tremendous amounts of magma.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/uori-uoi012604.php (456 words)

	Climate Timeline Tool: References
		Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differenciation of modern humans.
		Volcanic winter in the Garden of Eden: The Toba super-eruption and the Late Pleistocene human population crash.
		Volcanic dry fogs, climate cooling, and plague pandemics in Europe and the Middle East.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /paleo/ctl/reference.html (2410 words)

	Guardian \| How to measure the size of a volcanic eruption
		One of the most fascinating things about volcanic eruptions is the enormous variation in their scale and violence.
		On the scale, quiet, lava-producing eruptions score zero or one, points two, three and four are reserved for small to moderate explosive eruptions that occur somewhere on the planet every year.
		A volcanic explosion great enough to score six on the index happens, on average, about every century - Pinatubo in the Philippines hosted the last in 1991, while a thousand years or more may separate the colossal eruptions deserving of a VEI7.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,5005842-111414,00.html (887 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Humans came 'close to extinction'
		A new hypothesis about recent human evolution suggests that we came very close to extinction because of a "volcanic winter" that occurred 71,000 years ago.
		Scientists believe that an eruption of Toba caused a volcanic winter that lasted six years and significantly altered global climate for the next 1,000 years.
		When better conditions returned, the human population was able to grow once more and develop the genetic diversity we see today.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_166000/166869.stm (289 words)

	09.20.95 - Worldwide Wipeout
		The new date for the mass extinction at the boundary between the Permian and Triassic periods--the largest in Earth's history--is reported by geologists from the Berkeley Geochronology Center and the Berkeley campus in the Sept. 8 issue of Science.
		Other volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide would eventually have reversed the cooling trend and caused temperatures to rise because of the greenhouse effect.
		If dinosaurs were the poster animals of the global extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, then the flat, segmented, insect-like creatures known as trilobites head the list of losers at the end of the Permian, a 30-40 million-year period that brought the Paleozoic era to an end.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/berkeleyan/1995/0920/wipe.html (892 words)

	Volcanic winter from LiveJournal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		I imagined that some demon with a blowtorch had been at work tearing through my head to bury a dark volcanic mountain within the precious, volatile gray matter of my childish brain inducing a ceaseless, devastating eruption that spewed choking sulfur and brimstone and gurgling molten lava into the heavy...
		Proponents of the nuclear-winter scenario pointed to the clouds of dust and debris that traveled far across the planet after the volcanic eruptions of Mount St. Helens in the United States and Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines.
		Basicaly what they speculate is that a volcano erupted sending ash into the sky that blocked out the sun light for a period of several years and since volcanic ash is so fine, it won't fall down as long as the air is moving and air is always moving in the upper atmosphere.
	www.ljseek.com /search/Volcanic%20winter (1628 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)