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Topic: Volcano Disaster Assistance Program

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	AN OLD VOLCANO AWAKENS ON MONTSERRAT
		In 1902 the volcano Pelee on the island of Martinique, farther south in the same island chain, killed 20,000 people in the town of St. Pierre when a glowing cloud of steam and ash rolled down the side of the mountain.
		Gas analyzers on the Soufriere Hills volcano began to detect telltale emissions of sulfur dioxide in August - a clear signal that magma was rising close to the surface.
		In this case, the volcanos rise from the water to form an island chain that is characteristically bow-shaped.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/vw_news/montserrat.html (847 words)

	Volcano Disaster Assistance Program - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volcano Disaster Assistance Program was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance after the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 that killed 23,000 people.
		The programs purpose is to respond to selected volcanic crises around the world to assist in saving lives and property and to reduce economic losses.
		With the help of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program's crisis-response team, about 75,000 people and $250 million to $375 million worth of equipment were evacuted before major eruption happened.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcano_Disaster_Assistance_Program (162 words)

	USGS Volcano Disaster Assistance Program
		When the volcano became restless in 1984, no team of volcanologists existed that could rush to the scene of such an emergency to provide a wide range of assistance.
		VDAP has proven to be effective in saving lives and property by assistance provided to local scientists for determining the nature and possible consequences of volcanic unrest and communicating eruption forecasts and hazard-mitigation information to local authorities.
		A mobile volcano observatory (stacked on pallet) was installed at Rabaul caldera in Papua New Guinea following an eruption that destroyed the monitoring network of the Rabaul Volcano Observatory on September 19, 1994; the system is still used to monitor restless activity at the caldera.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /About/Where/VDAP/main.html (860 words)

	U.S. Scientists Help Indonesia with Mount Merapi Volcano Crisis - US Department of State
		The USGS team was en route to North Sulawesi to help Indonesian colleagues design a new volcano observatory as part of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), when the U.S. embassy and the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation asked them to help with the developing crisis at Mount Merapi.
		VDAP is a federal initiative jointly funded by the USGS and U.S. Agency for International Development Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance. The program’s goal is to prevent volcanic disasters by providing expertise and equipment to other nations as they deal with hazardous volcanoes.
		The VDAP team installed a computerized seismic data-processing system, provided access to satellite data and camera equipment for monitoring growth of the lava dome, and consulted on the extent of the hazards and the probabilities of eruptions of different types and impacts.
	usinfo.state.gov /gi/Archive/2006/May/19-111490.html (480 words)

	NOVA Online \| Deadly Shadow of Vesuvius \| Volcano SWAT Team
		VDAP personnel unload volcano monitoring equipment at Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines, June 1991.
		Based at the Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, this crack unit is standing by at all times, ready to lend a hand at the next volcano showing signs of blowing up.
		When unrest began, VDAP's little team of eight people, augmented by other scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey and using funding and support from the U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, were invited to join scientists from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/vesuvius/team.html (1902 words)

	Definition of Volcano Disaster Assistance Program
		Volcano Disaster Assistance Program was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance after the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 that killed 23,000 people.
		The programs purpose is to respond to selected volcanic crises around the world to assist in saving lives and property and to reduce economic losses.
		With the help of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program's crisis-response team, about 75,000 people and $250 million to $375 million worth of equipment were evacuted before major eruption happened.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Volcano_Disaster_Assistance_Program (180 words)

	volcano -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Volcanism (vulcanism) is the name given to the processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of such material from volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
		It is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world, rising to a height of 15,584 feet (4,750 m), the highest point on the peninsula.
		The volcano consists of a truncated cone with a central crater, with some 70 lateral craters and cones on the lower slopes.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9108777 (862 words)

	Asia: Preparedness - OFDA-01: 23-Jul-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Disaster response organizations in Asia are still being developed, and currently lack the capacity to promptly and effectively respond to large-scale natural disasters.
		The program aims to make cities safer by reducing the disaster vulnerability of urban populations, infrastructure (roads and bridges), critical facilities (hospitals), and shelter (housing codes), and promoting replication and adaptation of successful preparedness measures in targeted cities throughout Asia.
		The goal of the program is to significantly improve government agencies' understanding of the impacts of extreme climate events, such as El Nino and La Nina, on society and the environment in the selected Asian countries, and to reduce the impacts of these events through effective application of climate forecasting information.
	www.cidi.org /disaster/02b/ixl28.html (1355 words)

	Peace Corps Master's International Program in Geological and Natural Hazards Mitigation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The world's only volcano crisis response team, organized and operated by the USGS, can be quickly mobilized to assess and monitor hazards at volcanoes threatening to erupt.
		Volcanoes of Northern Central America Northern Central America includes Guatemala and El Salvador.
		It is a region of high population density and with many active volcanoes.
	www.geohazards.mtu.edu /resources.html (405 words)

	CVO Menu - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP)
		The world's only volcano crisis response team, organized and operated by the USGS, can be quickly mobilized to assess and monitor hazards at volcanoes threatening to erupt.
		Since 1986, the team has responded to more than a dozen volcano crises as part of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), a cooperative effort with the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of the U.S. Agency for International Development.
		The work of USGS scientists with VDAP has helped save countless lives, and the valuable lessons learned are being used to reduce risks from volcano hazards in the United States.
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Vdap/framework.html (431 words)

	ScienCentral: Volcano Alert
		The best-known American volcano is Mount St. Helens, which erupted in 1980 and sent a rolling column of hot ash and gas more than fifteen miles into the air.
		Volcano Disaster Assistance Program at the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory.
		When a volcano is on the brink of erupting, there may be hundreds, possibly thousands, of small earthquakes, and they are detected by seismic activity.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?article_id=218392005 (667 words)

	Plate Tectonics
		Volcano monitoring is desperately needed to track the volcano's activity and assess the possibility of more intense and more hazardous activity.
		This tragedy prompted the U.S. Agency for International Development, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, to ask the USGS to create a program to reduce fatalities and economic losses in countries experiencing a volcano crisis.
		Pago is the active vent of a large volcano known as Witori caldera - a collapsed crater that formed during an extremely large explosive eruption about 3,300 years ago.
	www.platetectonics.com /article.asp?a=80&c=2 (777 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Pago \| Monthly Reports
		The United Nations reported on 27 September that the volcano continued to emit steam and a thin vapor plume from vents near the summit and that the plume drifted to the NW over the Hoskins Peninsula.
		As noted in the UN report, the assistance of technical teams from Japan and the United States was achieved through the efforts of the Rabaul Volcanological Observatory from East New Britain, which is overseeing scientific efforts.
		The network was installed with the assistance of personnel from the Rabaul Volcano Observatory, and the VDAP team returned on 13 October after the network was operational and sending telemetered data to the observatory in Kimbe.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0502-08=&volpage=var (7024 words)

	Press Releases: Indonesia: Mt. Merapi Volcano - Apr 2006, Indonesia: USGS scientists help Indonesian colleagues with ...
		The USGS team was enroute to North Sulawesi to assist Indonesian colleagues design a new volcano observatory as part of the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), when they were asked to assist with the developing crisis at Mount Merapi by the U.S. Embassy and the Indonesian Center for Volcanology and Geologic Hazard Mitigation.
		VDAP is a federal initiative jointly funded by the USGS and USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.
		VDAP's goal is to prevent volcanic disasters by providing expertise and equipment to other nations as they deal with hazardous volcanoes.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/VBOL-6PWC4P?OpenDocument (492 words)

	NOVA \| Volcano's Deadly Warning \| Emergency Response Team \| PBS
		As a consequence, there was an official request for a VDAP team to help our colleagues there install some additional seismic monitoring equipment and put in mudflow warning equipment around Cotopaxi.
		VDAP has sent several teams of scientists to help instrument that volcano and to work with colleagues there.
		The ash falls have been carried off toward the west from the volcano and have seriously damaged crops and some villages west of the volcano.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/volcano/team.html (2196 words)

	Volcanoes Loom as Sleeping Threat for Millions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In August 1986, a supposedly extinct crater volcano in Lake Nyos in Cameroon burped an invisible cloud of carbon dioxide.
		Designating a volcano as active, dormant, or extinct is a somewhat contentious issue in the scientific community.
		A second criterion used to categorize volcanoes is "historically active"—those that have erupted and been documented by humans.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2002/06/0614_volcanoes_recov.html (1041 words)

	Cotopaxi: Ecuador’s Unavoidable Catastrophe
		Active volcanoes are spatially associated with major tectonic plate boundaries and draw their energy from the movements and collisions of the plates.
		Ecuador is peppered with 26 active volcanoes because it sits atop the convergent plate boundary where the denser Pacific oceanic plate slips slowly beneath the South American continental plate.
		The volcano Tunguragua located on the outskirts of Banos, a small city on the eastern slope of the Ecuadorian Andes, also regularly produces lava eruptions.
	www.childrenphilosophy.com /cotopaxi.htm (1858 words)

	Cascades Volcano Observatory
		In addition, CVO is home to the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP), a joint program of the Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance of U.S. Agency for International Development and USGS.
		VDAP maintains a cache of volcano-monitoring instruments and expertise to respond to volcanic crises in foreign countries, as requested by hosts and approved by OFDA, and to help selected countries develop institutions to monitor volcanoes and assess hazards.
		VDAP designs and maintains a cache of readily transported volcano-monitoring equipment, maintains the expertise to deploy the equipment and monitor active volcanoes, and, drawing on the personnel resources of the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, staffs intensive domestic or foreign volcanic-crisis responses.
	www.wovo.org /1201.htm (1173 words)

	Time for Kids \| Magazines
		At least 550 active volcanoes ring the globe, putting the lives of 500 million people at risk.
		Williams and six other scientists were working in a crater in the Galeras volcano in Colombia in 1993, when it suddenly erupted.
		Many of the world's volcanoes are clustered in the Ring of Fire, a region surrounding the Pacific Ocean.
	www.timeforkids.com /TFK/magazines/story/0,6277,93194,00.html (1055 words)

	Archived Volcano Eruption News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The volcano produced three paths of lava, one of which headed toward the city of Goma, 18 kilometers to the south.
		In 1994, five monitoring units were donated by the US Geological Survey's Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) to form the Goma Volcano Observatory.
		Last week's eruption was the largest in the volcano's history, according to geological evidence.
	www.volcanolive.com /news17.html (1819 words)

	Volcano Chasers
		Dan Miller (USGS geologist and Chief of the VDAP program) discusses the challenges that scientists face in real-time volcano monitoring.
		VDAP was formed in the 1980s after the Nevado del Ruiz disaster in Colombia.
		VDAP's monitoring equipment is sometimes referred to as a "volcano observatory in a box." It contains the standard equipment used at observatories, but this equipment is fine-tuned for the special conditions in which it will be used.
	www.riverdeep.net /current/2000/10/100900volcano.jhtml (1198 words)

	USAID Disaster Assistance: Sectors
		In the wake of a disaster, USAID focuses on supporting programs that contribute to the longer-term economic recovery of a region by assisting people to resume their livelihoods.
		Programs funded by USAID use evidence-based approaches that decrease morbidity and mortality from malnutrition and from health conditions exacerbated by malnutrition.
		Program design emphasizes separate spaces for women and children, utilization of local building materials, re-use of rubble, and basic site planning to provide privacy and dignity.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/sectors (689 words)

	USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		The U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program studies active volcanism and warns of impending eruptions in the United States, information is obtained from scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes at three volcano observatories and the USGS Western Region Center in Menlo Park, California.
		Their strategy at each volcano observatory is to monitor earthquake activity, ground deformation, gas chemistry, and other geophysical and hydrologic conditions before, during, and after eruptions.
		It is also headquarters for the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, a joint effort of the USGS the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/hazard/resource/geohaz/vol_us.html (337 words)

	Connections: National Parks - hazards page 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		AVO is a cooperative effort of the USGS Volcano Hazards Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAFGI), and State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS).
		The Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington is the headquarters for monitoring volcanoes of the Cascade Range in Washington, Oregon, and northern California.
		Seismic monitoring is shared with the USGS center in Menlo Park, California (for northern California) and the Geophysics Program of the University of Washington in Seattle (for Washington and Oregon).
	geology.usgs.gov /connections/nps/np_h_002.html (962 words)

	Volcano Observatories and Facilities of USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		To study active volcanism and warn of impending eruptions in the United States, we depend on the scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes at five volcano observatories and the USGS Western Region Center in Menlo Park, California.
		It is headquarters for the USGS Volcano Disaster Assistance Program, which is also supported by the U.S. Agency for International Development's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance.
		The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is located in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island of Hawai`i.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /About/Where/WhereWeWork.html (371 words)

	Ron White - Volcano Seismologist
		They're usually called the "volcano crisis assistance team" and they were the models for the heroes of the recent popular film, "Dante's Peak".
		They chase volcanoes all over the world to do detective work and predict what a particular volcano is going to do.
		One of the most important pieces of equipment that he uses to collect information about the potential of a volcano is a seismometer (essentially a magnet on a spring which transmits ground movement to a receiver that plots the measurements on paper in the form of "squiggly lines").
	www.extremescience.com /RWhite.htm (895 words)

	Volcano Survival - How to Survive a Catastrophic Volcanic Eruption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Most active volcanoes don’t explode like this one or Vesuvius, the volcano that buried and perfectly preserved the ancient Roman city of Pompeii about 2,000 years ago, killing all its inhabitants with rivers of lava and ash.
		When a volcano is about to erupt in a developing country, scientists specially trained at the St. Helens site are sent to assist with evacuation and recovery efforts.
		The program’s most famous success was with Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, where the team helped evacuate more than 75,000 people and saved millions of dollars in damages by moving portable equipment out of harm’s way in the 10 weeks between the mountain’s reawakening and its climactic eruption.
	www.secretsofsurvival.com /survival/volcano_survival.html (3315 words)

	Volcano monitoring and eruption warnings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The systematic visual observation and instrumental measurement of such changes (i.e., volcano monitoring) constitute the scientific basis for eruption warnings and development of hazards-mitigation strategies (McGuire et al., 1995; Scarpa and Tilling, 1996).
		Specifically, volcano-monitoring data permit the early detection of excursions from "normal" (i.e., baseline) behaviour that might augur eruption and attendant hazards at active and potentially active volcanoes.
		In general, the longer the period of volcano monitoring by an EWS, the more diagnostic and reliable is the detection of possible eruption precursors.
	www.gfz-potsdam.de /ewc98/abstract/tilling.html (311 words)

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