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Topic: Volcano observatory

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	Alaska Volcano Observatory
		The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) is a joint program of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAFGI), and the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS).
		Mudflows in drainages from the flanks of the volcano, and lava flows and avalanching of hot debris on the upper reaches of the volcano are also of concern in the uninhabited areas around the volcano.
		The Alaska Volcano Observatory is a cooperative program of the U.S. Geological Survey, the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys.
	www.avo.alaska.edu (738 words)

	Volcano observatory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A volcano observatory is an institution that conducts research and monitoring of a volcano.
		Each observatory provides continuous and periodic monitoring of the seismicity, other geophysical changes, ground movements, volcanic gas chemistry, and hydrologic conditions and activity between and during eruptions.
		Underlying all observatory operations is an ongoing program of fundamental research in volcanic processes, supplemented by collaborative studies with universities, government agencies (in the U.S. for instance with other USGS centers, and NOAA), industry and NGOs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcano_observatory (278 words)

	The Alaska Volcano Observatory -- Expanded Monitoring of Volcanoes Yields Results \| USGS Fact Sheet 2004-3084
		In 1988, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)-a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, and the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys-was founded to monitor and minimize the effects of volcanic eruptions in Alaska.
		Because the volcano was monitored, this was sufficient time for AVO to warn officials and the public of the volcano's restlessness and for AVO and Federal, State, and local government agencies to activate emergency plans before the eruption began.
		The 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt Volcano and its adverse effects on aviation ushered in a new era of hazard assessment and volcano monitoring in Alaska.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/2004/3084 (1490 words)

	About the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
		The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) enjoys a world-wide reputation as a leader in the study of active volcanism.
		While observations made by 19th-century missionaries and travelers constitute a large part of the early and colorful history of volcano watching in Hawai`i, HVO's origins are rooted in a desire to use scientific methodology to understand the nature of volcanic processes and to reduce their risks to society.
		Monitoring volcanoes and earthquakes to track their behavior before, during, and after eruptions and to determine the nature of their activity.
	hvo.wr.usgs.gov /observatory (499 words)

	Popocatepetl Volcano Observatory - CENAPRED
		It was basically established for surveillance and monitoring of the volcano through a dense instrumental network designed to permanently observe its activity and automatically detect any volcanic unrest which in turn would lead to adopt safety measures and if necessary, activate a pre-established emergency plans.
		The observatory is operated and supported by CENAPRED (The National Center of Disaster Prevention, depending on the Ministry of the Interior) in collaboration with several research institutions.
		POVO is comprised of a network of 15 remote field stations installed around the volcano at altitudes ranging from 2500 to 4200m, and a main recording and processing center located at CENAPRED in Mexico City.
	www.wovo.org /1401_09.htm (769 words)

	VMEPD Main Page
		Misericordia station is located at the northeast basal slope of the volcano and less than a kilometer away from the Health Center.
		A third observatory, the Lignon Hill Observatory was constructed in 1989.
		The observatory is situated along the flank of a prehistoric cinder cone in the southeast slope of Mayon.
	www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph /vmepd/vmepd/lho.htm (271 words)

	Living With Volcanic Risk in the Cascades, Fact Sheet 165-97
		Cascade volcanoes tend to erupt explosively, and on average two eruptions occur per century—the most recent were at Mount St. Helens, Washington (1980–86), and Lassen Peak, California (1914–17).
		Several communities near the volcano, built on the deposits of giant lahars of volcanic ash and debris that are less than 1,200 years old, are at risk from similar future lahars.
		Located in Vancouver, Washington, the David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) was named for a USGS scientist killed at a forward observation post by the May 18, 1980, eruption.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/1997/fs165-97 (1624 words)

	Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano Observatory
		Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano is situated close to the sharp bend of the volcanic front at the junction of the Northeastern Japan Arc and the Izu-Mariana Arc.
		All recorded eruptions of Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano have been steam explosions occurring in and around "Yugama" crater except for the steam explosion at "Yumiike" crater in 1902 and at "Mizugama" crater in 1976.
		Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano Observatory (KSVO), the one Observatory belonging to Tokyo Institute of Technology, was established in 1988 and is located 8 km from the summit.
	www.wovo.org /0803_12.htm (265 words)

	HawaiiNews.com: Volcano observatory welcomes radar expert
		Michael Poland, fresh from the Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO), returns to Hawaii and brings with him expertise in new and exciting ways to monitor volcanic activity...
		As discussed in "Volcano Watch" a few weeks ago, the technique of radar interferometry (also known as InSAR) detects changes in the shape of the ground surface by differencing pairs of radar images taken from a satellite.
		The methods of measuring the usually small surface motions associated with magma movement in a volcano are continuously changing and improving, and InSAR is the newest in the evolution of this science.
	www.hawaiinews.com /archives/volcano_watch/000346.shtml (949 words)

	Volcano Observatories and Facilities of USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		To study active volcanism and warn of impending eruptions in the United States, we depend on the scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes at five volcano observatories and the USGS Western Region Center in Menlo Park, California.
		The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is located in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island of Hawai`i.
		The goal of the observatory is to improve the existing collaborative study and monitoring of active geologic processes and hazards of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field and its caldera.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /About/Where/WhereWeWork.html (371 words)

	Volcano Topography and Volcanic Hazards
		Monitoring the topography of potentially hazardous volcanoes is important both for documenting past activity and recognizing the potential for future activity.
		Many volcanoes are capable of causing floods, mudflows, and landslides, as well as volcanic plumes and flows.
		In addition, efforts are afoot to overfly the Fogo volcano with NASA aircraft for the purpose of airborne laser topographic observations using either NASA airborne laser altimeter or SAR interferometer sensors.
	denali.gsfc.nasa.gov /research/volc2/volc_top.html (1018 words)

	Hawaiian Volcano Observatory & Jaggar Museum
		The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory was established in 1912 by Dr. Thomas Jaggar of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		The observatory was moved to Uwekahuna Bluff, the highest point on the caldera rim, in 1916, when the national park was created.
		It indicates that magma is moving from deep beneath the volcano, through the shallow magma chamber beneath the summit, and out to the eruption site on the east rift with no interruption.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/Parks/hawaii/crater_rim_drive/menu5.html (481 words)

	Yellowstone Observatory: University of Utah News Release: May 14, 2001
		The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) is the fifth such observatory in the United States.
		The observatories employ ground-based instruments and satellite data to monitor active and restless volcanoes and conduct studies to understand their eruptive and seismic histories and potential hazards.
		By establishing the observatory, “we are trying to formalize ongoing monitoring efforts so it brings them up to a level of prominence comparable to other volcanic systems in the United States,” said Christiansen, who was Scientist-in-Charge of the Mount St. Helens monitoring effort during the May 18, 1980 eruption that killed 57 people.
	www.utah.edu /unews/releases/01/may/yellowstone.html (1136 words)

	Volcano-warning strategy used by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		The strategy that we use to provide volcano warnings in the United States involves a series of alert levels that correspond generally to increasing levels of volcanic activity.
		As a volcano becomes increasingly active or as our monitoring data suggest that a given level of unrest is likely to lead to a significant eruption, we declare a corresponding higher alert level.
		Volcanoes exhibit different patterns of unrest in the weeks to hours before they erupt, which means that uniform and strict criteria cannot be applied to all episodes of unrest
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Warn/warn.html (433 words)

	Asama Volcano Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		AVO is situated on the eastern flank of the volcano with an altitude of 1,406 m.
		EDM: Distance recordings from the observatory to two points near the summit.
		Eruption at Asama Volcano in 1973 (taken by E. Koyama)
	hakone.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp /vrc/others/asama.html (92 words)

	Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
		The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) was created as a partnership among the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Yellowstone National Park, and University of Utah to strengthen the long-term monitoring of volcanic and earthquake unrest in the Yellowstone National Park region.
		YVO is one of the five USGS Volcano Observatories that monitor volcanoes within the United States for science and public safety.
		Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) has developed a monitoring plan for the period 2006-2015 to increase our ability to provide timely information during seismic, volcanic, and hydrothermal crises and to anticipate hazardous events before they occur.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /yvo (1326 words)

	Volcano
		If you live near a known volcano, active or dormant, be ready to evacuate at a moment's notice with these tips.
		Learn what a volcano is, get interesting volcano facts, read about famous volcanoes, or browse through a glossary of volcano terms.
		Students are faced with a real life problem and their goal is to use problem solving skills and Internet-based data (e.g., remotely sensed satellite images) to propose and defend a solution.
	www.42explore.com /volcano.htm (1264 words)

	Global Volcanism Program \| Volcanoes of the World
		The volcano and eruption data are freely available, although users are strongly cautioned to consider the many uncertainties discussed under Frequently Asked Questions and Data Criteria pages (linked below).
		Individual volcano pages include volcano and eruption data and (when available) a photograph.
		One-line summary per volcano of basic geographic and geologic information for Holocene volcanoes in geographical or alphabetical sequence.
	www.volcano.si.edu /world/region.cfm?rpage=links&rnum=16 (360 words)

	USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		The U.S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program studies active volcanism and warns of impending eruptions in the United States, information is obtained from scientific study and monitoring of volcanoes at three volcano observatories and the USGS Western Region Center in Menlo Park, California.
		Their strategy at each volcano observatory is to monitor earthquake activity, ground deformation, gas chemistry, and other geophysical and hydrologic conditions before, during, and after eruptions.
		The USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is located in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park on the Big Island of Hawaii.
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/hazard/resource/geohaz/vol_us.html (337 words)

	Government of Montserrat and Montserrat Volcano Observatory
		Chronology of the Eruption of Soufriere Hills Volcano from January 1992 to Early July 1997
		Assessment of the Status of the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat and its Hazards 18 December 1997
		Sustainable Ecosystems Institute - Ecological Impacts of the Montserrat Volcano: A Pictorial Account of its Effects on Land and Sea Life.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /volcanoes/west.indies/soufriere/govt (649 words)

	Yellowstone National Park - Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The new observatory is modeled after the other USGS volcano observatories in Alaska, California, the Pacific Northwest, and Hawai`i.
		The observatories employ a variety of ground-based instruments and satellite data to monitor active and restless volcanoes and conduct a variety of studies to understand their eruptive and seismic histories and potential hazards.
		Together, the five observatories monitor 43 of the 70 or so potentially hazardous volcanoes of the United States.
	www.nps.gov /yell/technical/geology (515 words)

	Volcano Data at NGDC
		Volcano Slide Sets NGDC offers nine 35-mm slide sets illustrating volcanoes and damage from volcanoes throughout the world.
		Volcano Database contains information for over 1500 volcanoes including information on the location, elevation, type and last known eruption (subset of the Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program Volcano Database).
		Alaska Volcano Observatory monitors Alaska's volcanoes with the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR).
	www.ngdc.noaa.gov /seg/hazard/volcano.shtml (191 words)

	Kilauea Volcano
		Kilauea volcano is one of the most active on Earth.
		The daily activities of the volcano (e.g., movement of lava flows, earthquakes, surface deformation and gas production) are monitored by the staff of the U.S. Geological Survey at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO).
		It has been called the "drive-up" volcano because of the ease of access to many of its areas of volcanic activity, especially the summit caldera.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /GG/HCV/kilauea.html (237 words)

	Volcanoes
		Volcanoes of the United States -- general interest publication
		Volcano Hazards from Mount Rainier, Washington -- Open-File Report
		Volcano Hazards in the Mount Adams Region, Washington -- Open-File report
	www.usgs.gov /themes/volcano.html (114 words)

	Mount Erebus General Information
		Erebus (77°32'S, 167°10'E), Ross Island, Antarctica is the world’s southern-most active volcano.
		Discovered in 1841 by James Ross, it is one of only a very few volcanoes in the world with a long-lived (decades or more) lava lake.
		Scientific research, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) since began the early 1970’s had included basic study of the petrology and geophysics of the volcano, the eruptive history, activity and degassing behavior of the lava lake, and the overall impact of the volcano on the Antarctica and global environment.
	www.ees.nmt.edu /Geop/mevo/erebus_info.html (309 words)

	U.S. Geological Survey, Volcano Hazards Program
		Jim Kauahikaua, the Scientist-in-Charge of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, has just released a new hazard assessment, Lava flow hazard assessment, as of August 2007, for Kilauea East Rift Zone eruptions, Hawai'i Island.
		A National Volcano Early Warning System (NVEWS) is being formulated by the Consortium of U.S. Volcano Observatories (CUSVO) to establish a proactive, fully integrated, national-scale monitoring effort that ensures the most threatening volcanoes in the United States are properly monitored in advance of the onset of unrest and at levels commensurate with the threats posed.
		Volcanic threat is the combination of hazards (the destructive natural phenomena produced by a volcano) and exposure (people and property at risk from the hazards).
	volcanoes.usgs.gov (1490 words)

	Arenal Volcano and Observatory Lodge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Dinner and overnight at the Arenal Observatory Lodge or similar.
		From the Observatory, which is situated only 1.6 miles south of the volcano, visitors have an impressive view of this "giant which rumbles" and erupts with spectacular displays of vapor and lava.
		The Observatory is the only lodge situated within the Arenal Volcano National Park, which encompasses thousands of acres of pristine rainforest and teems with tropical birds and wildlife.
	www.crconnect.com /arenal.htm (480 words)

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