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Topic: Volcano warning schemes

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	Volcano warning schemes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Three parallel Volcano warning schemes are used by the United States Geological Survey for different volcano ranges in the United States.
		Established during the 1989-90 eruption of Redoubt Volcano.
		Warning system for Cascade Range volcanoes in Washington and Oregon
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volcano_warning_schemes (268 words)

	Volcanoes
		Our volcano information and warnings, however, no matter how timely or precise, will reduce volcanic risk only if they are communicated effectively to a wide audience, especially to people who live and work in potentially hazardous areas and to emergency-management specialists.
		Just as important as advance warning for saving lives and minimizing property damage is the real-time detection of a sudden eruption or lahar and immediate notification of the activity to the public and local, state, and federal emergency-management officials.
		As a volcano becomes increasingly active or as our monitoring data suggest that a given level of unrest is likely to lead to a significant eruption, we declare a corresponding higher alert level.
	www.ussartf.org /volcanoes.htm (2024 words)

	Geologic Hazards
		A volcano is a vent at the Earth's surface through which magma and associated gases erupt, and also the cone built by eruptions.
		Volcano monitoring methods detect and measure changes in the state of a volcano caused by magma movement beneath the volcano.
		In the United States, the USGS Volcano Hazards Program has established a series of volcano warning schemes that are used to notify the public and civil authorities of impending volcanic activity or eruptions.
	www.nationalatlas.gov /articles/geology/a_geohazards.html (5124 words)

	USGS Volcano-Warning Schemes in the United States
		This scheme was modified in 1997 to a four-level color-code scheme.
		A level of concern color code was established during the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt Volcano to quickly and simply convey our scientific judgment about either an impending eruption or the severity of an eruption in progress.
		Volcano is in its normal "dormant" state (normal seismicity and fumarolic activity is occurring).
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Warn/WarnSchemes.html (785 words)

	Types of Volcanoes (from volcano) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Volcanism (vulcanism) is the name given to the processes and phenomena associated with the surficial discharge of such material from volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.
		A volcano is a vent, or opening, in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt.
		Volcanoes occur mainly near plate tectonic boundaries and are especially common around the Pacific basin, called the Pacific Ring of Fire (see...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-209939 (882 words)

	Volcanism in National Parks: Summary of the Workshop Convened by the U.S. Geological Survey and National Park Service, ...
		Volcanoes exhibit different patterns of unrest in the weeks to hours before they erupt, which means that uniform and strict criteria cannot be applied to all episodes of unrest.
		A volcano hazard assessment describes the likely type, size, and frequency of future eruptions from a volcano and usually includes a hazard-zonation map that estimates areas that could be affected by different volcano hazards (e.g., ash fall, lahars, lava flows).
		Geologic mapping of volcanoes in parks is undertaken to determine the type, extent, and age of surface deposits from previous episodes of eruptive and related activities, as the basis for estimating likely future hazards.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /open-file/of01-435/ofr01-435_report.html (12059 words)

	Ash (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Rockyy material ejected from a volcano; see Volcanic ash.
		Warning: fopen(): URL file-access is disabled in the server configuration in /home/icyclope/public_html/syndication/all.php on line 67
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	www.icyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/a/as/ash.html (269 words)

	Earth Negotiations Bulletin
		Panel discussions were held on solutions for integrating early warning into public policy, new technologies and low-technology solutions for early warning systems, the responsibilities of policy makers in the context of early warning and urban risks, and early warning as a decision tool for emergency management.
		Additional sessions were also held to discuss flooding, the use of hazard maps for effective early warning, integrated approaches to reduce societal vulnerability to droughts, integrating early warning into public policy processes, the implemention of transboundary early warning systems for floods, and new technologies and scientific networks.
		A number of activities were carried out in the area of early warning, including six expert working groups to study: geological hazards; hydrometeorological hazards, including droughts; fire and other environmental hazards; technological hazards; the use and transfer of related modern technologies; and national and local capabilities pertinent to the effective use of early warning.
	www.iisd.ca /vol26/enb2601e.html (9163 words)

	Keyword (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The warning came from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department after it investigated Cheney's accidental shooting of a fellow quail hunter Saturday on the private Armstrong Ranch in the south part of the state.
		UN warning as Beijing claims bird flu is 'under control' By Richard Spencer in Beijing (Filed: 28/10/2005) The Chinese government yesterday insisted it had bird flu under control, amid fears that it could prove to be the source of a global epidemic.
		The limitations of the laser warning system were evident during an airspace violation Monday, when military F-16s escorted a small plane from a restricted area to a nearby airport.
	freerepublic.info /focus/keyword?k=warning (5310 words)

	Volcano-warning strategy used by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program
		We currently use different alert levels (also referred to as status levels, condition levels, or color code) for providing volcano warnings and emergency information regarding volcanic unrest and eruptions.
		Communities, people, and economic activity are threatened by US volcanoes with different types of volcano hazards so that a warning scheme must address specific hazards from a volcano
		US volcanoes are not monitored with the same degree of intensity, depending on degree of historical unrest and eruptions and potential future risk
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Products/Warn/warn.html (433 words)

	Ready to rumble
		The vision is the ultimate nightmare for scientists who monitor the active volcanoes of the western United States - their charges a gang of at least 11 geological delinquents with varying personalities.
		The St. Helens disaster stemmed from the same geological phenomenon that has repeatedly ignited the volcanoes of the Cascades Range: the relentless descent beneath North America of an oceanic "plate" (an undersea slab of Earth's crust that is tens of miles thick and hundreds or thousands of miles long).
		Cascades volcanoes bristle with instruments that monitor their activity, like electrodes covering the chest of a heart patient.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/examiner/article.cgi?year=1996&month=11&day=10&article=NEWS10248.dtl (1207 words)

	Hawaii Hazard Mitigation Forum: Mother Nature
		The Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes (CSAV) is located on the Big Island of Hawai'i, and operates out of the University of Hawai'i at Hilo.
		Recent advances in volcano monitoring, new and refined volcano-hazard assessments, and better warning schemes have significantly improved the USGS's capability to warn of volcano hazards and impending eruptions.
		Volcano information and warnings, however, no matter how timely or precise, will reduce volcanic risk only if they are communicated effectively to a wide audience, especially to people who live and work in potentially hazardous areas and to emergency-management specialists.
	mothernature-hawaii.com /county_hawaii/volcano_local_mit_act-hawaii.htm (297 words)

	CVO Menu - Eruption Advisories and Emergency Response (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Challenge of Predicting Eruptions -- Excerpt from: Wright and Pierson, 1992, USGS Circular 1073
		Mount St. Helens Eruptions Advisories and Statements, Monitorings and Warnings - Description
		Volcano Hazards Assessment Reports and Maps Menu -- CVO Menu
	vulcan.wr.usgs.gov /Hazards/EruptionAlert/framework.html (153 words)

	Volcanoes
		Warning Schemes in Use at Various Volcanic Areas in the United States
		News - Volcanoes and Earthquakes in the news.
		There are no Volcano Newsgroups as of this time, however, you might be able to get some information from these two newsgroups.
	www.pcez.com /~richard/volcanoes.htm (236 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Southern Africa: Conflict, development and natural disasters fuel internal ...
		The impact of natural disasters could have been mitigated through early warning and disaster-preparedness systems, but in many cases these measures were often either non-existent or failed to function properly.
		Urban renewal schemes also contributed to internal displacement, with the government of Zimbabwe's recent Operation 'Murambatsvina' (Drive Out Filth) cited as being of particular concern.
		While a government had the right to renew and develop decaying urban environments, "it was essential to carry out such projects in accordance with internationally accepted standards upholding the rights of those at risk of displacement".
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/KHII-6M25GM?OpenDocument (880 words)

	[No title]
		In 1985 volcanoes killed more than 23,000 people to know how critical it is for us to work closely with many people when planning for future volcanic emergencies and responding to current volcano threats.
		In addition to carrying out specialized studies on volcanoes and hazards posed by them, we need participate in a wide variety of projects and activities intended to increase awareness of volcano hazards and minimize future consequences of volcano activity:
		Michigan Tech's Volcanoes Page aims to provide information about volcanoes to the public and to complement other informational sites on the web.
	www.sristi.org /english/dmis/volcanoes.html (410 words)

	International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR)
		This early warning allowed Philippine officials to drain the lake safely in a controlled manner, with full public awareness and preparation s for evacuation had it been necessary.
		Launched during the severe drought of 1970-1973 in India, the scheme expanded rapidly to assist some 500,000 workers monthly.
		After early warning schemes had been consolidated in different areas, local communities began to develop a broader interest in other primary risk reduction issues.
	www.unisdr.org /eng/media-room/facts-sheets/fs-good-practices.htm (2061 words)

	Hazards from various types of volcanic eruptions (from volcano) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Information on the hazards posed by volcanoes, earthquakes, and tsunamis on Hawaii, from the U.S. Geological Survey, Colorado.
		Educational reference commemorating the eruption of this volcano in Hawaii, in 1950, from the United States Geological Survey.
		Includes an explanation of the characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes, an image gallery, an archive of press releases, a newsletter, maps, and publications.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-24479 (874 words)

	Jesse James (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		His scheme was to make a daytime raid in large force into the populous town of Northfield, his native place, and empty the safes of the national bank there at the point of the revolver.
		This would be a repetition of the manner in which the James brothers and their confederates had robbed a wealthy national bank in the interior of Kentucky several years before.
		Night was falling while these schemes were being discussed in much greater detail than I have seen fit to accord to them.
	www.volcano.net /~jackmearl/westerns/JJ/3.html (2781 words)

	Evolution -- Geology -- Planet Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In January 1998, Axial Volcano experienced a submarine volcanic eruption.
		Right now, some of the world's more than 1500 active volcanoes are fuming, burping, trembling, spurting, shifting, bulging, oozing, or maybe even blowing their top.
		From the U.S.G.S. Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, which sits at the edge of Kilauea's crater, scientists post daily reports, eye-catching photos, video, maps, and data such as readings from tiltmeters that monitor the slope of the ground, an indicator of lava buildup beneath the summit.
	www.origins.tv /darwin/geology.htm (2898 words)

	Volcanoes
		With information on active volcanoes, remote sensing of volcanoes, volcanic hazard mitigation, and much more.
		The glossary has about 60 terms that are primarily types of volcanoes or vents, eruption types, and eruptive products.
		Provides information, photos, and video clips of volcanoes around the world, plus a contest, quiz, and a chance to send your question to a volcanologist.
	www.stcms.si.edu /ce/volcanoes.htm (270 words)

	[No title]
		Disasters caused by the impacts of natural and technological hazards on vulnerable human beings represent a growing concern, due to factors such as global population growth and urbanization, a rising proportion of poor and the onset of global environmental changes, including climate change, desertification and loss of biodiversity.
		She suggested considering “disaster risk early warning systems,” rather than simply “early warning systems.” Participants raised questions about ensuring effective early warning in the context of political distrust and conflict.
		INTEGRATING EARLY WARNING OF ENVIRONMENTAL THREATS INTO POLICY TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Norberto Fernández, Division for Early Warning and Assessment, UNEP, recalled the emphasis on disaster and risk management in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and said that an increasing human influence on the environment is evident.
	www.iisd.ca /download/asc/enb2601e.txt (8778 words)

	Hawaii Hazard Mitigation Forum: Mother Nature
		The distinction between a flood and "flash-flood" is usually determined by the amount of warning (less than six hours for a flash-flood) that affected areas might receive prior to the flood conditions.
		Thus, a coordinating body of appropriate scientists, emergency managers, emergency planners, and warning center operators, with representations from each affected state, should be created to ensure this coordination.
		The best mitigation activities a homeowner can do is to support the development of inundation maps, the installation of deep-water tsunami warning buoys, the placement of tsunami hazard signage and sirens, and the implementation of coastal setbacks and regulatory programs.
	www.mothernature-hawaii.com /text_only/kauai/planning2.htm (11094 words)

	U. S. Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Volcano Hazards Program monitors volcanoes and collects the best possible scientific information on volcanoes in the United States and elsewhere to reduce the risk from volcanic activity.
		Other links include information on volcano hazards: types, effects, locations and historical eruptions, information on reducing volcanic risks, volcano monitoring, emergency planning, and warning schemes.
		Other resources available are a photoglossary, volcano fact sheets and videos, an educator's page, and updates and weekly reports on worldwide, U.S., and Russian volcano activity.
	serc.carleton.edu /resources/724.html (133 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » FEWS Rwanda Food Security Update May 2005 - Favorable food security outlook
		During this period, rural households, especially the poorest, have little reserves of food at home and face difficulties trying to earn the extra money needed to purchase adequate amounts of food from markets due to high prices.
		Many families cope by looking for casual labor and increasing their consumption of vegetables until the first harvests of the season in May. Food assistance programs such as food-for-work schemes by WFP (largest contributor), CRS and GTZ usually contribute to alleviating hardship for some poor families facing food shortages during the lean months.
		Figure 5 compares cumulative rainfall for April 2005 to the long-term average and shows that almost all the country, except the eastern part (Umutara and Kibungo Province, as well as parts of the Kivu Lake shores and the volcano zone of Ruhengeri) received less than 60 percent of the average rainfall amount.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EGUA-6CXSAE?OpenDocument (1524 words)

	Volcano Preparedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Life threatening volcano hazards include gases, lava flows, lahars, landslides, pyroclastic flows and tephra.
		The resources below focus on giving you a better understanding of volcano hazards and reviewing volcano preparedness measures that can allow you to survive a volcanic eruption.
		USGS Volcano Warning Schemes in the United States
	www.healthlinksusa.com /survival/survival_volcano.htm (110 words)

	Moral Volcano
		Moral Volcano was started when the HUMOUR section of Virtual V. Subhash (www.vsubhash.com) started overflowing with content.
		The name Moral Volcano is from the short story Journalism in Tennessee written by the great American writer Mark Twain.
		In Jerzy Kosinski's novel Being There, a middle-aged man called Chance Gardener, who has the mental age and development of a six-year-old, goes on to become the President of United States with the help of a few powerful friends while he himself is blissfully unaware of the situation.
	vsubhash.blogspot.com /2005_03_01_vsubhash_archive.html (6559 words)

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