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Topic: Vole

	Vole — FactMonster.com
		Vole is a deal at cards that draws the whole tricks.
		vole - vole vole, name for a large number of mouselike rodents, related to the lemmings.
		Vole - Vole He has gone the vole - i.e.
	www.factmonster.com /dictionary/brewers/vole.html (160 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Vole
		Voles are one of the few rodents whose molars continue to grow during their entire life.
		A common predator to voles is the short-eared owl.
		The prairie vole is a notable animal model for sexual fidelity, since the male is usually faithful to the female, and shares in the raising of pups.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Vole (538 words)

	Vole - MSN Encarta
		Vole, small rodent confined mostly to the eastern hemisphere.
		The most common American vole is the field, or meadow, mouse; the northern red-backed mouse is found in Alaska and northern Eurasia.
		The field mouse is classified as Microtus pennsylvanicus, the northern red-backed mouse as Clethrionomys rutilus, and the water vole as Arvicola terrestris.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564155/Vole.html (111 words)

	Water vole - Arvicola terrestris: More Information - ARKive
		The water vole is the largest and most famous of the British voles (4).
		The water vole is widely distributed throughout Europe from the UK to eastern Siberia (4).
		Water voles are herbivores, feeding on a huge variety of waterside vegetation (2), and consume 80% of their body weight each day (4).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/mammals/Arvicola_terrestris/more_info.html (905 words)

	University of Helsinki
		The least weasel is assumed to be the most important predator of voles, especially during the decline phase of the vole cycle.
		The mean size of voles varies during the cycle, so that voles are larger in the peak phase than during the decline and the low phases, a phenomenon called the 'Chitty effect'.
		According to my hypothesis, small size of voles during decline and low phases of the vole cycle is due to disproportionate predation on larger voles, especially by the least weasel.
	www.helsinki.fi /science/metapop/english/Theses/PhD_Sundell.htm (666 words)

	Voles,Meadow Mice,vole traps,baits,repellents
		The tail of the Montane vole is bi-colored.
		Pine voles (sometimes known as woodland voles) are found in a variety of habitats such as deciduous and pine forests, abandoned fields and orchards.
		Voles are not a species which pose a major public health hazard because of their lack of contact with man. However, they are capable of carrying disease organisms transmissible to man, such as plague and tularemia; therefore, care should be taken when handling them.
	www.kill-fireants.com /voles_meadow_mice.htm (1624 words)

	Voles,Meadow Mice,vole traps,baits,repellents (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The tail of the Montane vole is bicolored.
		Pine voles (sometimes known as woodland voles) are found in a variety of habitats such as deciduous and pine forests, abandoned fields and orchards.
		Voles are not a species which pose a major public health hazard because of their lack of contact with man. However, they are capable of carrying disease organisms transmissible to man, such as plague and tularemia; therefore, care should be taken when handling them.
	www.pestproducts.com /voles_meadow_mice.htm (1556 words)

	Voles (Meadow Mice) Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		The California vole (Microtus californicus) is the most widespread vole in the state, found in the Owens and Central valleys and nearly the entire length of the coast range.
		Voles are extremely prolific with females maturing in 35 to 40 days and having five to ten litters per year.
		Voles are mostly herbivorous, feeding on a variety of grasses, herbaceous plants, bulbs, and tubers.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7439.html (2331 words)

	vole - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		VOLE [vole] name for a large number of mouselike rodents, related to the lemmings.
		The water vole, Arvicola, of Europe and W Asia, is a large, semiaquatic vole, somewhat resembling the closely related muskrat.
		Hormone of monogamy: the prairie vole and the biology of mating.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-vole.html (462 words)

	FS-654 - Wildlife Damage Management: Reducing Vole Damage to Plants (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The meadow vole, also called the meadow mouse or the field mouse, is a small, compact rodent approximately 4 1/2 to 7 inches in length, with small round ears and a tail about twice the length of the hind foot (Figure 1).
		Because pine vole tunnels are shallow and narrow, heavily infested areas have the appearance of being cultivated (In contrast to voles, moles create piles of fresh earth up to 9 inches high and raise large serpentine ridges in turf).
		At the least, monitor voles at the end of the breeding season (early winter) when populations reach their maximum and at the beginning of the breeding season (spring) when populations are at a minimum.
	www.agnr.umd.edu /MCE/Publications/Publication.cfm?ID=146&cat=8 (3578 words)

	G4448, Controlling Vole Damage in No-Till Corn and Soybeans, MU Extension
		Vole populations usually peak every two to three years and tend to be higher during spring to fall seasons.
		Voles are primarily forage and root feeders, preferring succulent grasses and legumes.
		This guide is based on the reproductive potential of the prairie vole and the population per acre required at planting to signal the presence of an intense vole population.
	muextension.missouri.edu /explore/agguides/crops/g04448.htm (2712 words)

	Publication: Controlling Vole Damage
		Vole damage is costliest during the winter when a shortage of preferable foods forces them to eat the inner green bark layer of trees and shrubs.
		Voles damage field and forage crops, especially during spring when young plants are emerging from the soil.
		Voles can be controlled by trapping if the damage is over a limited area (less than an acre) and a sufficient number of traps are used (three per runway and/or hole).
	www.ianrpubs.unl.edu /epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=100 (2369 words)

	NC State Wildlife Damage Notes - Voles in Horticultural Plantings
		Voles are small mammals, commonly called mice, that live in field and shrub habitats.
		The typical habitat for meadow voles is a grassy meadow, particularly in places where the grasses grow in clumps.
		If pine voles are living under the tree, a network of tunnels approximately 3 inches under the soil can be located by probing with a 1/2- to 3/4- inch- diameter stick or rod.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /nreos/wild/wildlife/wdc/voles2.html (2345 words)

	Critter Control
		Voles are prey for many predators (for example, coyotes, snakes, hawks, owls, and weasels); however, predators do not normally control vole populations.
		Voles may cause extensive damage to orchards, ornamentals, and tree plantings due to their girdling of seedlings and mature trees.
		Voles pose no major public health hazard because of their infrequent contact with humans; however, they are capable of carrying disease organisms, such as plague (Yersinia pestis) and tularemia (Francisilla tularensis).
	www.crittercontrol.com /?doc=resources_af_voles (1676 words)

	Voles,Vole Control, vole control, vole bait, vole facts
		Voles are an important food source for many predators, including snakes, hawks, owls, coyotes, weasels, foxes, mink and badgers.
		Since pine voles spend almost all of their time underground, control strategies may need to be different from those for prairie or meadow voles.
		Non-urban vole damage situations may involve larger vole populations over greater areas, and can be dealt with by habitat modifications, repellents, and lethal baits when necessary.
	www.pestcontrol-products.com /rodent/voles.htm (1649 words)

	Prairie Vole (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Resistance of the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and the...
		: Resistance of the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and the woodrat (Neotoma floridana), in Kansas, to venom of the osage copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix...
		The frisky prairie vole In prairie vole society, sex is the prelude to a long-term pair bonding of a male and female.
	specieslist.com /endangered/common_name/P/Prairie_Vole.shtml (2060 words)

	vole. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The sagebrush vole, Lagarus curtatus, is found in the W United States.
		The water vole, Arvicola, of Europe and W Asia, is a large, semiaquatic vole, somewhat resembling the closely related muskrat.
		Voles are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Rodentia, family Crecetidae.
	www.bartleby.com /65/vo/vole.html (299 words)

	Prairie Vole - Meet Your Neighbors - Winter 2003
		Vole populations tend to fluctuate widely depending upon environmental factors, but during periods of high population, voles can be the most common mammal on the prairie.
		Vole runways can be especially evident after a prairie fire when the floor of the "tunnel," compressed and often somewhat damp, remains unburned.
		The vole has even been called the "Big Mac of the prairie" because it is just the right size for the marsh hawk to get the most energy for its hunting effort.
	chicagowildernessmag.org /issues/winter2003/prairievole.html (658 words)

	Mather Field Vernal Pools - California Vole
		Voles are a major food source for hawks, owls, egrets, snakes, and coyotes.
		Vole burrow openings are often worn bare and littered with fecal droppings.
		(Voles are sloppy eaters!) When a California Vole eats seeds on its "front porch", it often leaves the inedible husks of the seeds in a pile by the door.
	www.sacsplash.org /critters/vole.htm (429 words)

	Government of Yukon - Environment - Voles
		Vole numbers reach their annual peak; breeding territories break down, and young voles disperse in search of good places to spend the winter.
		Heather voles resemble meadow voles so closely that the two are virtually impossible to tell apart unless you have one of them in hand.
		The long-tailed vole is found throughout the Yukon except for the arctic coastal plain and lives in a wide variety of habitats, including marshes, closed spruce forests and alpine tundra.
	www.environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca /voles.html (2199 words)

	Voles: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		Voles are mice that have fuzzy coats and short tails.
		Voles have a wide variety of parasites ranging from fleas, mites, and ticks to nematodes and cestodes.
		Some of the voles have subspecies which are limited to small islands and may be threatened in the future by changes to their habitats.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/smgame/voles.php (829 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Voles have small ears, blunt snouts, and short tails relative to the deer mouse.
		For example, the red tree vole lives its life in the canopy of the mature douglas fir forest and leaves only a few slender resin ducts from the needles it eats in the duff around the tree.
		While voles are active all winter, they stay in the subnivean zone under the snow so tracks are uncommon.
	dirttime.ws /Notebook/Vole.htm (218 words)

	NPWRC :: Meadow Vole
		The meadow vole is common across North America and can be found statewide in North Dakota.
		Voles are promiscuous breeders and may produce litters at any time of the year.
		During winters with substantial snowfalls, voles will travel through snowbanks in search of food which often happens to be your favorite tree.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/mammals/mammals/vole.htm (403 words)

	Prairie Vole
		Prairie voles live in the central grasslands of North America from central Canada to Oklahoma, east of the Rocky Mountains to West Virginia.
		The young voles are born in a ball-shaped nest of dry grass
		Voles are considered pests to lawns, gardens, and farm lands.
	www.northern.edu /natsource/MAMMALS/Prairi1.htm (686 words)

	Know Your Vole
		Water voles are the UK's fastest declining mammal and the risk of further decline due to being mistaken for brown rats will have serious implications for an already vulnerable mammal.
		The water vole has small hidden ears, silky mid-brown fur, a blunt nose and a shorter furry tail, whereas the brown rat has big ears, grey brown fur, a pointed nose and a long, pink and scaly hairless tale.
		Water voles have disappeared from almost 90 per cent of the sites they occupied in the UK in the last 60 years due to the loss of their riverbank homes and being preyed upon by the non-native American mink.
	www.wildlifetrusts.org /index.php?section=environment:action&factsheet_id=1 (380 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Meadow Vole
		The Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus), sometimes called the Field Mouse or Meadow Mouse, is a small North American vole found across Canada, Alaska and the northern United States.
		The Meadow Vole has previously been used as a bioindicator to monitor chemical leakage around Love Canal and radiation releases in the aftermath of the Three Mile Island Accident.
		nesophilus - a subspecies of the Meadow Vole.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Meadow_Vole (396 words)

	NC State Wildlife Damage Notes - Voles in Commercial Orchards and Ornamental Nurseries
		Vole damage can kill a tree outright, allow diseases to enter, or weaken the tree, resulting in decreased fruit production for the life of the tree.
		Orchard and nursery managers who suspect that pine voles are in their plantations can determine the extent of the population by conducting the apple sign test discussed in the next section.
		When meadow vole populations need to be reduced quickly, a broadcast application of zinc phosphide baits at 10 pounds per treated acre is recommended.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /nreos/wild/wildlife/wdc/voles.html (2595 words)

	Water Vole
		Although it is the same size as a brown rat, the harmless water vole differs in having a chubby face with a blunt nose and short furry ears almost hidden by long fur.
		Brown rats do, like the voles, sometimes live in waterside burrows and may be seen swimming, but they are usually near buildings and often in polluted water.
		Young voles are a very dark brown with an almost fl tail and are sometimes found away from water in damp woodland and grassy areas.
	www.yptenc.org.uk /docs/factsheets/animal_facts/water_vole.html (969 words)

	Vole Control: Prevention, Trapping, and Removal
		Then voles use their hind feet and a somersault action to push away dirt and rocks that are in the path of their tunnel.
		Voles can be anywhere from four to eight inches long, and their fur color ranges from brown to gray.
		The majority of the vole diet is made up of vegetation, roots, grass and any animal matter they do eat is thought to be an unintended side effect of the manner in which they find their food.
	www.unitedwildlife.com /AnimalsVoles.html (2331 words)

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