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Topic: Volga Bolgars

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	Volga - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Volga
		From its source, the Volga follows a roughly southeasterly course to Kazan, and then turns south in a wide curve near Kuibyshev before flowing into a broad delta (some 120 km/75 mi wide) on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea.
		The Volga and its tributaries carry two-thirds of all the goods and over half of all the passengers transported on internal waterways in the Russian Federation.
		The Kuybyshev, Volgograd, Saratov, and other large hydroelectric stations on the Volga make it one of the main sources of the country's power supply, while the stations' high dams have transformed the river into a series of artificial reservoirs (see Rybinsk).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Volga (680 words)

	1483 Online. Khanate of Kazan
		The powerful state of the Bolgars in the Black Sea area held out in the wars with Byzantium, but fell under the pressure of the Turkic Khazars, a vanished people, who dominated much of Eurasia in the seventh century.
		From the tenth century, the Volga Bolgars minted their own silver coins with Arabic inscriptions: eloquent testimony of the level of development of internal and foreign trade.
		The Bolgar towns between the rivers Volga and Kama were noted for ferrous metallurgy, pottery, gold and silver working, and the production of leather goods.
	www.1483online.com /histories/kazan.php (679 words)

	Archeological museum
		The most well-known among them are the Barandgars, the Bolgars, the Bersula, the Suvar and others, who came from the regions of the north-western pre-Caucasus as a result of the Arabian-Khazar wars of the 732-735.
		Middle Volga and the Kama region from the southern steppes.
		During the period of its formation Bulgaria was in the state of vassalage with the Khazar khanate and occupied a small territory in the region of Kama and Volga confluence.
	www.ksu.ru /archeol_en/volgabul.htm (419 words)

	Turkicworld
		It is possible that this group of the Bolgar population, comprising a privileged class (judged by burials in crypts and stone slabs with tombstones) was of southern (Kipchak?) origin.
		Efimova S.G. Paleoanthropology of Volga and Ural basins.
		Moslem necropolises of Volga Bulgaria of Х - XIII cc.
	s155239215.onlinehome.us /turkic/61_Volga_Bulgars/GazimzyanovEn.htm (3053 words)

	Travel russia. Cities of Russia. History of Kazan
		In the 8th - 9th centuries, the tribes of ancient Bolgars, ancestors of the modern Tatars, began to populate the Volga region.
		The Bolgar mosques and medreces (Muslim clerical schools) spread knowledge and culture in the neighbouring regions.
		The final blow to the cities of the lower Volga was delivered by the invasion of Timur and his forces in 1395 and 1396.
	traveltorussia.biz /cities/kazan/history.html (735 words)

	Sardar Vaisov was leader of bolgar nation.
		The initiator of that revolutionary trend called by its participants “Firkai Nadjia” (=The Party of Delivering) or the movement of Volga-river Bolgar Muslims was a folk leader, philosopher and poled Bagautdin Khamsin-Vaisov (1804-1893), born in the village moevino of Tatarstan Green Valley region).
		As a national revolutionary movement "The Soviet Volga Bolgar muslims" was in permanent connection with the Muslim Socialist Committee (MSC) headed by revolutionary-leninist Mulanur Vahitov.
		Thus it is not casual that the Vaisovities distinctive symbol with the picture of a star and the semi-moon became the emblem of all the Red Guard for nations of MSC.
	www.mi.ru /~bolgar/english.html (2968 words)

	Bulgars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Bulgars (also Bolgars) a people of Central Asia, probably originally Pamirian, whose branches became slavicized and perhaps Turkic over time.
		The Turkic etymology most often given for their name is Bulgha meaning mixed, though it might also be from Varkun.
		Bolgars moved west from the lower-middle Volga river AD to control the second Avar dynasty of Onoguria (in Ukraine) by the mid-7th century.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/b/bu/bulgars.html (173 words)

	V.P. Tckalov native land (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In order to have a reserve in Yorodety for defense from the attacks of the Mordvas, Cheremisses, Volgian Bolgars the duke founded another fortress on the other bunk of the Volga, near his residence.
		Cargo boats with earthenware crockery were floated down the Volga to the Kama in springtime.
		This decision was caused by the need to have a backwater for winter stay and repair of dredgers used for deepening the navigating channel of the Volga, which was rapidly growing shallower.
	www.vchkalov.ru /eng/land (1065 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Main urban centers of the Golden Horde in the XIIIth centuries was Volga Bolgaria, Khorezm and Crimea.
		However in the 1280th the superiority gradually passes to the Saray in the delta of Volga.
		Middle Volga region in the Golden Horde period, as well as in the previous period, was occupied mainly by Volga bolgars (conquered by Mongols during campaigns of 1223-1236).
	www.tatarstan.ru /history/gold_o2.html (524 words)

	Summary: The region of Idel-Ural, presently consisting of three Finno-Ugric republics (Mari, Mordovia and Udmurtia) and ...
		The region between the Volga (in Tatar: Idel) river and the Ural mountains was not always an easternmost periphery of Europe.
		Bolgar had been founded by the descendants of the notorious Huns, who converted into Islam and balanced between the declining Khazar state and the ascending Viking federation that ultimately became Russia.
		Remnants of the old Huns and Bolgars may be seen in the Chuvash, a Turkic nation living at the west bank of the Volga, which has retained an archaic language and many pagan habits.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~aphamala/pe/issue1/art11.htm (1257 words)

	www.BOLGAR.tk - Статия (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The native population of modern RT till 1920 called themselves “Bolgars” and, therefore, they’re never existed a Tatar state on the Kazan Province lands, never in its history.
		The name “Tatar” was given to the Republic by the Bolshevik’s garment of Russia with the only purpose: to impose by force the nickname “Tatar” on the Volga Bolgars.
		Many medieval historians knew of the state of the Volga Bolgars, which flourished from the ninth to twelfth centuries.
	www.omena.org /~level4/projects/bolgari/articles.php?id=41 (1046 words)

	Radio Netherlands Worldwide - Independent thinking, independent voice - English - The Rivers Series
		The Volga is often seen as the very symbol of Russia, but its full length of 3,700 kilometres has been part of Russian territory for less than five hundred years.
		But the short stretch of the Middle Volga from Kozmodemyansk to Samara, roughly the distance from London to Edinburgh, is home to three religions and four languages, as different from each other as English is from Hindi: Mari, Chuvash, Tatar and Russian.
		Within only a few decades the czars gained control of the entire Volga and built a series of fortified frontier towns all along the river down to Astrakhan in the delta on the Caspian Sea.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /features/cultureandhistory/volga030205.html (854 words)

	Bolgar language (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		'''Bolgar''' (also Bol&287;ar), the language of the Bulgars, was a language, now extinct, whose classification is unknown.
		The language remained, however, in use by the population of Volga Bulgaria until the 13th or the 14th century when it adopted a number of words and constructions from the Kypchak language.
		The Chuvash group of the Volga Bolgars kept their language and it evolved into the modern Chuvash language.
	bolgar-language.iqnaut.net.cob-web.org:8888 (186 words)

	Bulgars
		Bulgars (also Bolgars) - thought to have been originally a Turkic people of Central Asia, the Bulgars moved west by the mid-7th century AD to found a state on the lower-middle Volga river.
		The group subsequently split into two, the Western Bulgars giving their name to present-day Bulgaria, where they assimilated with the land's earlier Slavic settlers after subjugating the country in 680.
		Chuvash language[?] is thought to be descendant of old Bulgar language.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bu/Bulgars.html (93 words)

	Ibn Fadlan. On the way to the country of Turkis - www.ezboard.com
		And, eventually, when to headquarters of the governor Volga Bulgaria was less than day of road, he sends his brothers and sons to them, and then he himself, having seen the ambassadors, "had left from the horse and kissed the ground".
		The truth is that the Bolgar and Oghuz tribes converted to Islam almost within the same period in time, but I think this is not the major plot of the discussion.
		Volga Bulgars are a much later offshot - they moved north to middle Volga only in the X c.
	p083.ezboard.com /fbalkansfrm12.showMessage?topicID=2599.topic (9325 words)

	Radio Netherlands Worldwide - Independent thinking, independent voice - English - The Rivers Series
		The Bolgars originally moved to the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 8th century.
		The Bolgars who moved northeast to the Volga formed the first medieval state in the region.
		The most important city of the Volga Bolgarians, Bolgar, had major stone constructions, including a palace, a mausoleum, a court of justice and a mosque.
	www.radionetherlands.nl /rnw/en/features/cultureandhistory/bolgars.html (560 words)

	Compliant
		It is known that the Bolgar State on the Volga was abolished in 1552 and its lands were captured by Moscow state.
		At last a many centuries struggle between the Riurikovitches and the Volga Bolgars’ state was completed, Volga is a Moscow river… Later on historians will create a myth about the sub dueling “Kazan Khanate”- the last stronghold of Tatar conquerors”.
		This is the irony of history: CPSU Bolsheviks, 70 years later, imvillingly admitted, that in 1920 they committed a crime towards the Volga Bolgar people, imposing them by force the nickname “Tatars” as a selfsame.
	www.mi.ru /~bolgar/eng2.htm (7940 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Grand Unified Volga Bulgaria thread - includes scenario change proposals
		And of course the capital city must be moved to Bolgar again so I guess a little bit of re-doing in the starting set should be done too.
		I don't know how Volga Bulgar is techwise, but I believe that in real life they were more advanced than their neighbors, so perhaps they could get a couple of more advanced techs than the Cumans, but not enough to be superpowered.
		yep, Volga Bulgars were pretty civilised, 'till they were overrun by the Mongols (and even after that Biliar, Bolgar and Kazan were prety prosperous), but i'm not sure if there are battle events for loosing thechs (there was a talk for them thoigh), which might give the Horede unwanted advantage (high tech).
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=211041 (1284 words)

	Parliamentary Assembly
		The Bolgar’s National Congress, a non–governmental organisation located in the town of Kazan in Russia, is fighting for the protection of the right of self-identification of the Bolgars of Volga.
		instructs the Committee on the Honouring of Obligations and Commitments of Member States to include on the agenda of their next visit in Russia a meeting with the representatives of the Bolgars of Volga and to monitor the development of this problem.
		Spindelegger, Austria, EPP/CD Stoyanova, Bulgaria, EPP/CD Surjan, Hungary, EPP/CD Tahir, Bulgaria, EPP/CD The Bolgars of Volga should not be considered as persons of Bulgarian nationality who have their own communities in Russia as well.
	assembly.coe.int /Documents/WorkingDocs/doc00/EDOC8853.htm (374 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		furthermore, we know the volga bolgars became muslim and we have such a muslim languange in the inscriptions, with chuvash its nearest modern representative and both are -r turkic.
		>to Volga Bolgaric is the presence of the sound Z in many of the oldest Bulgar >names - ZIEZI, ZENTI, ANZI, ZERA, IZOT, while in Chuvash ZIEZI, for example, >would sound as SIESI (and in Mari it would sound as SHIESHI).
		the language of the danube bolgars may be a different matter.
	members.tripod.com /~Groznijat/sci_lang/438774271.txt (431 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan at AllExperts (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the iltÃ¤bÃ¤r (vassal-king under the Khazars) of the Volga Bulgaria, AlmÄ±Å.
		The embassy's objective was to have the king of the BolÄars pay homage to Caliph al-Muqtadir and, in return, to give the king money to pay for the construction of a fortress.
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga north of the Samara bend.
	experts.about.com.cob-web.org:8888 /e/a/ah/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan.htm (699 words)

	tourpage
		It was the major city of Tatar (Bolgar) nation, a trade center between West and East.
		After Bolgar was attacked by Mongol khan Timur, the capital of Volga Bolgars (Tatars) was moved to Kazan.
		Island of Sviyazhsk is situated in a picturesque surrounding of shoals, and coves in the outfall of Sviyaga river.
	www.russian-trips.com /kazan.html (1009 words)

	Janzteam Easteurope and Russia
		They are descended from Volga Bolgars who assimilated local Finnic and Turkic peoples.
		The Chuvash language is a literary language developed in the 1870's using the Cyrillic script.
		For centuries they have lived quietly along the middle course of the Volga River, growing rye and potatoes.
	www.janzteam.com /OSTEUROPE/en/cr3.htm (351 words)

	Finno-Ugric language family
		The modern scientists came to the conclusion on the base of their researches in the area of the Finno-Ugric vocabulary related to the flora, that the forehomeland of the Finno-Ugrianswas located in the region of the rivers Volga and Kama on the both sides of Urals.
		The Bolgars contacted actively with the Permians and after the separating them into the Komi and the Udmurts - with the latter.
		The Volga Bolgars meant "Ves" the habitants of so-called "Zavolochskaja Chud" from the Russian annals (the northern territories), the Veps.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/2282/finno.html (5839 words)

	History of Kazan
		The ancestors of the Kazan Tatars were the first in Europe to begin to smelt hi gh-quality cast iron.The Bolgar towns between the rivers Volga and Kama were noted for ferrous metallurgy, pottery, gold and silver working, and the production of leather goods.
		Under its spell Kazan was transformed from a small frontier Bolgar town into a poweful citadel of the khans and a world-famous trading capital on the Volga; its spell overthrew Kazan, turning it into a captive wi thout rights; its spell made it rise again, but in the form a capital of a huge province...
		Kazan became in 1922 the capital of an autonomous Soviet republic and traversed the whole thorny path of the Soviet era.
	www.kcn.ru /tat_en/kazan/capital.html (829 words)

	Call for papers: LENCA-2
		From the tenth century, Bolgar builders erected stone and wooden mosques, schools, palaces, caravanserais and civic buildings with central heating and plumbing systems.
		In 922, after direct diplomatic talks with Baghdad, Volga Bolgaria accepted Islam, and the ancient Turkic runic writing was changed to the Arabic script.
		Under its spell Kazan was transformed from a small frontier Bolgar town into a powerful citadel of the khans and a world-famous trading capital on the Volga; its spell overthrew Kazan, turning it into a captive without rights; its spell made it rise again, but in the form of a capital of a huge province...
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /uhlcs/LENCA/LENCA-2/information/kazan.html (810 words)

	Bulgars - Gurupedia
		Bolgars moved west from the lower-middle Volga river
		Bulgaria in 681 when they invaded the area, united and assimilated with its earlier Slavic and Thracian inhabitants.
		Eastern Bulgars (see Volga Bulgaria) (sometimes Bolğarlar) remained a powerful force in the Volga (İdel) region, eventually merging with local Turkic peoples, Iranian peoples and Finno-Ugric peoples in 8th century.
	www.gurupedia.com /b/bu/bulgars.htm (157 words)

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