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Topic: Volga Bulghars

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	Volga Bulgaria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Volga Bulgaria or Volga-Kama Bolghar, is a historic state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama rivers in what is now the Russian Federation.
		Modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars descend from the Volga Bulgars, although linguistic evidence suggests that the Chuvashes may be connected to the Huns.
		Henceforth Volga Bulgaria became a part of the Ulus Jochi, later known as the Golden Horde.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volga_Bulghars (739 words)

	Volga - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Volga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		From its source, the Volga follows a roughly southeasterly course to Kazan, and then turns south in a wide curve near Kuibyshev before flowing into a broad delta (some 120 km/75 mi wide) on the northwestern shore of the Caspian Sea.
		The Volga and its tributaries carry two-thirds of all the goods and over half of all the passengers transported on internal waterways in the Russian Federation.
		The Kuybyshev, Volgograd, Saratov, and other large hydroelectric stations on the Volga make it one of the main sources of the country's power supply, while the stations' high dams have transformed the river into a series of artificial reservoirs (see Rybinsk).
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Volga (680 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Volga Bulgaria
		Modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars are descendants of the Volga Bulgars.
		By 922, Volga Bulgaria was converted to Islam, and the notes of the Baghdad missionary Ahmad ibn Fadlan tell us that it was adopded as an official religion.
		Annexed by the Mongols in 1236, in the 1240s Volga Bulgaria was incorporated into the Golden Horde, which itself became an Islamic state when converted by Bulgar missionaries.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Volga_Bulgars (449 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the iltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of the Volga Bulgaria, Almış.
		It reached the Bulghars after much hardship on May 12, 922 (12 Muharram 310) (This day is an official religious holiday in modern Tatarstan).
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga north of the Samara bend.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan (701 words)

	Chuvash language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its parent language — spoken by the Volga Bulghars in the Middle Ages — differs from all other Turkic languages so considerably that it is usually classified as a sister language of Proto-Turkic, rather than a daughter language, like the rest of the Turkic languages.
		Both Tatar and the Finnic languages have influenced the Chuvash language, as have Russian, Mari, Mongolian, Arabic, and Farsi, which have all added many words to the Chuvash lexicon.
		The most ancient writing system, known as the Orkhon script, disappeared after the Volga Bulgars converted to Islam.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chuvash_language (343 words)

	Volga Ethnic Relations from Ibn Fadlan's Perspective
		The Bulghar king had accepted Islam in the early fourth (AH)/tenth (CE) century, a time of change resulting in the permanent incorporation of “large sections of the Central Asian Turkic populations…into the structure of the Islamic world” (In 349/960, 200,000 tents of Turks reportedly converted to Islam).
		Some of the Bulghars were merchants, traveling to the land of the Turks to acquire sheep, and obtaining sable and fl fox furs from the Wisu (the Ves, a Finnish people located near Beloye Lake).
		In the case of death in Bulghar territory, Muslim visitors and men of Khwarizm were washed and buried; though the women remained silent, men wailed, and slaves mourned penitentially.
	www.tamu.edu /chr/agora/summer03/Clouser.htm (5550 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the king of the Volga Bulgaria, Almış.
		The embassy's objective was to have the king of the Bulghars pay homage to the Caliph and in return to give the king money to pay for the construction of a fortress.
		They did reach the Bulghars, however, but the king, being annoyed at not receiving the promised sum, refused to switch from the Malekite rite to the Hanefite rite of Baghdad.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=89821 (706 words)

	A short description of Volga Bolgharic r-Turkic
		well, of course the element *volga* is a scholarly term, to distinguish them from the danube bulghars.
		so this weak overlap with arabic is taken advantage of in volga bulghar (this feature is also present in anatolian turkish in perso-arabic script - however anat.
		well, the state was called "bulghar" and the r turkic inscriptions
	members.tripod.com /~groznijat/fadlan/volga_bolgharic.html (491 words)

	Mongolia - HISTORY
		The Bulghars were defeated in 1236, and in December 1237 Subetei and Batu led an army of 600,000 across the frozen Volga River.
		While deliberately stalling in Bulghar in 1241, Batu founded Sarai (near modern Leninsk, Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) on the lower Volga River, as the capital of his Khanate of Kipchak, best known to history as the Golden Horde.
		The Mongols maintained sovereignty over eastern Russia from 1240 to 1480, and they controlled the upper Volga area, the territories of the former Volga Bulghar state, Siberia, the northern Caucasus, Bulgaria (for a time), the Crimea, and Khwarizm.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/mongolia/HISTORY.html (18249 words)

	The Influence of Islamic Coins on the Russian Monetary System
		All bear the mint name of either Suwer or Bulghar, and were produced in the names of the local rulers: Yaltavar (before 338 AH/949 CE), Talib bin Ahmad (338-347 AH/949-958 CE), and Mikhail bin Ja’far (after 347 AH/958 CE).
		Anonymous dirhams imitating Samanid coins were also struck by the Volga Bulghars, many times bearing tamghas, as well as the keeping the original dates and mint names of their Samanid prototypes (see Album N1481-Q1481).
		It is believed that Varangian trade with the Volga Bulghars, Khazars and the Samanid dynasty in Central Asia caused dramatic outflow of fine silver coin out of the silver rich Panjhir Valley.
	www.islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com /_framed/50g/islamiccoinsgroup/ArtRassian.htm (2777 words)

	Body
		On the Volga today, all that is left of the once great city of Bolgara which Marco Polo mentions in his first chapter, is a little village.
		The Bulghars conquered the native Slavs in that land.
		A place-name alongside the Volga was known as Siberia.
	www.servantsnews.com /sn9612/s961224.htm (2432 words)

	Hurstwic: Pagan Religious Practices of the Norse
		In the year 921, a group of Arabs traveled up the Volga River to visit the King of the Bulghars.
		Ibn Fadlan, a member of the Arab deputation to the Bulghars, wrote about his encounters with the Rus traders.
		He wrote that when the traders arrived at the dock of the market place, they disembarked from their boats, carrying "bread, meat, onions, milk, and alcohol [mead]" and went to a tall piece of wood, carved with faces, set in the ground.
	www.hurstwic.org /history/articles/mythology/religion/text/practices.htm (5088 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		It was during their time that the vigorous andcommercially-minded Vikings gained possession of Russia, and traded their furs and wax andslaves in the markets of the south in exchange for textiles and metal goods, evidence of thistrafflc being provided by the hoards of Arabic coins dug up in Sweden, Finland and NorthRussia.
		The Bulghars in turn tried to convert the Russians, butVladimir of Kiev decided in 988 in favour of Christianity, thereby barring Islam's advance intoEastern Europe.
		Most probably the Bulghars were converted by merchants from the Samanidkingdom, who also brought the faith to the Turks beyond the Jaxartes, nomads who did a brisktrade in sheep and cattle with the frontier towns.
	ismaili.net /mirrors/72_islam/saunders.html (3612 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Relationship bw Bulgar and Iranian Langua (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Why be ashamed of the Volga Bulgars and Bulgars, they were great people, great warriors.
		Bulgarians should be proud of Volga Bulgars, its where their name derives from for goodness sake, you cannot deny history just because you don't like to admit the ancestors of your nation's name were Turkic.
		And, afaik, neither does the name Volga derive from Bulgar, although that might actually be just Russian information...
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=10658&get=last (1272 words)

	Hungarian Protohistory Series
		Thus he translated sources concerning the different peoples who had been in touch with the Hungarians (Khazars, Volga Bulghars, Alans, Burtas, Moravians, Russians, etc.) Finally, he extended his research to every ethnic groups of the Eurasian steppe zone.
		István Vásáry not only examined the history of the peoples of the steppe but also these of the nations, countries (Kitans, Jurchens, Tibetans, Tanguts, Karakhanid Empire, Khvarezm) that ever were in contact with them at certain stages of their history.
		The 'Magyar' Ethnonym on a Volga Bulghar Grave Inscription from 1311.
	www.arts.u-szeged.hu /chronica/baloghl.htm (4303 words)

	China History Forum, chinese history forum > "Tartars"
		The Tatars historically named the "Dadan", are descended from a branch of a Mongolian tribe, who used to inhabit the region near the Volga River.
		Mar 24 2006, 06:56 AM kazan's (wich is now tataristan autonomous region in russia) called themselfs as "Bulghars" in late 17th century, like the gagauzi people call themselfs "eski-bulgar" wich means old-bulgars.
		This freedom and the mobility of the nomads of the steppe has evolved their own peculiar culture, character and manner of life, and has played a very important part in the history of Asia, which has not yet been properly appreciated by historians nor sufficiently studied.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /lofiversion/index.php/t3435.html (2803 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia
		Ibn Fadlan was an Arab missionary sent by the Caliph in Baghdad to the king of the Bulghars.
		His is the earliest account of a meeting with the Vikings, called Rus, who had reached the Volga River from Sweden.
		His description of the Rus, or Rusiya as he calls them, has produced much discussion about their origins, shockingly free sexual morals standards, customs, treatment of slaves and women, burial traditions, and trading habits, all explained in detail by Ibn Fadlan.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=1558763651 (300 words)

	Saunders. History of Medieval Islam
		One of the main international trade routes of the age ran through the territory of the Bulghars, a Turkish race living in the region of the middle Volga, who accepted Islam before 921, in which year a mission from the Caliph Muktadir visited them and reported on life among this most northerly of Muslim peoples.
		The Bulghars in turn tried to convert the Russians, but Vladimir of Kiev decided in 988 in favour of Christianity, thereby barring Islam's advance into Eastern Europe.
		Most probably the Bulghars were converted by merchants from the Samanid kingdom, who also brought the faith to the Turks beyond the Jaxartes, nomads who did a brisk trade in sheep and cattle with the frontier towns.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~fisher/hst372/readings/saunders.html (3963 words)

	ONSNUMIS.ORG - Meeting of the Oriental Numismatic Society in Jena 17/18 April 1999
		The present speaker and Thomas Noonan, Minneapolis, reconstructed the hoard on the basis of the lists of coins sent to the various museums found in the archives of Jena and St. Petersburg and analysed the position of the hoard among the other contemporary coin finds.
		Murom was a settlement of Finno-Ugric tribes under the sway of the Rus in the border region facing the realm of the Volga-Bulghars.
		The hoard highlighted the importance of Murom as a trading centre on the road between Central Asia via Bulghar on the Volga to Staraja Ladoga, the main trading post of the Rus/Vikings near the Baltic See.
	www.onsnumis.org /news/jena99.shtml (3911 words)

	HIST H640 27724 The Rus, Khazars, & Bulgars: Ambition & Competition in Heart of Central Eurasia, 8th-13th Century
		Before then, from the Dnepr River eastward beyond the Caspian Sea, and from Crimea and the Caucasus northward to the Gulf of Finland, Lake Ladoga, and the upper reaches of the Volga River, the three kaganates emerged to create the earliest extensive urban cultures in this large region.
		Of the three “states,” only that of Rus has much of a historiography, partly explained by the complete disappearance of the other two by the 13th century and the cultural tradition that has claimed continuity between Rus and the Russian Empire through Muscovy.
		Challenging that tradition, while analyzing the extant sources revealing the parameters of Khazar and Bulghar history, this course will examine the three kaganates in all of their aspects and interrelations.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blfal05/hist/hist_h640_27724.html (344 words)

	Mongolia - Successors of Chinggis, 1228-59
		The kuriltai also decided to launch a campaign against the Bulghars, Turks in the region of Kazan on the middle Volga River, and to complete the conquest of the outlying Western Xia territories.
		By 1229 Batu Khan, grandson of Chinggis, had defeated most of the Bulghar outposts, and in 1231 Ogedei sent an expedition to conquer the Korean Peninsula.
		The remainder were Turks, Tatars, Tangut, Cumans, Bulghars, and other Inner Asian peoples.
	countrystudies.us /mongolia/14.htm (454 words)

	WeekOneResponses
		Turkish officers proved themselves to be worthy of “high rank, commanding armies, governing provinces, sometimes ruling as independent princes.” From 933 until the Fatimid conquest in 969, a Turkish family, Ikhshidids, ran Egypt.
		Around this time, one of the main trade routes ran through the territory of the Bulghars.
		The Bulghars were a Turkish race living the Middle Volga region who had accepted Islam before 921.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~fisher/hst373/WeekOneResponses.html (1738 words)

	Hudud al-'Alam - 45 - Commentary of V. Minorsky
		The difference between the Inner and Great Bulghar is not clear.
		Similarly the Hungarian Dominican monk Julian who, in search of the Hungarian kinsmen, travelled in A.D. 1234-6 beyond the Volga calls the country of the Volga Bulghars Magna Bulgaria, see G. Fejér, Cod.
		Marquart, Streifzüge, 503, places the Black Bulghars between the Dniepr and the Khazar lands, and further identifies them with the Kuturgur mentioned in Syriac and Byzantine sources.
	www.kroraina.com /hudud/hud_45_c.html (623 words)

	H-Net Review: Charles C. Kolb on History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume I: Inner Eurasia ...
		Khazar control was challenged by the Magyars in eastern Europe and the Rus' along the Volga, nonetheless, the Khazarians repelled several Arabic-Islamic army advances in 642, 713, 722, and 730, but succumbed to massive Islamic invasions in 737, temporarily converting to Islam.
		The roles of Viking traders, tribute-takers, and settlements; and Sassanian and Byzantine numismatic and archaeological data are used to characterize Rus' trading fleets on the Volga and the move to Kiev.
		Svyatoslav's son and successor, Prince Vladimir (960-1015) fought the Volga Bulgharians, established 100 fortified settlements along the Pecheneg frontier, and aided the Byzantine armies in Anatolia against the invading Bulgharians.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=24193939762367 (5766 words)

	Hungarians - History Forum
		It was this contact which transformed the proto-Hungarians into steppe-nomads, and which introduced the first Turkic (Bulgar) vocabulary into their language.
		When Volga Bulgharia was formed there was another period of Bulgar-Magyar interaction.
		They moved into the region of the northern Caucasus where they were under the influence of those Oghur tribes known as the Onoghuri, as well as other Turkic tribes including the Sabiri, Turuks, and Khazars.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?act=findpost&pid=49371 (1320 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (City: Vladimir and Suzdal) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In the 12th century, the princes of Vladimir-Suzdal, cut in on the lucrative Volga trade routes once shared between Novgorod and the Volga Bulghars.
		Churches in Vladimir were influenced by Georgian churches, which were influenced by Armenian churches, which in turn were influenced by early Syrian churches.
		11th century: The city of Vladimir on the banks of the banks of the Volga River in the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, boasted a series of magnificent churches and palaces.
	members.aol.com /bksmyre/City_Vladimir_and_Suzdal.html (202 words)

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