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	Volga German ASSR (Soviet Union, 1918-1942)
		The Volga German ASSR existed 1924-1941: Established as Labour Commune of Volga Germans or Volga German AO within Russian SFSR on 19 october 1918.
		The Area of the Germans at the Volga were declared to a German workers community in Okt.1918 after revolution, in Feb.1924 it got the status of an ASSR (autonom socialistic soviet republic) of the Volga Germans with the capital of Engels (1929: 27.152 km²).
		In the State Historical Archive of Volga Germans in the Engels-city (where I live), in documents of the Supreme Council and of the Council of People’s Commissioners of the Volga Germans ASSR and in newspapers of ASSRdWD of 1937-1941 there is no document on change of a flag of 1937 of ASSRdWD.
	flagspot.net /flags/su-wd.html (866 words)

	History of Germans in Russia and the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Germans settled in the Caucasus area from the beginning of the 19th century and in the 1850s expanded into Crimea.
		The Germans living in the Volhynia area were deported to the German colonies in the lower Volga river in 1915 when Russia started losing the war.
		Baltic Germans are estimated to have represented no more than 6% of the population of Estonia and Latvia at the end of the 17th century but their dominant position in society remained relatively unchallenged.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_minority_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union (2292 words)

	Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the Russian Revolution the deeply religious Volga Germans, 76% of whom were Christians of the Lutheran faith, immediately came into conflict with the anti-religious Bolshevik revolutionaries.
		The beginning of the Second World War (known in the former U.S.S.R. as the Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945) marked the end of the Volga German A.S.S.R. The Soviet government declared all Germans to be enemies of the state, which increased the persecution and fear of the Volga Germans among the general Russian populace.
		Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the situation for Volga Germans improved dramatically, and in 1964 a second decree was issued.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Volga_German_ASSR (555 words)

	Encyclopedia: Volga German
		The Volga Germans were ethnic Germans living near the Volga River and the Black Sea, maintaining German culture, language, traditions, and religions: Evangelical Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism.
		Germans went to Russia with special rights as a group, which were later revoked when the need for conscription into the Russian army arose in the latter part of the 19th century.
		Volga Germans emigrated to the United States and Canada and settled mainly in the Great Plains; Alberta, Kansas, western Montana, and Saskatchewan, and introduced dryland farming, a skill learned in Russia.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Volga-German (2040 words)

	Volga German ASSR - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Volga German ASSR
		The Volga German Autonomous Republic was formed in 1918 as an autonomous workers' commune of the USSR and made into an autonomous republic in 1924.
		Over half the population were Volga Germans, descendants of colonists from Germany who settled on both banks of the Lower Volga near the town of Pokrovsk-Glazov (later Engels) in the reign of Catherine (II) the Great in the 1760s.
		After the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the republic was abolished and its German inhabitants, accused of collaboration, were deported to Siberia and Central Asia.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Volga+German+ASSR (197 words)

	Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		After the Russian Revolution the deeply religious Volga Germans, 76% of whom were Christians of the; Lutheran faith, immediately came into conflict with the; anti-religious Bolshevik revolutionaries.
		Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the; situation for Volga Germans improved dramatically, and in 1964 a second decree was issued.
		Since the fall of the Soviet Union many Volga Germans have emigrated to Germany by taking advantage of the German Law of return, a policy which grants citizenship to all those who can prove to be a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or descendant of such a person.
	volga-german-autonomous-soviet-socialist-republic.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Volga_German_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic (803 words)

	Timeline
		Lenin established Autonomous Volga German Workers' Commune, forerunner to the ASSR of the Volga Germans, founded in 1924.
		Autonomous Socialistic Soviet Republic of the Volga Germans established.
		Beginning of the banishment and exile of the German populations in Russia.
	www.ahsgr.org /timeline.htm (514 words)

	Volga German ASSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The deeply religious Volga Germans, 76% of whom were Christians of the Lutheran faith,immediately came into conflict with the anti-religious Bolshevik revolutionaries.
		On August 28, 1941, Josef Stalin issued a formal Decree of Banishment, which abolished the A.S.S.R. and exiled all Volga Germans to the Kazakh S.S.R. After the war, they were forced to sign contracts that promised they would neverreturn to the Volga area.
		Following the death of Stalin in 1953, the situation for Volga Germans improveddramatically, and in 1964 a second decree wasissued.
	www.therfcc.org /volga-german-assr-263073.html (349 words)

	Volga German ASSR (Soviet Union, 1918-1941) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Volga German ASSR existed 1924-1942: Established as Labour Commune of Volga Germans or Volga German AO within Russian SFSR on 19 october 1918.
		Transformed into Volga German ASSR on 19 december 1924.
		First known flag of the republic was adopted in 1926, red flag with golden letters (abbreviation of the name of state) in german.
	www.fotw.net /flags/su-ruwd.html (146 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		For the Germans in the Soviet Union, Stalin and Beria are the epitome of evil.
		German Russians and German speakers in the USSR write again, as before the war, These writers are among the first who can write, and do more than put it in a drawer.
		Eighty years after the founding of the Autonomous Volga German Region on October 19, 1918, the main themeamong German Russians who remain in the CIS is emigration to Germany, and the language test that goes along with it.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/info/introduction/russland.html (2620 words)

	Volga Germans
		It is precisely this Archive in Engels, which stores the main bulk of the documentation dealing the history of the Germans on the Volga, from the moment of their arrival to settle in 1764-1767 and up to their eviction in 1941.
		German colonists contributed a significant part towards the economic and cultural development of the Russian State.
		At this congress, based on the a decree issued by the Soviet of National Commissars "For the German Colonies on the Volga", it was proclaimed to form the "The Province's Labour Commune of Volga-Germans".
	www.webbitt.com /volga/letters.html (1485 words)

	The Great Famine-Genocide in Soviet Ukraine (Holodomor)
		Fleischhauer remarks that as a child, he had worked as a shepherd for wealthy Germans in the Yekaterinoslav region, noting that it was at that time his hatred for and envy of the Germans and their land holdings began.
		According to Richard Walth, 350,000 Russian Germans (in Russia and Ukraine) perished in the famine of 1932-1933.
		On the collectivization famine in the Volga-German ASSR, Volga- German professor Adolf Gersch writes, "The.....famine, which had been knowingly prepared by the Soviet leadership and the Communist Party, and which had as a consequence mortality on a massive scale among the Volga-German population, was also a planned mass murder.
	www.artukraine.com /famineart/openwound.htm (1370 words)

	149 - Germany-on-the-Volga (1924-1941) « strange maps
		All Germans living in the Soviet Union were declared enemies of the state, and exiled further from the potential front, mainly to Kazakhstan.
		The map legend indicates German towns with a red dot, Tatar towns with a crescent, Russian towns in the ASSR with a fl and without it with a white dot.
		The author neglects to mention that, beginning in 1941, most of the Volga Germans were packed in trains and sent to concentration camps (gulags) in Siberia.
	strangemaps.wordpress.com /2007/07/16/149-the-volga-german-assr-1924-1941 (1429 words)

	THE ENFORCED RESETTLEMENTS
		German troops occupied the western part of the republic in the autumn of 1942 but were halted at the approaches to Grozny.
		The German Volga Labour Commune was established in October 1918, and transformed in February 1924 into the Volga-German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ('E' on map) (area: 10,500 square miles; population: some 605,500 in 1939; capital: Engels).
		None of the Germans living in the Volga area has reported to the Soviet authorities the existence of such a large number of diversionists and spies among the Germans; consequently, the German population of the Volga conceals enemies of the Soviet people and of Soviet authority in its midst.
	harikumar.brinkster.net /AllianceIssues/All42-Settlements.html (5248 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of 8/28/1941
		Settlement Areas for Germans on the Volga Identified
		Bundestreffen of the Landsmannschaft of the Germans from Russia
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/history_culture/history/people8.html (363 words)

	Adalbert Goertz: FAQ-D:Deutschland (Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The big loser was the Catholic church which had lost her wordly possessions and vast land holdings in the secularisation of 1803 (Reichsdeputationshauptschluss).
		The German kingdoms, grandduchies, duchies and various principalities were loosely united by various federations with no capital of Germany.
		The best German gazetteer is Meyers Orts- and Verkehrslexikon des Deutschen Reiches,1912 edition, which is available on microfiche in the LDS Family History Centers.
	www.adnc.com /~lynnd/gfaqd.html (3179 words)

	homeland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The word (and its cognates in other languages; e.g., Heimatland in German) has ethnic nationalist connotations for many people.
		The Soviet Union created homelands for some minorities in the 1920's, including the Volga German ASSR and the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.
		Often, as in the case of the Volga German ASSR, these homelands were later brutally abolished and their inhabitants deported to either Siberia or the Kazakh SSR.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Homeland.html (248 words)

	Volga Definition / Volga Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Volga river (Russian Во́лга, TatarThe Tatar language (Tatar tele, Tatarça) is an Turkic language belonging to the Altaic branch of the Ural-Altaic family of languages....
		[click for more] Рав, Mari Юл, German German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the world's major languages.
		It is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, the major part of Switzerland, Luxembourg, the South Tyrol (in German, Südtirol) region of Italy, the East Cantons of Belgium, parts of Romania, Poland, Alsace (in German, Elsass) an...
	www.elresearch.com /Volga (267 words)

	Help Needed World Statesmen
		German commandants of Bornholm 9 Apr 1940 - Apr1945); Macedonia (Ger.
		German occupation commanders 8 Sep 1943 - 1944.
		German state before 1815: Ansbach to 1792; Bayreuth to 1792; Briesgau 1801-06; Dortmund Free city; Friedberg Free City; Fulda bishopric; Furstenberg; Hohenlohe; Leiningen; Lüneburg; Minden bishopric; Nassau-Saarbruken; Nassau-Orange; Nurnberg Free city; Osnabrück bishopric; Paderborn bishopric; Passau Bishopric; Plfaz-Zweibrucken-Birkenfeld; Rietberg; Sayn; Stolberg; Regensberg Free city; Strassburg bishopric to 1803; Steinfurt; Gimborn-Neustadt.
	www.worldstatesmen.org /NEEDED_INFO.html (6488 words)

	Annotated Bibliography on Ethnic Cleansing
		It contains verbatium reproductions of the documents pertaining to the rights granted to German settlers by Catherine II, the foundation of the Volga German ASSR, the deportation of the Soviet Germans to special settlements, the mobilization of exiled Germans into work colonies and brigades, and the rehabilitation of these Germans.
		The German language versions of these documents are taken from the official publications of the WDASSR.
		It covers the period of korenzatsiia, the deportation of the Soviet Germans, the role of Soviet Germans in Ukraine under Nazi rule, and their status in the USSR after their release from special settlements.
	www.euronet.nl /users/sota/pohlbiblio.html (2248 words)

	The Case of the German Teachers' Anti-Soviet Organization within the Odessa Pedagogical Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Schtrem completely spoiled joint work with the German Republic so that in 1933 separate language textbooks were published for the two republics… Through students he had recruited he ingeniously gathered intelligence on questions of political and economical nature, which he would then pass along to the consulate.
		Mikvits's lectures on the history of German literature were full of substance, clear in purpose, with references to the opinions of Marx and Engels about this or that German writer.
		By birth he was a Leningrad German from a family that is strongly Russianized, without any signs of specifically German national chauvinism… His pedagogical and scientific work among the Germans of the USSR he considered a part of overall Soviet cultural works.
	home.earthlink.net /~hmehrman/martyr/case3.htm (4517 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A homeland is the concept of the territory to which one belongs; usually, the country in which a particular nationality was born.
		When used as a proper noun, the word (and its cognates in other languages; e.g., Heimatland in German) has ethnic nationalist connotations.
		It was extremely rare for the term to be used by United States citizens to describe their own country up until the term of President George W. Bush and the September 11, 2001 attacks.
	www.stylokna.pl /wikipedia/index.php?title=homeland (283 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: ASSR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		An attempt to declare the Polish Soviet Socialist Republic was made during the Soviet assault in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1922, by the Polish Provisional Revolutionary Committee headed by Julian Marchlewski in Bialystok.
		Moldavian ASSR (1924--1941), divided in 1941 into the Moldavian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR
		Iraq Museum International always displays the most recent published revision of the source article, ASSR; all previous versions may be viewed here.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref/index.php?title=ASSR (1194 words)

	strange maps
		He received permission from the East German authorities to drive his tractor on the Autobahn towards his fields, which also included pastures in the Wüste Mark, another western ‘island’ in the communist ’sea’; this uninhabited farmland became East German in an exchange of territories in 1988.
		German reunification occurred in 1990, but at Steinstücken the border still follows the old pattern, including the Cold War corridor of 1972.
		Nominally a liege of the German emperor, Boleslav defeated Henry V in 1109 – must have been a good year to be a Polish duke – and paid tribute in the form of the isle of Rügen and western Pomerania to Lotharius II.
	strangemaps.wordpress.com (13633 words)

	Homeland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When used as a proper noun, the word (and its cognates in other languages; e.g., Heimatland in German) has (additional info and facts about ethnic nationalist) ethnic nationalist connotations.
		Often, as in the case of the Volga German ASSR, these homelands were later brutally abolished and their inhabitants deported to either (A vast Asian region of Russia; famous for long cold winters) Siberia or the (additional info and facts about Kazakh SSR) Kazakh SSR.
		It was more common for people to use it to refer to the land of their ancestors, so many found the use of the term to be jarring.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/ho/homeland.htm (281 words)

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