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	Voltage Multipliers
		Since each capacitor charges to the peak secondary voltage, the output voltage from this circuit will be the sum of the two capacitor voltages, or twice the peak voltage of the secondary winding.
		Voltage doublers are very useful in situations where the load current is relatively light, and the required voltage is higher than is available from a standard transformer.
		Then the voltage multiplier must recharge for several seconds before the circuit is ready to fire the flash tube again.
	www.play-hookey.com /ac_theory/ps_v_multipliers.html (1853 words)

	Full wave Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
		This is a schematic diagram for a three stage, full wave Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier.
		The no load output voltage is simply the number of stages multiplied by the peak input voltage.
		With 75 VAC in to the transformer, the voltage at the output terminal was 40,000 VDC (the maximum rating of my high voltage probe).
	members.tm.net /lapointe/Cockcroft_Walton.htm (558 words)

	Voltage multipliers
		Voltage multipliers may also be used as primary power supplies where a 177 volt-ac input is rectified to pulsating dc.
		This dc output voltage may be increased (through use of a voltage multiplier) to as much as 1000 volts dc.
		Although the measured output voltage of a voltage multiplier may be several times greater than the input voltage, once a load is connected the value of the output voltage decreases.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book7/27m.htm (1199 words)

	Direct capacitive discharge electric fence controller - Patent 5877949
		An output resistor is connected between the sole output of the voltage multiplier circuit and the fence.
		The purpose of the voltage multiplier circuit 12 is to convert the oscillating voltage received from the AC power supply into a substantially increased DC voltage that is provided as a pulse or shock to an animal that contacts the fence.
		Diode D1 and capacitor C1 comprise a single multiplier stage for converting the oscillating voltage received from the secondary winding 26 into an increased DC voltage that is provided as a pulse or shock to an animal that contacts the fence terminal 32.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5877949.html (4194 words)

	Voltage and turbine speed control apparatus for a rotary atomizer patent invention
		The voltage to and speed of the atomizer, respectively, are regulated by a high voltage multiplier and a fiber optic transceiver.
		A low voltage electrical source remote from the robot arm assembly powers the voltage multiplier and the transceiver, both housed adjacent the atomizer, via two shielded, low-voltage, electrical cables extending from the low voltage source to the housing.
		The connection between the shielded low-voltage cables and the voltage multiplier and transceiver is preferably effected through a complimentary 7-pin male-female electrical socket connector assembly, with the seventh pin being connected to ground.
	www.freshpatents.com /Voltage-and-turbine-speed-control-apparatus-for-a-rotary-atomizer-dt20060810ptan20060175439.php (1822 words)

	What is voltage? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: electromotive force
		The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current (that is, the quantity of charge carriers that pass a fixed point per unit of time) through a conducting or semiconducting medium for a given resistance to the flow.
		Voltage is symbolized by an uppercase italic letter V or E.
		A voltage produces an electrostatic field, even if no charge carriers move (that is, no current flows).
	searchsmb.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid44_gci213320,00.html (398 words)

	RMCybernetics - DIY Homemade Voltage Multiplier
		For safety and improved performance the voltage multiplier should be placed in a protective casing, such as a PVC pipe filled with oil.
		AC voltage is usually given as an RMS (root mean square) value, which is a sort of average over a full cycle.
		If the voltage is too high vor your ammeter, the alternative is to place a low value resistor in series, measure the voltage drop accross it, and calculate the current using ohms law.
	www.rmcybernetics.com /projects/DIY_Devices/homemade_voltage_multiplier.htm (3296 words)

	Full wave Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
		This is a schematic diagram for a three stage, full wave Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier.
		The no load output voltage is simply the number of stages multiplied by the peak input voltage.
		The unit is mounted on three pieces of 1/2" square copper bar stock, which are held between two 12" X 18" X 1/2" sheets of polycarbonate.
	users.tm.net /lapointe/Cockcroft_Walton.htm (558 words)

	High_Voltage
		Once the voltage rises to 2000 V the SIDAC's fire dumping the energy into two ignition coils to give sparks of easily 5 cm.
		To keep the HV and mains isolated and still feedback the voltage, I send pulses into a ferrite rod which will be picked up and trigger the solid state relay to turn off once the voltage has risen to the desired level.
		Voltage at 100kHz is about 900 VAC RMS, lower(center photo), but still enough to draw an arc and heat wires.
	tesladownunder.com /HighVoltage.htm (7525 words)

	Voltage Multiplier Assemblies - Morgan Electro Ceramics
		These devices find their major application in the manufacture of voltage multipliers for electrostatic paint spraying equipment and their compact form lends itself to their incorporation in hand held electrostatic spray guns.
		A number of capacitors are assembled together with intermediate fittings which allow the connection of diodes to be made.
		Voltage ratings of individual discs range from 8 to 1 5kVDC assuming that the quality of encapsulation by the user is sufficient to prevent external breakdown.
	www.morganelectroceramics.com /capacitors/mult1.html (204 words)

	Radio-Electronics.Com :: Diode Voltage Multiplier
		This type of voltage multiplier circuit finds uses in many applications where a low current, high voltage source is required.
		In this voltage doubler circuit the first diode rectifies the signal and its output is equal to the peak voltage from the transformer rectified as a half wave rectifier.
		In this way the output from the circuit is twice the peak voltage of the transformer, less the diode drops.
	www.radio-electronics.com /info/circuits/diode_voltage_multiplier/diode_volt_mult.php (417 words)

	High-Voltage DC Generator, HV, Tesla, Wimshurst, Jacobs Ladder, Kirlian, van de Graaff, zappers
		So high a voltage can ionize air and gases, charge high-voltage capacitors, and also be used to power a small laser or image tube, and has many other application that are useful to both the experimenter and the researcher.
		The multiplier accomplishes its task by charging the capacitors (C3 through C12), through the diodes (D1 through D10), the output is a series addition of all the capacitors in the multiplier.
		As far as the voltage multiplier goes, the diodes and the capacitors must be rated for a t least twice the anticipated input voltage, So, if we have a 1000-volt input, all of the diodes and the capacitors must be rated for at least 2000 volts each.
	www.uoguelph.ca /~antoon/circ/hv/hvdcgen/hvdcgen.html (1823 words)

	What is voltage? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: electromotive force
		Voltage, also called electromotive force, is a quantitative expression of the potential difference in charge between two points in an electrical field.
		The greater the voltage, the greater the flow of electrical current (that is, the quantity of charge carriers that pass a fixed point per unit of time) through a conducting or semiconducting medium for a given resistance to the flow.
		A voltage produces an electrostatic field, even if no charge carriers move (that is, no current flows).
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci213320,00.html (333 words)

	High Voltage Circuits
		This high voltage AC is further stepped up using a diode voltage multiplier consisting of high voltage rectifiers and 1000 volt capacitors.
		A reference voltage from 0 to 1 volt is applied to the other op-amp input to set the threshold current and when the D.U.T. current exceeds this current the 2N4401 turns on and steals current from the 0.02 uF capacitor in the flasher circuit, limiting the output voltage.
		If you wish to have meter ranges and you are using a current meter, connect the resistors to the high voltage and switch the other end of the resistors instead of running the high voltage directly to the switching device.
	www.techlib.com /electronics/highvolts.html (946 words)

	200kV Voltage Multiplier
		The Cockroft-Walton voltage multiplier was invented in the 30's by two men who gave it their names to serve as a way of producing very high voltages which would be unpractical to obtain from transformers due to the bulk of the insulation required.
		By using only capacitors and diodes, these voltage multipliers can step up relatively low voltages to extremely high values, while at the same time being far lighter and cheaper than transformers.
		The output voltage (Eout) is nominally the twice the peak input voltage (Eac) multiplied by the number of stages,
	www.powerlabs.org /cascade.htm (695 words)

	VMI Multiplier Test Capabilities
		Voltage multipliers are AC to DC conversion devices that produce a high potential DC voltage from a lower voltage, AC source.
		VMI produces surface mount and standard multipliers that are virtually limitless with respect to design variations.
		Custom multiplier assemblies are not limited to the standard electrical and physical characteristics.
	www.voltagemultipliers.com /html/multipliers.html (151 words)

	Voltage Multipliers, Inc. - Multiplier Ripple Voltage
		Ripple voltage is the magnitude of fluctuation in DC output voltage at a specific output current.
		This assumes the AC input voltage and frequency are kept constant.
		An equivalent parallel multiplier would require each capacitor stage to equal the total series capacitance of the AC capacitor bank.
	www.voltagemultipliers.com /html/multripple.html (146 words)

	Calramic Technologies LLC - Makers of high voltage ceramic capacitors
		Calramic Technologies LLC manufactures quality high voltage ceramic capacitors suitable for applications ranging from commercial to space level.
		Calramic Technologies LLC is a privately held company located in Reno, NV, USA.
		Calramic is qualified to manufacture high voltage multiplier DSCC capacitors -
	www.calramic.com (113 words)

	Jochen's High Voltage Page : Basic multiplier circuits
		Besides this, the advantage of the Villard circuit is that it may be cascaded to form a voltage multiplier with (in principle) arbitrary output voltage.
		The way this works is that after C1 and C2 are fully charged to 1x and 2x Up respectively, there is a pulsating DC voltage oscillating between 0 and 2x Up across D2, which is converted to AC by the subsequent cap and thus acts as input AC of the next stage, and so forth.
		This means, the voltage drop is the higher, the higher the output current I, the lower the frequency f and the lower the capacity C. The voltage drop also increases with the number of stages cubed, which means for 10 stages it is already 1000x as large as for a single stage!
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv/hv/src/mul/index.html (441 words)

	Cockroft Walton Voltage Multipliers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The classic multistage diode/capacitor voltage multipler, popularized by Cockroft and Walton, is probably the most popular means of generating high voltages at low currents at low cost.
		The CW multiplier has the disadvantage of having very poor voltage regulation, that is, the voltage drops rapidly as a function the output current.
		The output voltage (Eout) is nominally the twice the peak input voltage (Eac) multiplied by the number of stages, 4 in the above diagram.
	home.earthlink.net /~jimlux/hv/cw1.htm (558 words)

	Experiments: Experiment 15
		One of the cheapest and popular ways of generating high voltages at relatively low currents is the classic multistage diode/capacitor voltage multipler, known as Cockcroft Walton multiplier, named after the two men who used this circuit design to be the first to succeed in performing the first nuclear disintegration in 1932.
		The input is a sinewave 10kV peak voltage.
		For this reason, voltage multipliers are used only in special applications where the load is constant and has a high impedance or where voltage stability is not critical.
	www.blazelabs.com /e-exp15.asp (1539 words)

	High Voltage DC Power Supplies
		Our laboratory assembled high voltage DC supplies are available as current sources with a defined short circuit current or as a voltage source with a defined voltage at the rated operating current.
		The charge voltage (vt)= f(t) x I all divided by C. This is a linear relationship and does not require the power wasting series resistance used for voltage sources.
		The advantage of the voltage source approach is the property of maintaining a constant voltage value within the design limits required as current (load) is being drawn.
	www.amazing1.com /hv-dc-power-supplies.htm (1422 words)

	A Cockcroft-Walton Base for the FEU84-3 Photomultiplier Tube
		The first step in producing a suitable voltage distribution for the PMT is to generate 175 volts from the 15 volt input power with a 14 stage Cockcroft-Walton chain.
		The stage-to-stage voltages are lowest at the cathode end of the photomultiplier leading to a low photoelectron collection efficiency, especially in the presence of magnetic fields.
		The sixth dynode voltage is divided to produce a voltage level for the self-test pulser circuit connected in parallel with the anode output signal.
	dustbunny.physics.indiana.edu /~paul/cwbase/Welcome.html (1848 words)

	Circuit arrangement for producing high voltages (US4789997)
		In the case of an X-ray tube high voltage supply the total filament circuit may be approximately on the high cathode voltage and no severe requirements for insulation need to be fulfilled.
		The ripple voltage may be used to produce other small amplitude voltages lying at a high voltage level.
		means for supplying a small amplitude voltage with respect to the voltage multiplier high voltage, obtained from a ripple voltage across a component part of said voltage multiplier with an average potential not differing substantially from the high voltage to a utilizing circuit connected to said voltage multiplier.
	www.delphion.com /details?pn10=US04789997 (206 words)

	diyAudio Forums - Questions on Voltage Mulitplier and Capacitors
		For example, on a voltage multiplier with 220 Volt steps, I can use a 4 step rotary switch to vary it from 1320 to 1980 Volts in steps of 220.
		For voltage multipliers, the capacity required is a function of the load current.
		Use the variac to control the voltage on the primary of the transformer.
	www.diyaudio.com /forums/showthread.php?postid=30102 (655 words)

	Solid State Tesla Coil/High Voltage Generator
		For a real high voltage output, connect a voltage multiplier (from an old TV or computer monitor) to the output of T2.
		The first picture is the high voltage generator without the voltage multiplier.
		The second picture is the high voltage generator with a voltage multiplier installed.
	www.aaroncake.net /circuits/hvgen.asp (733 words)

	Diode circuits and applications, Voltage multiplier, The educational encyclopedia
		Bridge rectifier the bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage
		Clamper the clamper is a circuit that "clamps" a signal to a different dc level.
		Voltage multiplier Voltage multiplier, A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher DC voltage by means of capacitors and diodes combined into a network,...
	www.educypedia.be /electronics/analogdiode.htm (571 words)

	Voltage Multiplier
		This type of rectifier has been used for many years to supply very high voltages for Cockcroft Walton injectors for High Energy Accelerators.
		The primary of the transformer is driven from a regular low level switching circuit.
		The number of sections times the volts per section determines the output voltage.
	members.aol.com /edshomenow/multi.htm (76 words)

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