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	Vomeronasal organ - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The vomeronasal organ (VNO) or Jacobson's organ (sometimes misspelled "Jacobsen's") is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some tetrapods.
		The vomeronasal organ is used in the detection of pheromones in some animals such as mice, although some pheromones are detected by the regular olfactory organ, and the vomeronasal organ detects other compounds in addition to pheromones.
		Anatomical studies demonstrate that in humans the vomeronasal organ regresses during fetal development, as is the case with some other mammals, including cetaceans, some bats, and apes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vomeronasal_organ (266 words)

	Vomeronasal organ - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ (sometimes misspelled "Jacobsen's") is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in some vertebrates, all of which are tetrapods.
		Most animals with a vomeronasal organ utilize it in the detection of pheromones, though some pheromones are detected by the regular olfactory organ, and the vomeronasal organ seems to detect other compounds in addition to pheromones.
		Some scientists believe that in humans the vomeronasal organ is nonfunctional and regresses before birth, as is the case with some other higher animals, including cetaceans, some bats, and apes.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Vomeronasal_organ (226 words)

	Organ
		Organ transplant An organ transplant is the transplantation of an organ (or part of one) from one body to another, for t...
		Otolith organ The otolith organs (the utricle and the saccule) are structures in the elevator).
		Vomeronasal organ The vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary flehmen to direct compounds to this organ, w...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/organ.html (396 words)

	Sixth Sense: The Vomeronasal Organ
		In other mammals, nerve impulses from the sensory cells of the vomeronasal organ enter brain structures known as the accessory olfactory bulbs and also project to brain structures that regulate sexual behavior and the secretion of gonadotropin, a pituitary hormone regulating the function of the testes (4).
		Because the vomeronasal organ in non-human animals is typically situated in a pouch off the nasal cavity, airborne odorant molecules cannot efficiently enter the dead-end passage the same way that they reach the olfactory receptor cells (4).
		Vomeronasal sensory neurons are distinct from olfactory neurons in their morphology (olfactory neurons have cilia, vomeronasal neurons have microvilli) and in the signal transduction components that they express (5).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro99/web3/Bernstein.html (2260 words)

	VOMERONASAL CHEMORECEPTION IN VERTEBRATES
		The Vomeronasal Organ is an olfactory structure in the nose, originally described in 1813 by the Danish court veterinarian Ludwig Jacobson.
		The organ serves to alert the emotional brain to the presence of specific semiochemicals, or signal molecules, which identify sex or status.
		Vomeronasal olfaction is examined in its evolutionary perspective, from molecular capture of scents to the consequent changes in reproductive activity.
	www.icpress.co.uk /books/lifesci/p230.html (266 words)

	Vomeronasal-Flehmem
		The vomeronasal organ (organ of Jacobson) is lined with olfactory cells, and has central pathways different from those of olfactory epithelium.
		The vomeronasal, or Jacobson's, organ occurs in many mammalian species, but not in higher primates, including man. Their structure suggests that they are used only intermittently, as accessory olfactory organs.
		The external sign that a cat is using its vomeronasal organ is the gape or 'Flehmen' response, a 'grimace' in which the upper lip is raised and the mouth is held slightly open for a few seconds.
	www.maxshouse.com /vomeronasal-flehmem.htm (534 words)

	Vomeronasal organ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The sensory neurons withinthe vomeronasal organ detect distinct chemical compounds, usuallylarge molecules.
		Most animals with a vomeronasal organ utilize it in the detection of pheromones, though some pheromones are detected by the regular olfactory organ, and the vomeronasal organ seemsto detect other compounds in addition to pheromones.
		Some scientists believe that in humans the vomeronasal organ is nonfunctional andregresses before birth, as is the case with some other higher animals, including cetaceans, some bats, and apes and thatin adult humans there is no neural connection between the organ and the brain.
	www.therfcc.org /vomeronasal-organ-87818.html (219 words)

	The ChemoReception Web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		We have examined the role of the vomeronasal organ in mediating the pheromonal effects of androstenone in pigs.
		To determine whether the vomeronasal organ is necessary for androstenone detection or attraction or receptive behavior in female pigs, access to the vomeronasal organ was blocked with surgical cement, and androstenone detection threshold and sexual behavior were measured.
		We conclude that in the domestic pig, the vomeronasal organ is not necessary for androstenone detection or androstenone-mediated sexual behavior in estrous females.
	md1.csa.com /crw/1998/vno24.html (317 words)

	Apical and basal neurones isolated from the mouse vomeronasal organ differ for voltage-dependent currents -- Fieni et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Vomeronasal neurones are bipolar cells, with a dendrite reaching the lumen of the VNO and an axon projecting directly to the brain (Brennan, 2001).
		Proliferation and migration of receptor neurons in the vomeronasal organ of the adult mouse.
		Electrophysiological characterization of chemosensory neurons from the mouse vomeronasal organ.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/552/2/425 (6952 words)

	The Physiology of Taste
		Pheromone-induced responses are mediated primarily by the vomeronasal organ (VNO).
		While they found evidence for the existence of receptors in the vomeronasal epithelium similar to those in the olfactory epithelium, they suggested that the lack of intraepithelial blood vessels and mitotic figures in the epithelium indicated that the organ was undergoing degeneration at 28 weeks of gestation (Nakashima, Kimmelman and Snow, 1985).
		The vomeronasal organ in the human foetus from 12 to 23 weeks is lined by a pseudostratified epithelium, with neurone-specific enolase (NSE) positive cells which resemble olfactory receptors.
	www.cf.ac.uk /biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/pherom.html (2248 words)

	Importance of the Vomeronasal Organ
		As should be clear, the vomeronasal organ is very important to the life of mammals.
		All of the pheronomic effects mentioned thus far, from pregnancy prevention in mice to social communication in primates, are mediated by the vomeronasal organ.
		Second, we have seen that the main olfactory sense organ and the vomeronasal are separate systems, with separate pathways through the brain.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Atlantis/6724/vomeronas.htm (1635 words)

	Involvement of Gq/11 in signal transduction in the mammalian vomeronasal organ -- Wekesa et al. 206 (5): 827 -- Journal ...
		Identification of G-protein subunits in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) membranes.
		to the microvillar surface of the vomeronasal organ.
		Evidence that the vomeronasal organ is a receptor for the primer pheromone in male mouse urine.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/5/827 (3304 words)

	NEL, Mating types in yeast, vomeronasal organ in rodents, homosexuality in humans: Does a guiding thread exist?
		It happens evidently in yeast, since the two blending haploid cells are also the two mating organisms, whereas in rodents pheromone receptors are the triggers of the vomeronasal system which, supervising sexual behaviors, is responsible for copulation and therefore for fertilization.
		The debate is still open about the real significance of pheromones in humans but a working vomeronasal organ, able to recognize pheromones of the same sex, could be the simplest biological explanation of homosexuality.
		Besides a linkage between vomeronasal organ and homosexuality in humans could explain the meaning of many experimental data.
	www.nel.edu /23_4/NEL230402L01_Oliva.htm (900 words)

	Dr. Michael Meredith - FSU Biological Science Faculty Member
		The ferret's vomeronasal organ and accessory olfactory bulb: effect of hormone manipulation in adult males and females.
		Vomeronasal organ: electrical stimulation activates FOS in mating pathways and in GnRH neurons.
		Experience facilitates vomeronasal and olfactory influence on Fos expression in medial preoptic area during pheromone exposure or mating in male hamsters.
	www.bio.fsu.edu /faculty-meredith.php (250 words)

	Vomeronasal organ : Jacobson's organ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The vomeronasal organ or Jacobson's organ is an auxiliary olfactory sense organ in many vertebrates.
		The sensory neurons within the vomeronasal organ detect distinct chemical compounds, usually chemical signals within the same species.
		In humans it is subliminal, and there seems to be no direct neural connection between the organ and the brain.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ja/Jacobson's_organ.html (186 words)

	Morphology and immunohistochemistry of the human vomeronasal organ
		The vomeronasal system in vertebrates is a widely "used" chemosensory alternative to the olfactory and gustatory systems.
		The opening of the vomeronasal duct appears as a small pit within the mucosa of the nasal septum.
		In adult humans, the vomeronasal duct is lined out with a specific epithelium, the relevance of which for chemosensory functions is unclear.
	www.tu-dresden.de /media/mitarbeiter/witt/vno.htm (205 words)

	Vomeronasal organ -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It is located in the (Click link for more info and facts about vomer bone) vomer bone, between the nose and the mouth.
		The sensory (A cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses) neurons within the vomeronasal organ detect distinct ((chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight) chemical compounds, usually large molecules.
		Some mammals use a distinctive facial movement called (Click link for more info and facts about flehmen) flehmen to direct compounds to this organ, while in some other mammals the entire organ contracts or pumps to draw in compounds.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vomeronasal_organ.htm (220 words)

	Human Vomeronasal Organ Function: A Critical Review of Best and Worst Cases -- Meredith 26 (4): 433 -- Chemical Senses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Booth, K.K. and Katz, L.S. Role of the vomeronasal organ in neonatal offspring recognition in sheep.
		Dorries, K.M., Adkins-Regan, E. and Halpern, B.P. Sensitivity and behavioral responses to the pheromone antrostenone are not mediated by the vomeronasal organ in domestic pigs.
		Evolutionary deterioration of the vomeronasal pheromone transduction pathway in catarrhine primates
	chemse.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/26/4/433 (7927 words)

	Encyclopedia: Vomeronasal organ
		A placode is an area of thickening in the embryonic epithelial layer where some organ or structure later develops.
		The vomeronasal organ is used in the detection of pheromones, although some pheromones are detected by the regular olfactory organ, and the vomeronasal organ detects other compounds in addition to pheromones.
		The Flehmen response is a particular type of curling of the lips in ungulates, felids, and many other mammals, which facilitates the transfer of chemicals into the vomeronasal organ.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vomeronasal-organ (707 words)

	News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Pherin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. of Mountain View, California is the discoverer and developer of vomeropherins, a new family of patented new chemical entities designed to modulate activity in the hypothalamic center of the human brain via local stimulation of the vomeronasal organ.
		This organ, in turn, sends messages directly to the hypothalamus, a center of the brain prominently involved in the functions of the autonomic nervous system, mood and motivational states and the neuroendocrine system.
		Vomeropherins, applied locally to the vomeronasal organ via a nasal delivery system, trigger impulses to the hypothalamus, a regulatory control center of the brain responsible for modulating functions such as emotion, blood pressure, mood, pain, appetite, sexual motivation, alertness and the neuroendocrine system.
	www.pherin.com /news.html (525 words)

	Gene Expression: An effective cologne
		This is the first experimental demonstration of a functional role for the vomeronasal organ in a mammalian species.
		The vomeronasal organ (VNO) of mammals plays an essential role in the detection of pheromones, chemical cues secreted by animals that elicit genetically programmed sexual and aggressive behaviors among conspecifics.
		In the mid 1990s, the vomeronasal epithelium of mammals was found to contain two populations of receptor cells, based on their expression of G-proteins.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/001464.html (1086 words)

	Electrophysiological Characterization of Chemosensory Neurons from the Mouse Vomeronasal Organ -- Liman and Corey 16 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The mechanism of sensory transduction in chemosensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) is not known.
		Barber PC, Raisman G (1974) An autoradiographic investigation of the projection of the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb in the mouse.
		Vaccarezza OL, Sepich LN, Tramezzani JH (1981) The vomeronasal organ of the rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/16/15/4625 (9594 words)

	Green Iguana Mouth
		Part of the chemosensory structure leading to the vomeronasal organ (also called the Jacobson's organ).
		The tongue's forked tip (not seen in this drawing) contains chemosensory receptors which, when the tongue tip is brushed against the fenestra exochoanalis, passes them onto the vomeronasal organ.
		The tips of the iguana's tongue are a deeper, darker red than the rest of the tongue, though this coloring may not become apparent until the iguana is two or more years old and the tongue considerably larger than it is in hatchlings.
	www.anapsid.org /iguana/mouth.html (237 words)

	On the nose
		When mutations wiped out that gene, she contends, primates also lost functioning of the vomeronasal organ.
		That may explain, Liman said, why all that humans have to show for a vomeronasal organ are two pits in the nasal septum, the cartilage that divides the nostrils.
		The TRPC2 gene is an ion channel — a gateway in the cells of the vomeronasal organ that lets positively and negatively charged atoms called ions pass through the organ to the brain.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-03/uosc-otn062003.php (751 words)

	The Scientist :: Immunity, smell linked, Nov. 5, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In their search for the signal molecules, the researchers looked for ligands of MHC class I molecules that would activate neurons in the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ, the secondary olfactory system.
		They used those molecules to map the neuronal activity and were able to identify particular subpopulations of neurons that responded to the different peptides in a genotype-specific fashion.
		"Their work is showing that the vomeronasal epithelium is responding to these peptides, but we have recently published a paper showing that the vomeronasal organ is not necessary to discriminate MHC types in mice," he said.
	www.biomedcentral.com /news/20041105/02 (662 words)

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