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Topic: Von Neumann

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	John von Neumann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Von Neumann was invited to Princeton University in 1930, and was one of four people selected for the first faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study, where he was a mathematics professor from its formation in 1933 until his death.
		One of von Neumann's signature achievements was his rigorous mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics in terms of linear operators on Hilbert spaces.
		Von Neumann proved that the most effective way large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt can be accomplished is through the use of self-replicating machines, to take advantage of the exponential growth of such mechanisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_von_Neumann (1200 words)

	Von Neumann architecture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term von Neumann machine can be used to describe such a computer, but that term has other meanings as well.
		The separation of storage from the processing unit is implicit in the von Neumann architecture.
		The term "von Neumann bottleneck" was coined by John Backus in his 1977 ACM Turing award lecture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture (1482 words)

	John von Neumann - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Von Neumann was the father of game theory and published the classic book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with Oskar Morgenstern in 1944.
		One of von Neumann's signature achievements was his rigorous mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics heavily based on statistical concepts.
		He died of cancer in Washington D.C. The John von Neumann Theory Prize of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (INFORMS, previously TIMS-ORSA) is awarded annually to an individual (or sometimes group) who have made fundamental and sustained contributions to theory in operations research and the management sciences.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /john_von_neumann.htm (1080 words)

	Von Neumann machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A von Neumann machine is the general name of a model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.
		Von Neumann's part in the design was disputed, and all that is sure is that Von Neumann placed his name on a report on stored program computers created by a group of early computer scientists.
		The term "von Neumann machine" has also been used informally to refer to the idea of a self-reproducing machine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Von_Neumann_machine (288 words)

	von Neumann probes
		Initially, a von Neumann probe, consisting of an interstellar propulsion system and a universal von Neumann replicator with human-level intelligence, would be launched from the home star toward a neighboring stellar system.
		The great advantage of a von Neumann probe is that, being a universal machine, it can be used for any purpose at its target system depending on the instructions sent out to it from its ultimate creators.
		He assumed the von Neumann probe approach to be so logical and economical that it would be commonly adopted by advanced civilizations.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/V/vonNeumannprobe.html (1007 words)

	Von_Neumann
		Perhaps von Kármán was the wrong person to ask to undertake such a task but in the end all agreed on the compromise subject of chemistry for von Neumann's university studies.
		Von Neumann lectured at Berlin from 1926 to 1929 and at Hamburg from 1929 to 1930.
		Von Neumann's sense of invulnerability, or simply the desire to live, was struggling with unalterable facts.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Von_Neumann.html (2483 words)

	howard rheingold's \| tools for thought
		Johann von Neumann, a student of Hilbert's, was one of the stars of the formalists.
		Von Neumann was enthusiastic about the military and scientific future of the computer-building enterprise, but the two young men who had dreamed up the computer project before the big brass stepped in were getting other ideas about how their brain-child ought to mature.
		Von Neumann was able to prove that a configuration of about 200,000 cells, each with 29 different possible states and each placed in a neighborhood of 4 orthogonally adjacent squares, could meet all the requirements of a self-reproducing automaton.
	www.rheingold.com /texts/tft/4.html (10041 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Von Neumann studied chemistry at the University of Berlin and, at Technische Hochschule in Zürich, received the diploma in chemical engineering in 1926.
		Von Neumann was privatdocent (lecturer) at Berlin in 1926-29 and at the University of Hamburg in 1929-30.
		In computer theory, von Neumann did much of the pioneering work in logical design, in the problem of obtaining reliable answers from a machine with unreliable components, the function of "memory," machine imitation of "randomness," and the problem of constructing automata that can reproduce their own kind.
	www.dam.brown.edu /people/yiannis/neuman.html (716 words)

	John von Neumann - a Whatis.com definition - see also: von Neumann, John (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At Princeton, von Neumann lectured in the nascent field of quantum theory and through his work on rings of operators (later renamed Neumann algebras) he helped develop the mathematical foundations of that theory which were unveiled in the paper "Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik" (1932).
		Known subsequently as the "von Neumann architecture", the stored-program computer (where both the instructions and the data they operate upon reside together in memory) with its central controller, I/O, and memory was outlined in a "Draft Report" and paved the way for the modern era of computing.
		von Neumann was a pioneer in the field of cellular automata (an n-dimensional array of cells where the contents of a cell depend of the contents of neighbouring cells) and also popularized the binary digit as the unit of computer memory.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci214025,00.html (496 words)

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		Von Neumann "concluded that no introduction of 'hidden parameters' could keep the basic structure of quantum theory and restore 'causality.'" He argued that the indeterminism was inherent in quantum theory because of the interaction of the observer and the observed.
		In their book, which appeared in 1944, von Neumann and Morgenstern stated their belief that economics would develop into a rigorous mathematical science, just as physics had--except that economics was still in an early stage of development- perhaps, they suggested, analogous to that of physics in the sixteenth century.
		Von Neumann machine is the name given to a class of computers (including most computers which exist to this day) which share a family of core components and a logical structure.
	mayet.som.yale.edu /coopetition/vN.html (2860 words)

	John von Neumann
		Von Neumann was the oldest of 3 children of a banker, and his speed of learning new ideas and of solving problems stood out early.
		For the next 3 years, von Neumann worked mainly in the new field of operator theory in mathematics and on applying it to the new field of quantum theory in physics.
		Von Neumann really was a legend in his own time, and there are a number of stories about him.
	scidiv.bcc.ctc.edu /Math/vonNeumann.html (872 words)

	John von Neumann -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Von Neumann must have known of Turing's ideas but it is not clear whether he applied them to the design of the (Click link for more info and facts about IAS machine) IAS machine ten years later.
		Von Neumann had a mind of great ingenuity and near (Click link for more info and facts about total recall) total recall.
		The (Click link for more info and facts about Von Neumann (crater)) Von Neumann (crater) on (The 3rd planet from the sun; the planet on which we live) Earth's (Any natural satellite of a planet) Moon is named after John von Neumann.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/j/jo/john_von_neumann.htm (1263 words)

	Quantum Theory: von Neumann vs. Dirac
		The purpose of this entry is to draw a comparison and contrast of the respective contributions of von Neumann and Dirac to the foundations of quantum theory.
		A von Neumann algebra is a factor, if its center (which is the set of elements that commute with all elements of the algebra) is trivial, meaning that each of its elements is a scalar times the identity element.
		It is worth noting that von Neumann regarded the type-III factors as a catch-all class for the “pathological” operator algebras; indeed, it took several years after the classificatory scheme was introduced to demonstrate the existence of such factors.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qt-nvd (10294 words)

	Von Neumann and the Development of Game Theory
		Von Neumann's mathematical models were also used to plan out the path the bombers carrying the bombs would take to minimize their chances of being shot down.
		Von Neumann is also credited with coming up with the idea of basing computer calculations on binary numbers, having programs stored in computer's memory in coded form as opposed to punchcards, and several other crucial developments.
		Von Neumann was, at the time, a strong supporter of "preventive war." Confident even during World War II that the Russian spy network had obtained many of the details of the atom bomb design, Von Neumann knew that it was only a matter of time before the Soviet Union became a nuclear power.
	cse.stanford.edu /classes/sophomore-college/projects-98/game-theory/neumann.html (1485 words)

	John von Neuman and von Neumann Architecture for Computers (1945)
		Von Neumann's interest in computers differed from that of his peers by his quickly perceiving the application of computers to applied mathematics for specific problems, rather than their mere application to the development of tables.
		From the point of view of von Neumann's contributions to the field of computing, including the application of his concepts of mathematics to computing, and the application of computing to his other interests such as mathematical physics and economics, perhaps the most comprehensive is by Herman Goldstine [1972].
		However, von Neumann's ideas were not along those lines originally; he recognized the need for parallelism in computers but equally well recognized the problems of construction and hence settled for a sequential system of implementation.
	www.salemstate.edu /~tevans/VonNeuma.htm (1802 words)

	The von Neumann Architecture of Computer Systems
		Von Neumann begins his "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs." These are identified as relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and connection with the human operator.
		To von Neumann, the key to building a general purpose device was in its ability to store not only its data and the intermediate results of computation, but also to store the instructions, or orders, that brought about the computation.
		The concepts put forth by von Neumann were, for their time, quite remarkable--so much so that they provided the foundations for all of the early computers developed, and for the most part are still with us today.
	www.csupomona.edu /~hnriley/www/VonN.html (2303 words)

	Von Neumann Architecture as a Kuhnian Paradigm -- Zaft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The acceptance of the von Neumann architecture as a foundational element of computer design from the late 1940s to the present shows that the von Neumann architecture is a Kuhnian paradigm for computer science.
		However, a brief outline of the von Neumann architecture and some of its predecessors is presented to allow the reader to grasp the elements of the problem.
		My thesis is that the adoption of the von Neumann architecture by computer scientists is an example of the adoption of an initial paradigm by a group of practitioners in a field that is newly establishing itself.
	www.zaft.org /gordon/engr696a/paper.htm (3287 words)

	John von Neumann
		Von Neumann invited Turing to stay on at the Institute as his assistant but he preferred to return to Cambridge; a year later Turing was involved in war work at Bletchley Park.
		The von Neumann household in Princeton was open to many social activities and on one such occasion someone posed the "fly and the train" problem [4] to von Neumann.
		The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually "for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology." The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/VonNeumann.html (2003 words)

	von Neumann, John
		von Neumann, John (1903-1957), world-famous mathematician who was professor of mathematical physics in the University and later a professor at the Institute for Advanced Study, was born on December 28, 1903, the son of a well-to-do banker in Budapest, Hungary.
		Von Neumann's brilliant work in mathematics also carried him into theoretical economics and technology as well as theoretical physics -- areas where he was able to make vital contributions not only to science but also to the welfare of his adopted country.
		Probably the best known and most dramatic of von Neumann's accomplishments was his development of one of the speediest, most accurate, and most useful computers, which made the essential calculations that enabled the United States to build and test its first full model of the hydrogen bomb.
	etc.princeton.edu /CampusWWW/Companion/von_neumann_john.html (676 words)

	John Von Neumann: Tutte le informazioni su John Von Neumann su Encyclopedia.it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		John von Neumann (28 dicembre, 1903 - 8 febbraio, 1957) matematico ungaro-statunitense.
		Virtualmente ogni calcolatore per uso personale o domestico in commercio ma anche i microcomputer e i supercomputer è una macchina di von Neumann.
		Von Neumann provò che il modo più efficiente di svolgere operazioni complesse e su larga scala, come per esempio lo scavo della superficie lunare o di una cintura di asteroidi, sia quello di utilizzare macchine auto-replicanti, traendo vantaggio dalla loro possibilità di crescita esponenziale.
	www.encyclopedia.it /j/jo/john_von_neumann.html (166 words)

	International Social Science Review: John von Neumann's contribution to economic science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Von Neumann proved to be a brilliant young mathematician.
		In addition to proving that a general equilibrium solution was possible, von Neumann's main achievement was the resulting harmony between the model assumptions and the different aspects of the solution.
		One of the novelties of von Neumann's model was removing the distinction between primary factors and outputs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IMR/is_3-4_79/ai_113139424 (1432 words)

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		Von Neumann's Universe George Dyson http://conferences.oreillynet.com/cs/et2005/view/e_sess/7032 At the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference San Diego, California, 15 March 2005 Impressionistic transcript by Cory Doctorow doctorow@craphound.com -- This talk is about how the universe of ETCON emerged -- the Von Neumann side.
		Von Neumann's reports were all public and non-proprietary -- they were freely shared with NCR, IBM, RCA, etc. The memory was really unreliable and sloppy -- the difference between a 1 and a 0 was very subtle.
		Von Neumann knew that the tidal wave of computation would change the world and the world would never be the same -- and his people worked like they were on a quest.
	craphound.com /etcon2005-dyson.txt (854 words)

	John von Neumann, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty
		In their book, von Neumann and Morgenstern asserted that any economic situation could also be defined as the outcome of a game between two or more players.
		Together, von Neumann and Morgenstern revived and mathematically structured the idea that individuals appear to be choosing among alternatives with probabilistic outcomes to maximize the expected amount of some measure of value termed "utility." This made clearer Knight's concept of risk.
		Von Neumann was born in Hungary and published his first mathematical paper at age eighteen.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Neumann.html (554 words)

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