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	John von Neumann’s The Computer and the Brain
		Von Neumann explains first the essentially digital operation of the neuron: it either fires or not depending on whether or not it is sufficiently activated.
		Von Neumann adds that in some cases it is not the size of the stimulus itself, but the size of its first-order derivative (the change) that may furnish a stimulation criterion.
		Von Neumann noted that the mechanism of using shorter code may also work the other way round: the material substance may contain mechanisms which are different from our common mathematics, but which are able to solve problems by using shorter code.
	users.fmg.uva.nl /lleydesdorff/vonneumann (2852 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The oldest of three children, von Neumann was born Neumann János in Budapest to Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann), a banker, and Kann Margit (Margaret Kann).
		Von Neumann was invited to Princeton University in 1930, and was one of four people selected for first faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study, where he was a mathematics professor from its formation in 1933 until his death.
		Von Neumann proved that the most effective way large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt can be accomplished is through the use of self-replicating machines, to take advantage of the exponential growth of such mechanisms.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/john_von_neumann (673 words)

	Learn more about Von Neumann architecture in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Von Neumann architectures are computer architectures that use the same storage device for both instructions and data (in contrast to the Harvard architecture).
		A von Neumann Architecture computer has five parts: an arithmetic-logic unit, a control unit, a memory, some form of input/output and a bus that provides a data path between these parts.
		Von Neumann computers spend a lot of time moving data to and from the memory, and this slows the computer (this problem is called von Neumann bottleneck) So, engineers often separate the bus into two or more busses, usually one for instructions, and the other for data.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /v/vo/von_neumann_architecture.html (502 words)

	John Von Neumann: Tutte le informazioni su John Von Neumann su Encyclopedia.it (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		John von Neumann (28 dicembre, 1903 - 8 febbraio, 1957) matematico ungaro - statunitense.
		Virtualmente ogni calcolatore per uso personale o domestico in commercio ma anche i microcomputer e i supercomputer è una macchina di von Neumann.
		Von Neumann provò che il modo più efficiente di svolgere operazioni complesse e su larga scala, come per esempio lo scavo della superficie lunare o di una cintura di asteroidi, sia quello di utilizzare macchine auto-replicanti, traendo vantaggio dalla loro possibilità di crescita esponenziale.
	www.encyclopedia.it /j/jo/john_von_neumann.html (168 words)

	Contexts of Paradox
		Von Neumann received the principal credit to some extent because he was the one who documented the ideas, who elaborated the concepts, and who took it upon himself to tell the rest of the world about the work.
		The EDVAC computer, when it was finally constructed in 1952, followed von Neumann's design, but the first von Neumann computer to be constructed and operated was the Manchester Mark I, designed and built at Manchester University in England, which ran its first program in 1948.
		Von Neumann went to Princeton in 1930, the year after he married his fiancee Marietta Kovesi, a brilliant economics student at the University of Budapest and a leading figure in the social nightlife of the Hungarian capital.
	www.maa.org /devlin/devlin_12_03.html (2195 words)

	Von_Neumann
		Perhaps von Kármán was the wrong person to ask to undertake such a task but in the end all agreed on the compromise subject of chemistry for von Neumann's university studies.
		Von Neumann lectured at Berlin from 1926 to 1929 and at Hamburg from 1929 to 1930.
		Von Neumann was one of the pioneers of computer science making significant contributions to the development of logical design.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Mathematicians/Von_Neumann.html (2489 words)

	von Neumann, John - a Whatis.com definition - see also: John von Neumann
		At Princeton, von Neumann lectured in the nascent field of quantum theory and through his work on rings of operators (later renamed Neumann algebras) he helped develop the mathematical foundations of that theory which were unveiled in the paper "Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik" (1932).
		Known subsequently as the "von Neumann architecture", the stored-program computer (where both the instructions and the data they operate upon reside together in memory) with its central controller, I/O, and memory was outlined in a "Draft Report" and paved the way for the modern era of computing.
		von Neumann was a pioneer in the field of cellular automata (an n-dimensional array of cells where the contents of a cell depend of the contents of neighbouring cells) and also popularized the binary digit as the unit of computer memory.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci214025,00.html (507 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Von Neumann was privatdocent (lecturer) at Berlin in 1926-29 and at the University of Hamburg in 1929-30.
		The mathematical cornerstone of von Neumann 's theory of games is the "minimax theorem," which he stated in 1928; its elaboration and applications are in the book he wrote jointly with Oskar Morgenstern in 1944, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		In computer theory, von Neumann did much of the pioneering work in logical design, in the problem of obtaining reliable answers from a machine with unreliable components, the function of "memory," machine imitation of "randomness," and the problem of constructing automata that can reproduce their own kind.
	www.dam.brown.edu /people/yiannis/neuman.html (719 words)

	The von Neumann Architecture of Computer Systems
		Von Neumann begins his "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs." These are identified as relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and connection with the human operator.
		To von Neumann, the key to building a general purpose device was in its ability to store not only its data and the intermediate results of computation, but also to store the instructions, or orders, that brought about the computation.
		Von Neumann received the principal credit because he took the time to document the ideas, to elaborate the concepts, to instruct the rest of the world about them.
	www.csupomona.edu /~hnriley/www/VonN.html (2303 words)

	Von Neumann architecture - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The so-called von Neumann architecture is a model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.
		The architecture is named after mathematician John von Neumann who provided an early written account of a general purpose stored-program computing machine.
		The separation between the CPU and memory leads to what is known as the von Neumann bottleneck (a term coined by John Backus in his 1977 ACM Turing award lecture).
	open-encyclopedia.com /Von_Neumann_architecture (538 words)

	[No title]
		Computer organization, on the other hand deals with the way the hardware components are connected together to form a computer system.
		Computer languages are categorized to four levels: Very high level languages such as special purpose languages, High level languages such as the Pascal language, Intermediate high level languages such as the C-language, Low level languages such as symbolic or numeric languages usually called assembly or machine language.
		The memory of the computer is to be organized in different levels of hierarchy which goes from slow large capacity memories such as hard disc drives to very fast such as cache memory.
	www.geocities.com /hala_farouk/files/cc312intro.doc (1251 words)

	Vonneumann's first computer program
		Von Neumann, an ambitious and talented mathematician, had learned of the ENIAC project in August, 1944, during a chance conversation with Herman Goldstine while awaiting a train.
		Von Neumann had been working on the Manhattan Project to develop the atomic bomb, and immediately recognized that an electronic computer could help work through the necessary calculations.
		John Von Neumann's instructions were donated to the Library by Herman H. Goldstine, former Executive Officer of the APS.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/exhibits/treasures/vonneuma.htm (492 words)

	John von Neumann
		Von Neumann's interest in computers differed from that of his peers by his quickly perceiving the application of computers to applied mathematics for specific problems, rather than their mere application to the development of tables.
		From the point of view of von Neumann's contributions to the field of computing, including the application of his concepts of mathematics to computing, and the application of computing to his other interests such as mathematical physics and economics, perhaps the most comprehensive is by Herman Goldstine [1972].
		The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually "for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology." The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/VonNeumann.html (2003 words)

	lecture4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Computers are based on the idea that the machine has a fixed set of electronic parts controlled by a program that can be varied according to the problem requirements.
		All von Neumann computers have a CPU (consisting of an ALU and a control unit), a primary memory unit, and a set of devices.
		Computations are accomplished by loading data into general registers, performing operations on those registers, and then saving the results back into memory.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~esbrowde/csc3453/reading/ch4.html (1767 words)

	Talk:Konrad Zuse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It uses a Von Neumann model which is mentioned in Konrad Zuse.
		Zeus's machine does not implement a full Von Neumann model, as the program is stored in a logically separate form of memory (paper tape, which was read-only as far as the computer was concerned) to the data (stored in an arrangement of shifting metal bars).
		By his later activity as a computer manufacturer, he was heavily involved in the introduction of the computer into economic enterprises.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Konrad_Zuse (2489 words)

	Hardware, Software and Impact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Most computers today are the digital computers based on the Von Neumann design principle -(1) a single central processor; (2) a single path between the central processor and memory; (3) program is stored in memory; and (4) central processor fetches, decodes, and executes the stored instructions of the program sequentially.
		Unlike a Von Neumann design where all designs are variations on the basic principles, a parallel computer has many alternative designs, each of which is best suited for a particular class of problems.
		As computer memories grow and computers become faster, part of these increased memory and speed are used to develop operating systems and application programs which are much easier for the final user to learn how to use.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /faculty/Norman/long/hard-soft.html (8145 words)

	Computer Science Illuminated: Biographical_Sketches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		But ask a highway patrolman about von Neumann's driving ability and he would be likely to throw up his hands in despair; behind the wheel, the mathematical genius was as reckless as a rebel teenager.
		John von Neumann was born in Hungary in 1903, the oldest son of a wealthy Jewish banker.
		During the war von Neumann was hired as a consultant for the U.S. Armed Forces and related civilian agencies because of his knowledge of hydrodynamics.
	csilluminated.jbpub.com /biographical_chapter.cfm?chapter=7 (672 words)

	AllRefer.com - John Von Neumann (Mathematics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		John Von Neumann [noi´mAn] Pronunciation Key, 1903–57, American mathematician, b.
		A founder of the mathematical theory of games (see games, theory of), he also made fundamental contributions to quantum theory and to the development of the atomic bomb.
		He was a leader in the design and development of high-speed electronic computers; his development of maniac : an acronym for m athematical a nalyzer, n umerical i ntegrator, a nd c omputer : enabled the United States to produce and test (1952) the world's first hydrogen bomb.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/V/VonNeuma.html (269 words)

	John von Neumann
		An astoundingly creative mathematician, John von Neumann has played a rather important role in post-war economic theory through two essential pieces of work: his 1937 paper on a multi-sectoral growth model and his 1944 book (with Oskar Morgenstern) on game theory and uncertainty.
		John von Neumann's famous 1937 paper, initially written under the auspices of the famous "Vienna Colloquium" and derived from his reading of Wicksell and Cassel, has been called "the greatest paper in mathematical economics that was ever written" (E. Roy Weintraub, 1983).
		John von Neumann's 1944 book with Oskar Morgenstern, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior was a landmark of twentieth century social science.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/neumann.htm (518 words)

	John von Neumann, Biography: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics: Library of Economics and Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Together, von Neumann and Morgenstern revived and mathematically structured the idea that individuals appear to be choosing among alternatives with probabilistic outcomes to maximize the expected amount of some measure of value termed "utility." This made clearer Knight's concept of risk.
		Von Neumann was born in Hungary and published his first mathematical paper at age eighteen.
		In 1943 von Neumann was a consultant to the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, New Mexico, in which the first atomic bomb was built.
	www.econlib.org /library/Enc/bios/Neumann.html (554 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: John Von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Von Neumann (1903-1957), the mathematical prodigy who exercised deadly cool logic in developing the Los Alamos atom bomb and in placing Hiroshima on America's list of target cities, was an excessively polite, self-critical, shy genius.
		The major difficulty in writing a scientific biography of von Neumann is that it is impossible to do justice to his tremendous scientific achievements without going into technicalities that are not accessible for the average reader.
		John Von Neumann's incredible contributions to a vast array of fields are often overlooked and he is identified strictly with respect to one or two (game theory, the computer, and the development of nuclear weapons).
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0679413081 (451 words)

	1.2 A Parallel Machine Model
		The rapid penetration of computers into commerce, science, and education owed much to the early standardization on a single machine model, the von Neumann computer.
		The principal difference between a multicomputer and the distributed-memory MIMD computer is that in the latter, the cost of sending a message between two nodes may not be independent of node location and other network traffic.
		Two classes of computer system that are sometimes used as parallel computers are the local area network (LAN), in which computers in close physical proximity (e.g., the same building) are connected by a fast network, and the wide area network (WAN), in which geographically distributed computers are connected.
	www-unix.mcs.anl.gov /dbpp/text/node8.html (1033 words)

	Basic Computer Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Computer organization deals more with the interface between software and hardware while computer architecture deals more with lower level details.
		Computer architecture is the design of a computer, including the instruction set, hardware components, and system organization.
		A further distinction between computer architecture and computer design could be made with the harware attributes aligning with design and instruction set, formatting, and memory addressing techniques aligning with architecture.
	people.uncw.edu /tompkinsj/242/LogicCircuits/ComputerArchitecture.htm (175 words)

	Ivor Catt Archive \| Dinosaur Computers - 48 ELECTRONICS WORLD June 2003 p50
		I argued that computer applications of the future would need an array of processors and that the single processor (von Neumann) machines like those of twenty (now fifty) years earlier would not meet our needs.
		Computing consumes power because every time a logic line is raised to the value 1 and then discharged back to the value 0, some electric charge has been dumped down through five volts, thus losing energy.
		In contrast, memory, which is what virtually the whole of a Von Neumann computer does, does not in principle consume power, especially a DRAM.
	www.ivorcatt.org /icrew2003jun_0004.htm (1049 words)

	von Neumann vs. computer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		= = As for Von Neumann vs. computer, the computer he was competing against used = punch cards (or worse), and the programmer was not so lucky as to have any = programming language as sophistocated as fortran, and the machine didn't = have more than maybe 10-bit arithmetic.
		As for Von Neumann vs. computer, the computer he was competing against used punch cards (or worse), and the programmer was not so lucky as to have any programming language as sophistocated as fortran, and the machine didn't have more than maybe 10-bit arithmetic.
		She doesn't give the answer but recounts that von = = Neumann found it before the computer did = = = = I made some calculations and found several that satisfy this condition.
	www.seriousliving.net /new-7991-14.html (1933 words)

	Production First Software Encyclopedia of Typography and Electronic Communication : V
		Compare with von Neumann computer, massively parallel processor, molecular computing, and cellular computing.
		Besides being used as a term in general computing, it specifically applies to PostScript virtual memory, an area of output device memory where PostScript instructions, downloaded fonts, the font cache, the rasterizer frame buffer, and other data are stored.
		Compare with cellular computing, massively parallel processor, molecular computing, and vastly parallel processor.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/profirst/v.htm (1489 words)

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