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Topic: Von Neumann machine

	Von Neumann machine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Both meanings are based on the work of John von Neumann.
		The concept was first explored rigourously by John von Neumann, who called them "Universal Constructors" (see Clanking replicator).
		See: Von Neumann probes, and molecular nanotechnology for specific proposed technologies which implement the concept of the replicating Von Neumann machine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Von_Neumann_machine (204 words)

	John von Neumann - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Von Neumann was invited to Princeton University in 1930, and was one of four people selected for the first faculty of the Institute for Advanced Study, where he was a mathematics professor from its formation in 1933 until his death.
		Von Neumann must have known of Turing's ideas but it is not clear whether he applied them to the design of the IAS machine ten years later.
		Von Neumann proved that the most effective way large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt can be accomplished is through the use of self-replicating machines, to take advantage of the exponential growth of such mechanisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_von_Neumann (3428 words)

	John von Neumann - Wikipedia
		Von Neumann was the father of game theory and published the classic book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior with Oskar Morgenstern in 1944.
		Von Neumann dashed all hope of developing a deterministic quantum mechanics until his work was overturned by David Bohm, J.S. Bell, and others.
		Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the well known MergeSort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged together.
	no.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_von_Neumann (785 words)

	Von Neumann machine: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Von Neumann machine
		A von Neumann machine is a model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.
		The term von Neumann machine also refers to the idea of a self-reproducing machine, which was first examined in a rigorous manner and popularized by John von Neumann.
		Von Neumann machines that are out of control are sometimes called "grey goo".
	www.encyclopedian.com /vo/Von-Neumann-machine.html (315 words)

	Encyclopedia: Von Neumann machine
		A von Neumann probe is a specific example of a hypothetical concept based on the work of Hungarian-born American mathematician and physicist John von Neumann.
		A von Neumann machine is the general name of a model for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how to perform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.
		Von Neumann's part in the design was disputed, and all that is sure is that Von Neumann placed his name on a report on stored program computers created by a group of early computer scientists.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Von-Neumann-machine (530 words)

	The von Neumann Architecture of Computer Systems
		Von Neumann begins his "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs." These are identified as relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and connection with the human operator.
		To von Neumann, the key to building a general purpose device was in its ability to store not only its data and the intermediate results of computation, but also to store the instructions, or orders, that brought about the computation.
		Von Neumann received the principal credit because he took the time to document the ideas, to elaborate the concepts, to instruct the rest of the world about them.
	www.csupomona.edu /~hnriley/www/VonN.html (2303 words)

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		Von Neumann "concluded that no introduction of 'hidden parameters' could keep the basic structure of quantum theory and restore 'causality.'" He argued that the indeterminism was inherent in quantum theory because of the interaction of the observer and the observed.
		Von Neumann machine is the name given to a class of computers (including most computers which exist to this day) which share a family of core components and a logical structure.
		A key insight in von Neumann's analysis of self-reproduction is this "categorical distinction between a machine and a description of a machine." The description of the machine is symbol, while the machine is matter--but for the reproduction to be successful, the description must not only be followed, but must also be duplicated.
	mayet.som.yale.edu /coopetition/vN.html (2860 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Von Neumann was privatdocent (lecturer) at Berlin in 1926-29 and at the University of Hamburg in 1929-30.
		The mathematical cornerstone of von Neumann's theory of games is the "minimax theorem," which he stated in 1928; its elaboration and applications are in the book he wrote jointly with Oskar Morgenstern in 1944, Theory of Games and Economic Behavior.
		In computer theory, von Neumann did much of the pioneering work in logical design, in the problem of obtaining reliable answers from a machine with unreliable components, the function of "memory," machine imitation of "randomness," and the problem of constructing automata that can reproduce their own kind.
	www.dam.brown.edu /people/yiannis/neuman.html (716 words)

	Wikinfo \| John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John von Neumann (December 28, 1903 - February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician who made important contributions in quantum physics, set theory, computer science, economics and virtually all mathematical fields.
		The oldest of three children, von Neumann was born Neumann János in Budapest to Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann), a banker, and Kann Margit (Margaret Kann).
		Von Neumann devised the von Neumann architecture used in most non-parallel-processing computers.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=John_von_Neumann (469 words)

	History of Computing Science: John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1945, mathematician John von Neumann undertook a study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a simple, fixed structure, yet be able to execute any kind of computation given properly programmed control without the need for hardware modification.
		Von Neumann contributed a new understanding of how practical fast computers should be organized and built; these ideas, often referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted.
		Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming.
	lecture.eingang.org /neumann.html (346 words)

	Societies as Von Neumann Machines
		Bacteria and other living entities are also self-replicating, but von Newmann not only introduced the idea of an entity that could be first be made by humans and then reproduce it self — a golem in modern garb — but suggested it be a machine that required no more than a million bits of information.
		Currently the `brain' of a Von Neumann machine in which humans take part consists of the people who make decisions that influence the whole society, such as poets and engineers, a few generals, a few of the rich, and some politicians.
		We are a Von Neumann machine that cannot quite reproduce itself exactly, but which can reproduce itself well enough to carry on for a time.
	www.rattlesnake.com /notions/societies-Von_Neumann_machines.html (1524 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Von Neumann's interest in computers differed from that of his peers by his quickly perceiving the application of computers to applied mathematics for specific problems, rather than their mere application to the development of tables.
		From the point of view of von Neumann's contributions to the field of computing, including the application of his concepts of mathematics to computing, and the application of computing to his other interests such as mathematical physics and economics, perhaps the most comprehensive is by Herman Goldstine [1972].
		The IEEE John von Neumann Medal was established by the Board of Directors in 1990 and may be presented annually "for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology." The achievements may be theoretical, technological, or entrepreneurial, and need not have been made immediately prior to the date of the award.
	ei.cs.vt.edu /~history/VonNeumann.html (2003 words)

	I'm sterile but my robot's not
		Von Neumann most thoroughly explored these criteria with his kinematic model, where the machine with its mechanical arm floats about in a “pond” of parts with which it constructs copies of itself or other machines.
		Von Neumann could never believe that the ideals of science, nor those of the scientist, could refrain from cooperating with social forces, and that science could not cloister itself within its ivory towers.
		Von Neumann’s realization of this contributed to his emigration from Germany and his participation in the development of The Bomb.
	www.stanford.edu /class/sts129/essays/srinivasan2.htm (2151 words)

	Von Neumann machine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A von Neumann machine is either of two different machines popularized by the famous mathematician John vonNeumann.
		A von Neumann machine is a model created by Johnvon Neumann for a computing machine that uses a single storage structure to hold both the set of instructions on how toperform the computation and the data required or generated by the computation.
		The term von Neumann machine also refers to the idea of a self-reproducing machine, which was first examined in a rigorous manner and popularized by John vonNeumann who called it a "Universal Constructor".
	www.therfcc.org /von-neumann-machine-36288.html (252 words)

	Von Neumann machine: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term "von Neumann machine" has also been used informally to refer to the idea of a self-reproducing machine (additional info and facts about self-reproducing machine).
		Self-reproducing machines were first examined in a rigorous manner by John von Neumann, who called them instead "Universal Constructors" (see Clanking Replicator (additional info and facts about Clanking Replicator)).
		A specific theoretical application of a Von Neumann machine is a Von Neumann probe (additional info and facts about Von Neumann probe).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/von_neumann_machine.htm (228 words)

	Von Neumann Machines
		In order to eat and live, a von Neumann machine must be able distinguish useful inputs from poisons; it must be able to `see' (or smell, taste, feel, or hear) potential food.
		The inputs, whether energy or material, must be transformed to enable the original von Neumann machine to continue and to enable that machine to reproduce.
		In order to continue, the machine must be able not only to provide itself with enough `food' — enough energy and materials, it must also be able to ward off illness — to defend itself, and to heal itself — to repair itself.
	www.rattlesnake.com /notions/Von_Neumann_machines.html (1280 words)

	Von Neumann Architecture
		This machine is quite flexible, as we only need to provide a new sequence of codes for a new program.
		The von Neumann machine uses stored program concept, i.e., the program and data are stored in the same memory unit.
		Execution of instructions in von Neumann machine is carried out in a sequential fashion from one instruction to the next.
	www.ignoubit.com /Issues/VonNeumann.html (510 words)

	John Louis von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Von Neumann had also been accepted into the University of Budapest, though he did not attend classes there he scored well on the University of Budapest's mathematics examinations.
		Von Neumann lectured at Berlin from 1926 to 1929 and at Hamburg from 1929 to 1930, finding time to do postdoctoral work with Hilbert at the University of Göttingen.
		Though von Neumann corrected the omission, it was his name that became associated with the ideas.
	www.csulb.edu /~cwallis/wallis/computability/vn.html (539 words)

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		Von Neumann went to Los Alamos and left: "I'm thinking about something much more important than bombs: I'm thinking of computers." By the end of the war, Von Neumann was already under contract to IBM.
		Von Neumann's reports were all public and non-proprietary -- they were freely shared with NCR, IBM, RCA, etc. The memory was really unreliable and sloppy -- the difference between a 1 and a 0 was very subtle.
		Von Neumann knew that the tidal wave of computation would change the world and the world would never be the same -- and his people worked like they were on a quest.
	craphound.com /etcon2005-dyson.txt (854 words)

	John Von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Von Neumann was especially intersted in complicated automata, such as the human nervous system and the tremendously large computers he foresaw for the future.
		In addition to its ability to address memory locations directly, a von Neumann machine also has a central processing unit (the CPU) that possesses a special working memory (register memory) for holding data that are being operated on and a set of built-in operations that is rich in comparison with the Turing machine.
		Althouygh it computes the same class of functions as a universal Turning machine, a von Neumann machine runs efficiently because of its random-access memory and because its architecture can be implemented in electronic circuitry that makes its basic operations extremely fast (currently from millions to tens of millions of instructions per second in desktop computers).
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~rob/Neumann.html (522 words)

	John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The hallmark of a von Neumann machine is a large random-access memory.
		In addition to its ability to address memory locations directly, a von Neumann machine also has a central processing unit (the CPU) that possesses a special working memory (register memory) for holding data that are being operated on and a set of built-in operations...
		A von Neumann machine runs efficiently because of its random-access memory and because its architecture can be implemented in electronic circuitry that makes its basic operations extremely fast (currently from millions to tens of millions of instructions per second in desktop computers).
	www.stonehill.edu /compsci/von-neumann.htm (260 words)

	FAQ about Xputers - Xputer Lab Kaiserslautern - Reconfigurable Computing with KressArray
		The Xputer is neither von Neumann, nor a dataflow machine.
		For soft machines, however, the Xputer is a much better paradigm, since it simultaneously supports two mechanisms to make it application-specifi c: (1) procedural code loaded into the RAM and (2) structural code loaded to configure data path ressources.
		It would be desirable, to have a soft, but very powerful accelerator machine on board of a PC, into which I could download the reconfiguration code of software-only implementations of the newest multi media techniques.
	helios.informatik.uni-kl.de /faq-pages/faq1.html (926 words)

	The Old Joel on Software Forum - Von Neumann and HCI
		When I was a lad, von Neumann was famous for his work on the foundations of quantum theory, especially his alleged proof of the impossibility of a hidden variable theory.
		For von Neumann's role in the development of the computer, have a look at Alan Hodges' biography of Turing, "Alan Turing: The Enigma of Intelligence".
		Again when I was a lad, nobody actually knew what a von Neumann architecture was, but it was vaguely considered to epitomise a serial architecture as against a parallel architecture.
	discuss.fogcreek.com /joelonsoftware?cmd=show&ixPost=182013 (1050 words)

	Von Neumann machine - SkyGamers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term von Neumann machine also refers to the idea of a self-reproducing machine, which was first examined in a rigorous manner and popularized by John von Neumann who called it a "Universal Constructor".
		One of the predictions of some proponents of nanotechnology is very small Von Neumann machines which, should they become out of control, would advance over the planet as a "grey goo".
		Since such a machine is capable of reproduction, some would consider it a life-form.
	www.skygamers.com /Von_Neumann_machine (259 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. John von Neumann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		John von Neumann was the center of the group who created the "stored program" concept that made truly powerful computers possible, and he specified a template that is still used to design almost all computers--the "von Neumann architecture." When he died, the Secretaries of
		Characteristically, von Neumann focused on the aspect of the mystery of life that appealed to his dearest instincts and most powerful capacities--the pure, logical, mathematical underpinnings of nature's code.
		In principle, the task could be done by a machine that could follow a plan, because the plan, and not the mechanism that carried it out, was a part of the system with the special, heretofore mysterious property that distinguished life from nonliving matter.
	fusionanomaly.net /johnvonneumann.html (682 words)

	Chapter 1 : Overview of Parallel Computing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The von Neumann machine is one of the computer designs of John von Neumann.
		The problem with the von Neumann machine is that the design relies on making a sequence of small changes, a highly sequential process.
		The von Neumann machines may be characterized as "control driven"; it is the flow of control represented by the program counter that schedules operations for execution.
	www.iit.edu /~tc/overview.html (4798 words)

	The First Stored Program Computer -- EDVAC
		was subsequently documented by Johann (John) von Neumann in his paper which is now known as the First Draft.
		Unfortunately, although the conceptual design for EDVAC was completed by 1946, several key members left the project to pursue their own careers, and the machine did not become fully operational until 1952.
		experimental machine (which was based on the EDVAC concept) consisting of 32 words of memory and a 5-instruction instruction set was operating at Manchester University, England, by June 1948.
	www.maxmon.com /1946ad.htm (369 words)

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