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Topic: Von Neumann programming languages

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	The von Neumann Architecture of Computer Systems
		Von Neumann begins his "Preliminary Discussion" with a broad description of the general-purpose computing machine containing four main "organs." These are identified as relating to arithmetic, memory, control, and connection with the human operator.
		To von Neumann, the key to building a general purpose device was in its ability to store not only its data and the intermediate results of computation, but also to store the instructions, or orders, that brought about the computation.
		Most of the resulting program, therefore, is generated to provide for the mapping of multidimensional data onto the one dimensioned memory and to contend with the placement of all of the data into the same memory.
	www.csupomona.edu /~hnriley/www/VonN.html (2303 words)

	Von Neumann programming languages - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As of 2004, most current programming languages fit into this description, likely as a consequence of the extensive domination of the von Neumann computer architecture during the past 50 years.
		Java, although considerable, are ultimately constrained by the fact that all three are based on the programming style of the von Neumann computer (if, for example, Java objects were all executed in parallel with asynchronous message passing and attribute-based declarative addressing, then Java would not be in the group).
		Using a metaphor from Backus, assignment statements in von Neumann languages split programming into two worlds: the right side and left side of assignment statements.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /default.asp?t=Von_Neumann_programming_languages (248 words)

	John Backus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		John Warner Backus (born December 3, 1924) is an American computer scientist, notable as the inventor of the first high-level programming language (FORTRAN), the Backus-Naur form (BNF, the almost universally used notation to define formal language syntax), and the concept of Function-level programming.
		The difficulties of programming were acute, and in 1954 Backus assembled a team to define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704 computer.
		FL was an internal IBM research project, and development of the language essentially stopped when the project was finished (only a few papers documenting it remain), but many of the language's innovative, arguably important ideas have now been implemented in Iverson's J programming language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/John_W._Backus (430 words)

	The History of Computer Programming Languages
		Computer languages were first composed of a series of steps to wire a particular program; these morphed into a series of steps keyed into the computer and then executed; later these languages acquired advanced features such as logical branching and object orientation.
		The computer languages of the last fifty years have come in two stages, the first major languages and the second major languages, which are in use today.
		The first major languages were characterized by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose and one purpose only, while the languages of today are differentiated by the way they are programmed in, as they can be used for almost any purpose.
	www.princeton.edu /~ferguson/adw/programming_languages.shtml (2072 words)

	Von Neumann programming languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A von Neumann language is any of those programming languages that are high-level abstract isomorphic copies of von Neumann architectures.
		The isomorphism between von Neumann programming languages and architectures is in the following manner:
		Some examples of non-von Neumann languages are: APL, FP, FL, J, NGL, ZPL, Mercury, and Plankalkül.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Von_Neumann_programming_languages (272 words)

	Level Programming Languages
		The word "low" does not imply that the language is inferior to high-level programming languages but rather refers to the reduced amount of abstraction between the language and itself; because of this, low-level languages are sometimes described as being "closer to the hardware.
		Von Neumann programming languages - The term von Neumann language refers to those programming languages that are high-level abstract isomorphisms of von Neumann architectures.
		D Language Programming - D Language Programming Programming Languages Exceptionally comprehensive in approach, this book explores the major issues in both design d language programming and implementation of modern programming languages d language programming and provides a basic introduction to the underlying theoretical models on which these languages are based.
	ba61.mcgreevey97.com /levelprogramminglanguages.html (1423 words)

	Programming Languages
		His use of these techniques in a reconstruction of existing programming languages and in the design of new ones allows programmers and would-be programmers to see why existing languages are structured the way they are and how new languages can be built using variations on standard themes.
		The latter in particular reveals that a programming language is a logic in which its typing system defines the propositions of the logic and its well-typed programs constitute the proofs of the propositions.
		Sapir-Whorf and programming languages - The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is sometimes applied in computer science to postulate that programmers skilled in a certain programming language may not have a (deep) understanding of some concepts of other languages.
	pr1.mcgreevey97.com (1563 words)

	Non von Neumann Architectures
		Von Neumann was initially interested in access to the fastest computers available (of which there were few) during World War II in order to perform complex computations for a variety of war-related problems.
		Von Neumann computations are a class of computer programs ideally suited to sequential processing.
		The term von Neumann language refers to those programming languages that are high-level abstract isomorphisms of von Neumann architectures.
	www.dnull.com /cpu (617 words)

	S&GCh8
		The Pascal language was developed by Niklaus Wirth in the late 60's early 70's at the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) at Zurich (Switzerland) as a language to teach programming.
		Because it was such a small language and interpreted (not compiled), it was implemented on many of the early micro-computers (Bill Gates got his start writing a BASIC interpreter for the Altair 8800, the world's first microcomputer).
		This language was developed in the 70' and 80' under the auspices of the Department of Defense (the DoD "owns" the Ada trademark).
	userpages.wittenberg.edu /bshelburne/Comp150/ProgrammingLanguages.html (1494 words)

	Comparative Programming Linguistics
		To begin with point (2), mastering a programming language represents a considerable investment, which one is naturally reluctant to lose, and even more reluctant to have to repeat with another language, and then another,...
		So programming languages have been forced to evolve to meet the demands of writing ever larger programs, and that has meant providing ever higher levels of abstraction, so that it is easier to read, write, and maintain them.
		The programming language paradigms that we have studied, including the imperative, functional, and logic (or relational) paradigms, are similar to the largest families of natural languages, such as Indo-European.
	www.cs.ucsd.edu /users/goguen/papers/compl.html (3039 words)

	[No title]
		Just as computer languages such as BASIC which are intended to be interpreted are very different from Algol-style languages which are intended for compilation, there is also a great difference between languages intended for sequential execution on conventional processors and languages capable of efficiently expressing algorithms for massively parallel fine-grained computation on logic arrays.
		Programming for computing devices based on logic arrays is not the same as programming for conventional general purpose processors.
		Von Neumann style conventional processors are merely one data point in the spectrum of possible processors.
	www.zikzak.net /~zik/thesis/programming.html (9892 words)

	Generations of Programming Languages
		Programming languages have evolved tremendously since early 1950's and this evolution has resulted in over hundreds of different languages being invented and used in the industry.
		Languages specifying what is accomplished but not how, not concerned with the detailed procedures needed to achieve its target like in graphic packages, applications and report generators.
		Programmers whose primary interests are programming and computing use third generation languages and programmers who use the computers and programs to solve problems from other applications are the main users of the fourth generation languages.
	www-dse.doc.ic.ac.uk /~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol2/mjbn/article2.html (1301 words)

	Aspect Oriented Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		All in all, this von Neumann model of the world is wonderfully simple yet powerful, for it helps us build complex systems that are ultimately grounded in useful, executable artifacts.
		Patterns are indeed a sign of a break from the traditional von Neumann model of computation, because they name things that are somewhat orthogonal to the basic mappings of code to executables we have in our heads.
		According to the aspect-oriented programming homepage hosted by the Xerox PARC Software Design Area (www.parc.xerox.com/csl/projects/aop/), AOP is "a new programming methodology that enables the modularization of crosscutting concerns.
	www.aspectorientedprogramming.org /index1.php?nextpage=booch (1491 words)

	[No title]
		Programs written in an imperative programming language describe exactly the computational steps to necessary for the computer to obtain a result.
		A strongly typed language is considered more safe, because it prevents operations from being applied to the wrong type of object which can cause unintended modifications to the state of the program.
		Object-oriented programming OOP is a programming style that puts objects and their interactions on the forefront rather than computation as the operation of a processor on a monolithic memory.
	www.cs.fsu.edu /~engelen/courses/COP402001/board.html (5329 words)

	CS210: Advanced Software Paradigms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Imperative programming languages were the first type of high-level programming languages to be developed.
		Almost all computers implement a Von Neumann architecture which is designed to execute machine code, which is native to the computer, written in the imperative style.
		The program state is defined by the contents of memory, and the statements are instructions in the native machine language of the computer or some programming language which is translated into such instructions.
	www.seas.gwu.edu /~cs210/Imperative.htm (179 words)

	CSc 372 - Comparative Programming Languages 2 : Functional Programming
		Over the last 40 or so years, a number of programming paradigms (a programming paradigm is a way to think about programs and programming) have emerged.
		A variant of imperative programming first introduced with the Norwegian language Simula in the mid 60s.
		Functional programming is not tied to the von Neumann machine.
	www.cs.arizona.edu /~collberg/Teaching/372/2005/Html/Html-2/index.html (979 words)

	A History of computer programming languages
		The conceptual development of programming languages followed this thread, to bring the code the programmer writes more in line with the concepts that are being modelled within the program.
		structured programming: A technique for organizing and coding computer programs in which a hierarchy of modules is used, each having a single entry and a single exit point, and in which control is passed downward through the structure without unconditional branches to higher levels of the structure.
		In object-oriented programming, concepts are modelled in code directly using the ideas of classes and inheritance.
	www.zipcon.net /~swhite/docs/computers/languages/history/history.html (603 words)

	Review On Tips on Programming by kalil.rahman - MouthShut.com
		Computer Programming is an exact science, in that all the properties of a program and all the consequences of executing it can, in principle, be found out from the text of the program itself by means of purely deductive reasoning.
		John Von Neumann was the first to implement certain techniques such as “Shared Program technique” and “Conditional control transfer” which let hardware to be independent and not hard-wired.
		Finally this led to the first generation of programming languages (Short code and all) and the first assembler compiler A-0 was written in 1951.
	www.mouthshut.com /readreview/39332-1.html (1225 words)

	Paradigms -- The Architecture of Programming Languages
		A programming paradigm is a way of conceptualizing what it means to perform computation, and how tasks that are to be carried out on a computer should be structured and organized» [Leda, p 3].
		A programming language supporting that MOC (ie., with static and dynamic semantic domains corresponding to the MOC's entities and events) allows computations thus conceptualized to be expressed/specified in program code[>].
		language that demands that every problem domain be modeled in terms of control structures that shuttle control flow this way and that among a collection of statements.
	web.cs.mun.ca /~ulf/pld/archi.html (4573 words)

	Programming Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As long as the programmer exposes the parallelism in the program and meets the constraints of the model, the compiler should be able to generate the details of the micro-parallel execution.
		Just as the HMP architecture is an extension of the von Neumann machine, our language, called Macah, is a variation on C. It is very similar in spirit to the genealogically related languages NAPA C, Streams-C, and Impulse C.
		Again, because automatic partitioning is difficult, and manual programming of low-level interfaces is tedious and error-prone, we advocate a style in which the programmer is explicit about the most crucial details of sequential{\slash}micro-parallel interaction and communication.
	www.cs.washington.edu /research/lis/empart/macah.shtml (1727 words)

	Konrad Zuse: Bibliography
		This is an article written in the German language where F.L. Bauer discusses the dispute of the invention of the stored program computer.
		Among others, John von Neumann proposes the principle of the separation of the units of a computer (control unit, memory, arithmetic unit, and input/output devices).
		This is a report about the development of programming languages, in which the work of twenty pioneers is described.
	www.epemag.com /zuse/Bgraphy.htm (1147 words)

	Paradigms of Programming Languages
		This is reflected in the design of the dominant computer languages, with dynamic variables (representing memory cells with changing values); sequential iteration (reflecting the single sequential cpu); assignment statements (reflecting piping).
		However, the assembly languages carried the basic premise of the machine into its abstraction: There is data, and there are instructions and subroutines that process the data.
		As programs got more complex, programmers realized that there might be a better way to write programs than getting a problem statement and sitting down and writing code.
	www.uow.edu.au /~hasan/buss930/prog/paradigm.htm (1353 words)

	Programming Languages
		The von Neumann path viewed programming languages (higher level languages) as an extension of the lower level.
		The programming specifies a set of facts and rules and a goal and the language attempts to determine whether or not the goal follows from the facts and rules specified based on 1st order logic.
		The idea is to match the language to the domain so that it becomes easy(er) to think about the domain and easier to write programs for that domain.
	www.mindspring.com /~brownw2/lang.html (1312 words)

	LtU Classic Archives
		Re the APL vs Haskell question, Paul Hudak's comments on Backus's work (in "Conception, evolution, and application of functional programming languages", ACM Computing Surveys, September 1989 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/72551.72554) are perhaps appropriate.
		Although most of the features in FP are not found in today’s modern functional languages, Backus’ [1978] Turing Award lecture was one of the most influential and now most-often cited papers extolling the functional programming paradigm.
		Sadly, FL is just a footnote to programming language history, but wow does it smack of J. It's interesting that the FL group explicitly avoided a static type system, because it was something else to get in the way of learning the language.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /classic/message4172.html (1758 words)

	Programming language concepts
		Computer Science 302 deals with programming languages generally, considered as formal, executable notations for expressing algorithms: their syntactic structures, the ``virtual machines'' or models of computation that they implicitly rely on, the data values and structures that they support, and the semantics of the various constructions from which programs are built.
		The textbooks for the course are Essentials of programming languages, second edition, by Daniel P. Friedman, Mitchell Wand, and Christopher T. Haynes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2000), ISBN 0-262-06217-8, and Concepts in programming languages, by John Mitchell (Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), ISBN 0-521-78098-5.
		All of the Scheme code presented in Essentials of programming languages is available on line, along with several customization files to adapt various Scheme implementations to the dialect used in the book.
	www.math.grin.edu /~stone/courses/languages (1114 words)

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