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Topic: Von Restorff effect

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	Von Restorff effect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Von Restorff effect (named after Hedwig von Restorff), also called the isolation effect, predicts that an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" (called distinctive encoding) will be more likely to be remembered than other items.
		This distinctiveness may come in the form of humor, in which case the humor effect is incurred.
		Von Restorff, H. Über die Wirkung von Bereichsbildungen im Spurenfeld (The effects of field formation in the trace field).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Von_Restorff_effect (177 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Memory recall in arousing situations - an emotional von Restorff effect?
		The DM effect has been found in a variety of experimental settings [see [12], for overview]: for nouns in free recall or recognition tasks [3,11,13], for high and low frequency words [14], for physically and semantically isolated words [3], and for picture stimuli in a recognition task [15].
		The neural origin of the emotion effect is not entirely known, but it is assumed that the arousal effect is generated by interactions between the amygdala and cortical regions, whereas valence-related activity reflects prefrontal cortex involvement [30].
		The study presented here uses a von Restorff paradigm comprising the presentation of word lists, in which one word was made distinct by either changing an integral attribute (font color of one of the words) or by changing a non-integral attribute (arousing, unpleasant instead of low arousing background pictures).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/7/57 (7328 words)

	Thagodz Wiki News
		Von Restorff effect - the tendency for an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more likely to be remembered than other items.
		Polarization effect - increase in strength of belief on both sides of an issue after presentation of neutral or mixed evidence, resulting from biased assimilation of the evidence.
		Forer effect (aka Barnum Effect) - the tendency to give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically for them, but are in fact vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people.
	www.thagodz.com /search/wiki/?title=List_of_cognitive_biases (1703 words)

	The SEPO (Serial Position) Test for Discerning the Possession of Special or Guilty Information
		The serial position effect or phenomenon is the nearly invariable tendency for a subject to learn the first few items most rapidly, the last few a little less rapidly, and the items or stimuli just beyond the middle of the list least rapidly.
		A serial position effect curve (when error correct response rate percentage is graphed according to the serial order of the stimuli) is almost symmetrical when the number of serially presented stimuli is about 17 to 20 or higher.
		In her published first study (i.e., in 1933), von Restorff [one of Kohler’s doctoral students] showed a very clear relationship between perceptual laws and the recall of nonsense syllable.
	home.earthlink.net /~lastone2/sepo.html (5299 words)

	Memory Enhancement in Language Pedagogy: Implications from Cognitive Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sharifian (2001a), for instance, found a facilitative effect for self-generated cues on the written recall of narrative texts in learners of English as a second language.
		The Isolation effect (IE), also referred to as "the von Restorff effect," refers to an improvement in memory retention for an item when it is placed among a set of items that are semantically homogenous with each other but at odds with the new item (Dunlosky, Hunt, & Clark, 2000; Hunt, 1995).
		Frankish (1989) believes that this superior memory effect for auditory presentation is thanks to the prosodic features of the oral language, which facilitate storage and retrieval of suprasegmental units.
	www-writing.berkeley.edu /TESL-EJ/ej22/a2.html (4160 words)

	Psychology Abstracts: 1997
		The enhancement effect associated with caffeine was limited to performance, suggesting that the drug influences factors which control signal detection but it does not target factors which contol task-induced stress.
		Our results indicate that the effect of location precuing is different depending on the spatial frequency content of the stimuli, and whether the task is to simply detect a stimulus or to discriminate between two stimuli of different spatial frequency content.
		Problem: The von Restorff effect, or isolation effect, occurs when the recall of a distinctive item presented against a background of homogenous items is higher than the recall of a non-distinctive item.
	sun.soci.niu.edu /~sspp/psyabs.html (20043 words)

	Louis Leland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is suggested that the salience and memory effect of one distinctive stimulus (von Restorff/Isolation Effect) is a feature of perception.
		The finding that this one effect is still present when there are no spots on the test set demonstrates that this is an encoding rather than a recall phenomenon.
		We therefore concluded that a single, simple, distinctive stimulus enhances the recognition of that stimulus' context and it is the context, not merely the pattern of stimuli, that is remembered.
	psy.otago.ac.nz /memory/research/louis-leland.htm (438 words)

	[No title]
		The classical-position effect means that the first item and the last item in a list of words tend to be recalled better.
		On the basis of the dual-memory system, the first item is related to the primacy effect where the first item is typically rehearsed more and has more chance to be elaborated in the long term memory.
		Isolation effect is proved in von Restorff effect study.
	www.angelfire.com /ut/laagt/HuLeandCogWeek11Terr9Fauc3Ans.html (2615 words)

	OhioLINK ETD: LINDSAY, DAWN
		Demonstration of changes in performance on certain kinds of memory tasks may be one method of substantiating this increased sensitivity of the amygdala in trauma-exposed individuals.
		The von Restorff effect is described as the augmentation of recall of one distinct item, as well as decreased recall of proximate items, in an otherwise homogenous list of items, and has been found to be a robust effect across different types of stimuli.
		The major aim of this study was to evaluate several aspects of memory function in a sample of non-treatment seeking individuals who reported past exposure to traumatic events, utilizing the von Restorff effect.
	www.ohiolink.edu /etd/view.cgi?ucin1028055626 (354 words)

	BodyQUICK articles - BodyQUICK - 12 Guidelines for Optimal Effect
		The effects of BodyQUICK are significantly decreased if ingested with foods containing tryptophan, a sedative amino acid which competes for receptor sites with several of the active components of Cognamine.
		This is due to multiplying the frequency of the Primary/Recency effect, which dictates that items at the beginning and the end of a study session are better remembered than those located in the centre This applies equally to physical skills and studied data.
		To complement the Primary/Recency effect: place the most interesting or outstanding (dissimilar from surrounding material) items in the centre of your 45-minute study or practice blocks, which will peak retention at a third point utilizing the Von Restorff effect.
	www.bridge.net /~castillo/articles_12_guidelines.htm (990 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We concluded that shape perception cannot be calibrated by feedback from reaches-to-grasp and that on-line visual guidance is required for accurate grasping because shape perception is poor.
		The associative learning effect called blocking has previously been found inmany cue-competition paradigms where all cues are of equal salience.
		The results indicate that the isolate must occur in a late serial position to produce the von Restorff effect.
	www.cogs.indiana.edu /events/coglunchspr06.html (1247 words)

	Lab Activity 2: The Reading Process: Before Reading
		This effect occurs because no information related to the task at hand is already stored in short-term storage; at the moment a person begins a new task, attention to new stimuli is at its peak.
		The recency effect is thus thought to be related to short-term storage.
		The primacy effect is associated with long-term memory.
	wps.ablongman.com /long_henry_er_1/0,7989,1832626-,00.html (1112 words)

	Noradrenergic Modulation of Emotion-Induced Forgetting and Remembering -- Hurlemann et al. 25 (27): 6343 -- Journal of ...
		Equal (near-ceiling) von Restorff effects were obtained for emotional and neutral oddballs.
		Independent of treatment, equal (near-ceiling) von Restorff effects were present for emotional and neutral oddball stimuli (OS).
		Easterbrook JA (1959) The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/27/6343 (4742 words)

	Warm-ups, and the Von Restorff Effect are also processes that retard forgetting. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Warm-up Effect is yet another antidote to the forgetting curve.
		The effect is not unlike warming up for an athletic activity.
		That is the Von Restorff Effect and can be used to good advantage for important things we want someone to remember.
	www.csun.edu /~vcoao0el/de361/de361s131_folder/sld025.htm (171 words)

	From The Cover: An emotion-induced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala- and {beta}-adrenergic-dependent -- Strange ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		von Restorff effect (17) for perceptual oddballs (Fig.
		it is unlikely that emotional memory effects in patient A.M. are due to a blunting of arousal to emotional nouns.
		effects or the effects of amygdala lesions operate during retrieval
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/23/13626 (3853 words)

	Serial position effects in recall of television commercials Journal of General Psychology - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Such a commercial might be well remembered even if it occurred in the middle of a list, a phenomenon called a distinctiveness effect or von Restorff effect (e.g., Hunt, 1995).
		The hypothesis for the passive theory is that serial position effects will result from processes inherent in the task.
		They were designed to investigate whether serial position effects for commercials would be similar to those produced with word lists and to provide an empirical basis for subsequent research.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2405/is_2_132/ai_n13720250 (961 words)

	The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements ...
		The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements -- Kishiyama et al.
		The von Restorff Effect in Amnesia: The Contribution of the Hippocampal System to Novelty-Related Memory Enhancements
		effect was found for both recollection and familiarity-based
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/16/1/15 (224 words)

	Distinctiveness
		Elaboration explanation: the effect should occur in both within (mixed) and between list designs.
		Distinctiveness explanation: the humor effect should be associated with measures of increased attention (e.g., heart rate deceleration)
		Arousal explanation: the humor effect should be associated with measures of increased sympathetic arousal (e.g., heart rate acceleration)
	www.mtsu.edu /~sschmidt/Cognitive/LOP/distinctiveness.html (225 words)

	Zeigarnik effect
		The waiter's trick is thus to keep spinning the plates of the open orders whilst letting those which are completed fall.
		A similar effect also happens over a longer period as we worry about those things in which we have not achieve closure.
		To remember things for examinations, do something that is incomplete, such that the ongoing thinking helps keep important facts in mind.
	www.changingminds.org /explanations/memory/zeigarnik_effect.htm (264 words)

	[No title]
		Since advertisements are continually changing and often contain novel verbal and pictorial material, it is not surprising to find that many people report not even seeing the warning label when looking at 30 This is the well known "von Restorff effect" based on the memory research by von Restorff in the 1930's.
		Ex-smokers citte "government reports on the effects of smoking and health" as an important reason they quit smoking.82 More health information -night also help the two-thirds of current smokers who say 'they want to quit smoking.83 In addition to thi-= self-reDort data, a recent study by the FTC Bureau of Economics84 1978 Roper Report, a.
		Respondents were asked to rank the three proposed warnings in each concept area in terms of which made them "think most about the health CN effects of smoking." Respondents were also asked to rank the warnings in each concept area as to how easy they were to understand.
	www.library.ucsf.edu /tobacco/batco/OCR/700/713.txt (14966 words)

	Memory
		Interference theory: Memories that interfere cause confusion and forgetting.
		Zeigarnik effect: We remember that which is incomplete.
		Von Restorff Effect: We remember that which stands out.
	changingminds.org /explanations/memory/memory.htm (148 words)

	Petition to BATF on Alcohol Warning Labels
		Warning labels can be a critical element in consumer education about the potential risks of alcohol consumption, particularly at a time when the alcoholic-beverage industry's public relations efforts are trumpeting the possible "health benefits" of alcohol consumption.
		Although consumers quickly became more aware of the information contained in the government warning, the label's impact has been compromised from the start by design standards that reduce, rather than ensure, its effectiveness.
		The authors of the report go on to say: "This is the well known "von Restorff effect" based on the memory research by von Restorff in the 1930's.
	www.cspinet.org /booze/batf_labels3.htm (2076 words)

	PSYCH 101-404, Fall 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Used to measure implicit memory, an experimenter "primes" the subject with some form of information and then determines how much of a facilitatory or detrimental effect that "primed" information has on a similar task.
		Emotional arousal seems to have a beneficial effect on memory: first kiss, first day of school, etc. This is one of the things that would seem to contribute to flashbulb memories, too.
		The deeper something is processed and/or the more associations made to it: the better the memory for it.
	www.uwm.edu /~plenz/introFiles/chapter5.html (3004 words)

	Effective PowerPoint Color Schemes
		Use a text color that contrasts strongly with the background so it is clearly visible.
		Understand how the von Restorff effect enhances learning and retention.
		The von Restorff effect is named for Hedwig von Restorff, a researcher in the 1930s who studied the role of uniqueness in memory.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/ms_office2000/108138/1 (418 words)

	Abstracts for Hong, Lichan
		In this paper, we study the eye-tracking behavior of subjects using both keyword highlighting and a new highlighting technique called ScentHighlights, introduced recently [7].
		In this first eye-tracking study of highlighting interfaces, we show that there is direct evidence of the von Restorff isolation effect [21] in the eye-tracking data, in that subjects performed better when a fact is isolated (highlighted) against a homogeneous background.
		In addition to confirming the von Restorff effect, we found that there is great variation in subject differences in reading strategies among subjects, even in the presence of strong cues such as highlights.
	www2.parc.com /istl/projects/uir/publications/author/Hong_ab.html (1185 words)

	Terminology and Discourse between the Social Sciences and the Humanities
		Though this effect is often attained, insiders would probably not want to declare it a genuine purpose; nor can a person convert from outsider to insider by adopting the terminology alone.
		The most restricted cases are terms derived from the names of persons who were of course eminent insiders themselves, e.g.
		For example, the ‘von Restorff effect’ in psychology is widely said for the memory advantage of the salient items in a list, whereas Hedwig von Restorff (1933) herself, a member of the Gestalt school, showed the disadvantage of such items for the formation of an integrated array (‘Bereich’).
	www.beaugrande.com /TerminologyDiscourseSocialSciencesHumanities.htm (5288 words)

	Festival 2006
		The goal of this project is to explore various contaminants and the effects that they have on the antibody-antigen interactions.
		The von Restorff effect, named after Hedwig von Restorff in 1933, predicts that an item that “stands out like a sore thumb” will be more likely to be remembered than other items.
		If something unusual were to stand out among ordinary things that contain no special quality, then the spectator is more likely to remember the object that stands out.
	www.daemen.edu /academics/festival/program/posters-R-Z.php (3482 words)

	The von Restorff Effect in Visual Object Recognition Memory in Humans and Monkeys: The Role of Frontal/Perirhinal ...
		The von Restorff Effect in Visual Object Recognition Memory in Humans and Monkeys: The Role of Frontal/Perirhinal Interaction -- Parker et al.
		Articles by Parker, A. Articles by Akerman, C. The Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol 10, 691-703, Copyright © 1998 by The MIT Press
		The von Restorff Effect in Visual Object Recognition Memory in Humans and Monkeys: The Role of Frontal/Perirhinal Interaction
	jocn.mitpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/10/6/691 (488 words)

	cogrev2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		What is the levels of processing (depth of processing) effect?
		What are the differences between the Hierarchical Network Model, the Feature Comparison Model, the Revised Network Model, and a basic connectionist model.
		Which can account for: hierarchy effects, similarity effects, typicality effects, set-size effects, priming effects What is the difference between reproductive and reconstructive memory?
	www.uic.edu /classes/psych/psych352jw/rev2.html (260 words)

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