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	Scharnhorst - Origin of the Name - Gerhard Johann von Scharnhorst
		Following education in the noted War College of Wilhelmstein, Steinhuder Meer, Scharnhorst was commissioned into the Hannoverian Army in 1776 and in 1801 applied for the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Prussian Army.
		Despite the pressures exerted by such reformers as Gneisenau, Götzen, Boyen, and Freiherr vom Stein, resistance by the king was such that Scharnhorst did not succeed in implementing general conscription until 1813.
		Scharnhorst's major achievement was the "shrinkage system" designed to circumvent the limit of 42.000 men for the standing army imposed by Napoleon on Prussia in the Paris Treaty of 1808.
	www.scharnhorst-class.dk /scharnhorst/miscellaneous/gerhard_scharnhorst/gerhard_scharnhorst.html (465 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Gerhard von Scharnhorst
		Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (November 12, 1755 - June 28, 1813) was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars.
		Scharnhorst, recalled to the king's headquarters, refused a higher post but became Chief of Staff to BlÃ¼cher, in whose vigour, energy, and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence.
		In this battle, Scharnhorst received a wound in the foot, not in itself grave, but soon made mortal by the fatigues of the retreat to Dresden, and he succumbed to it on 28 June 1813 at Prague, where he had travelled to negotiate with Schwarzenberg and Radetzky for the armed intervention of Austria.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst (1035 words)

	Carl von Clausewitz Summary
		Carl von Clausewitz was born in Burg bei Magdeburg, Prussia in 1780.
		He later re-entered the Prussian army, and was appointed chief of staff of Johann von Thielmann's Corps, and served at the Battle of Ligny and Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo Campaign in 1815.
		Carl von Clausewitz was appointed director of the Kriegsakademie in 1818 and served until 1830.
	www.bookrags.com /Carl_von_Clausewitz (3393 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst Summary
		On Nov. 12, 1755, G. von Scharnhorst was born in Bordenau, the son of a former sergeant.
		Scharnhorst, recalled to the king's headquarters, refused a higher post but became Chief of Staff to Blücher, in whose vigour, energy, and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence.
		In this battle, Scharnhorst received a wound in the foot, not in itself grave, but soon made mortal by the fatigues of the retreat to Dresden, and he succumbed to it on 28 June 1813 at Prague, where he had travelled to negotiate with Schwarzenberg and Radetzky for the armed intervention of Austria.
	www.bookrags.com /Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst (1426 words)

	Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		When the French defeat in Russia enabled Prussia to break its alliance with France and join the anti-French coalition (1813), Scharnhorst served as chief of staff to the commander of the army, Field Marshal Blücher.
		Since the introduction of general conscription was impossible under Napoleonic rule, Scharnhorst invented the Krümpersystem under which a larger number of men than that allowed to Prussia could be trained in the use of arms; citizens were called to service for a short training period to be then replaced by another group.
		His military reforms were aided by August Neithhardt von Gneisenau and Karl vom und zum Stein.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Scharnho.html (338 words)

	sehepunkte - Rezensionsjournal für die Geschichtswissenschaften - 4 (2004), Nr. 11
		Suggestive of Scharnhorst's later career in Prussia was his commitment to building on existing institutions, projecting change as a gradual prospect implemented from within, by co-opting adherents of the old ways as opposed to confronting them.
		Scharnhorst's work in these years was in many respects a miniaturized forerunner of his innovations in Prussia after 1807.
		The high quality of the main text is enhanced by an appendix incorporating brief biographies of Scharnhorst's principal associates; and by a glossary of contemporary military and civilian specialist terms invaluable for clarifying frequently obscure technical jargon.
	www.sehepunkte.de /2004/11/5047.html (755 words)

	Reformers of the Prussian
		In mid-1801 Scharnhorst was invited to chair the Militarische Gesellschaft.
		Scharnhorst's ideas were not followed in the year 1806 as the Prussian Army marched gaily off to war.
		Scharnhorst then came out of hiding and began to call this army he had created.
	members.tripod.com /Gary13_Shively/BKref.htm (2261 words)

	Otto von Below (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Scharnhorst was wounded at Auerstadt (1806) where he was serving as the Duke of Brunswick's chief of staff, and then he was captured one month later alongside Field Marshal von Bl cher at Ratkau.
		eneral von Scharnhorst was appointed Prussian Minister of War and Chief of General Staff in 1808, and immediately he began to rebuild the army with Gneisenau's help.
		Von Scharnhorst's writings and reforms infused the Prussian Army with a sense of national pride, and his work greatly influenced subsequent military development.
	home.comcast.net /~maviser/scharnhorst.htm (175 words)

	KBismarck.com - Battleship Scharnhorst
		The pre-launch speech is delivered by the War Minister, Generalfeldmarschall Werner von Blomberg, and the ship christened by the widow of Captain Felix Schultz, lost with the armoured cruiser Scharnhorst during World War I. 07 January 1939: Commissioned under Captain Otto Ciliax.
		At 0924, the Belfast opens fire on Scharnhorst from 11,900 meters (13,000 yards), and is followed by Norfolk at 0930.
		Scharnhorst is repeatedly hit but manages to increase the distance with "force II" to 19,600 meters (21,435 yards).
	www.kbismarck.com /scharnhorst.html (1687 words)

	[No title]
		Scharnhorst took command of a part of the corps to make the attempt and, on the night of 30 April 1794, succeeded against strong French opposition.
		From the emergence of modern standing armies during the period 1560-1660(Note 8) to the French Revolution in 1789, European wars had been fought mostly for the aims of the monarch by professional armies whose officers were drawn from the nobility, while their ranks were filled with conscripted peasants, press-ganged "volunteers," or mercenaries.
		The upshot of Scharnhorst's analysis of the deeper reasons for French success, first published in 1797, was clear recognition of a revolution in military affairs driven primarily by social and political changes.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair52/m52c3.html (1879 words)

	Archie - A Pilot in RAF Bomber Command - Scharnhorst and Gneisenau
		Scharnhorst had a maximum displacement of 39,017 tonnes (1943).
		The armament of the Scharnhorst consisted of nine main 28.3 cm (11.1") guns which were mounted in three triple turrets and a secondary armament comprising eight 15 cm (5.9") guns housed in twin turrets and four 15 cm (5.9") guns which were single mounted.
		Scharnhorsts days on the high seas came to an end, during the Battle of the North Cape, on December 26th 1943 at 1945 hrs when she was sunk by the Royal Navy with the loss of 1,932 lives.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /archie_bombercommand/battleshipsandg.html (946 words)

	Scharnhorst, Ships of Battlegroup
		Scharnhorst and Gneisenau operated together for most of the early part of the war and became known as “The Twins”.
		Scharnhorst, never considered a “lucky” ship, was torpedoed by destroyer Acasta during the same action, which put her in dock for five months.
		Later, after bombings became intolerable (Scharnhorst was hit by five bombs on July 24, 1941), Scharnhorst and Gneisenau (along with heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen) participated in the celebrated “Channel Dash” (Operation “Cerberus”) in February 1942.
	www.lostbattalion.com /t-bg_Scharnhorst.aspx (515 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst : Napoleonic Wars : Generals :
		A Hannoverian by birth, Gerhard von Scharnhorst served with his country's army until 1801.
		Sought out by the Prussians for his abilities at military theories, Scharnhorst rose up the ranks and in 1806 was chief-of-staff to the Duke of Brunswick.
		Scharnhorst went on campaign with Field Marshal Blucher and was wounded at Lutzen.
	www.napoleonguide.com /soldiers_scharnho.htm (187 words)

	CHRISTOPHER A LONG - Battles of Coronel & The Falkland Islands
		The Scharnhorst caught fire forward, but not seriously, and her fire slackened perceptibly; the Gneisenau was badly hit by the Inflexible.
		the Scharnhorst led round about 10 points to starboard; just previously her fire had slackened perceptibly, and one shell had shot away her third funnel; some guns were not firing, and it would appear that the turn was dictated by a desire to bring her starboard guns into action.
		The effect of the fire on the Scharnhorst became more and more apparent in consequence of smoke from fires, and also escaping steam; at times a shell would cause a large hole to appear in her side, through which could be seen a dull red glow of flame.
	www.christopherlong.co.uk /pub/coronelfalklands.html (6373 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst - Military - German Archive: Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (November 12, 1755 - June 28, ...
		Gerhard von Scharnhorst - Military - German Archive: Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst (November 12, 1755 - June 28, 1813) was a general in Prussian service, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, noted for both his writings, his reforms of the Prussian army, and his leadership during the Napoleonic Wars.
		By direct application to Napoleon, Scharnhorst evaded the decree of September 26, 1810, which required all foreigners to leave the Prussian service forthwith, but when in 1811-1812 France forced Prussia into an alliance against Russia and Prussia despatched an auxiliary army to serve under Napoleon's orders, Scharnhorst left Berlin on unlimited leave of absence.
		Scharnhorst, recalled to the king's headquarters, refused a higher post but became Chief of Staff to Blücher, in whose vigour, energy, and influence with the young soldiers he had complete confidence.
	www.germannotes.com /archive/article.php?products_id=807&osCsid=fb600aca934e9f685d01e69158cba428 (951 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Statue of Gerhard von Scharnhorst, Unter den Linden, Berlin
		After the Peace of Basel (5 March 1795) Scharnhorst returned to Hanover.
		By slow and labored steps he converted the professional long-service army of Prussia, wrecked at Jena (1806), into a national army based on universal service.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gerhard_von_Scharnhorst (1005 words)

	Call of Fate Forums: Scharnhorst
		Scharnhorst was a famous World War II battleship of the German Kriegsmarine, named after the Prussian general Gerhard von Scharnhorst and to commemorate the World War I cruiser SMS Scharnhorst that was sunk in the
		Scharnhorst followed by a destroyer and one of her onboard He-115 float planes in the North Atlantic in 1940.
		Scharnhorst's bow is underwater and she is moving at only 5 knots in a circle, listing heavily to starboard.
	www.calloffate.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=46030&get=last (4412 words)

	Die Geschichte Deutsches Schlachtschiffes von der Scharnhorst Klasse
		Scharnhorst was torpedoed by a Royal Naval Submarine during the Norwegian campaign.
		soon after the Scharnhorst was engaged by the Battleship HMS Duke of York along with the cruisers and was sunk with the loss of 1,803 crew (she had been hit by a number of shells and 14 torpedoes.
		Admiral Ciliaxs mighty Scharnhorst leads her sister Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen up the English Channel during Operation Cerberus, their daring breakout from the port of Brest on the French Atlantic coast to the relative safety of Wilhelmshaven and Brunsbuttel.
	www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk /scharnhorst.htm (1794 words)

	Fall 2005 Campaign Initial Order of Battle
		GS1MC 1500/1 F2-T1 Steven d'Matheny/Gerhard von Scharnhorst raised in Bremen
		GS1IN 4000/1 F3-T1 Steven d'Matheny/Gerhard von Scharnhorst raised in Bremen
		GS1CQ 100/0 F1-T0 Steven d'Matheny/Gerhard von Scharnhorst raised in Dortmund
	www.distance-simulations.com /NWOL/fall05/oob.html (3607 words)

	Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
		In Preußens dunkelster Stunde, 1807, als es von Napoleon gedemütigt am Boden lag, begann die Herkulesarbeit eines Generals, der schon lange vor dem Ausruhen auf den Lorbeeren Friedrichs des Großen gewarnt hatte: Gerhard von Scharnhorst, geboren am 12.
		November 1755 in Bordenau nahe dem Steinhuder Meer, der, zum Artillerieoffizier ausgebildet, 1801 von Friedrich Wilhelm III.
		Scharnhorst wurde damit zum "Waffenschmied des Befreiungskampfes", dessen Erfolg er nicht mehr erlebte.
	www.weltchronik.de /bio/cethegus/s/scharnhorst.html (256 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst. Private and official correspondence. Student, Teacher, Warrior. From Hannover to 1795 Infantry ...
		But this volume of private and official correspondence covers only the first 40 years of his life, well before his reforms had made their mark and he had achieved the renown that would lead to his elevation to the rank of lieutenant general and grant of nobility from the King of Prussia.
		In these 471 letters, we see close up young Scharnhorst as a cadet at the Wilhelmstein academy and a detailed listing of his course of instruction (from 1773-1777), a curriculum which included classes dealing with shipbuilding and principles of gunnery (both of which were drawn from English texts published in 1754 and 1742).
		Much of Scharnhorst's correspondence relies on an older vocabulary and syntax, which is not currently accessible in present day German.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IAV/is_4_93/ai_n6359539 (585 words)

	The Prussian Army at Auerstadt: 14 October 1806
		The slow rate of the Prussian advance (due to staff inefficiency as well as severe troop congestion in the army’s rear area), the un-coordinated Prussian attacks and the serious wounding of Prussian army commander GFM Karl-Wilhelm-Ferdinand, Herzog von Braunschweig (with King Friedrich-Wilhelm III of Prussia’s subsequently failing to assume command) all worked in Davout’s favour.
		The crucial moment of the battle came when OB Gerhard-Johann-David von Scharnhorst (Braunschweig’s chief-of-staff) appealed to GdK Friedrich-Adolf, Graf von Kalckreuth to launch his 18 reserve battalions against the battered — but now-advancing — III Corps.
		Kalckreuth refused, telling Scharnhorst he required a direct order from the King to launch the attack.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/auerstadt/c_auerstadtoob.html (587 words)

	Gerhard von Scharnhorst - Startseite
		Scharnhorst gelang es mit sicherem Gespür, für seinen engeren Stab in der Militär-Reorganisations-Kommission (MRK) ab 1807 diese Offiziere heranzuziehen.
		Für den Verlauf der preußisch-deutschen Geschichte mag es von besonderer Tragik gewesen sein, daß Scharnhorst in den Jahren, die unmittelbar auf die Befreiungskriege folgten, weder dem zögerlichen und mißtrauischen preußischen König Friedrich Wilhelm III.
		Geburtstag Scharnhorsts aufgestellten Bundeswehr auf zwei Säulen: dem Reformwerk der Stein, Hardenberg und Scharnhorst sowie dem Widerstand der Männer um Leber und Stauffenberg.
	www.broicher.net (556 words)

	AllRefer.com - Karl von Clausewitz (Military Affairs, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Karl von Clausewitz[kArl fun klou´zuvits] Pronunciation Key, 1780–1831, Prussian general and military strategist.
		Clausewitz was an original thinker most influenced by the Napoleonic wars in which he fought.
		He served in the Rhine campaigns (1793–94), won the regard of Gerhard von Scharnhorst at the Berlin Military Academy, and served in the wars against Napoleon I.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Clausewi.html (377 words)

	Carl von Clausewitz
		During his formative years in Berlin, Clausewitz learned military science under the guidance of his mentor, Gerhard von Scharnhorst, studied philosophy and literature, and developed his basic strategic concepts.
		Scharnhorst introduced him at court--where he met his future wife, the countess Marie von Brühl--and obtained for him an appointment as aide to Prince August.
		Clausewitz became one of the leaders of Prussian Army reform under Scharnhorst but resigned his commission on the eve of Napoleon's invasion of Russia (1812) and, like other German patriots, entered Russian service.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/Prussia/Biografy/clausewitz.html (882 words)

	Karl von Scharnhorst
		As a military reformer Scharnhorst transformed the Prussian army from a mercenary one into a people's army.
		However, since the introduction of general conscription was impossible under Napoleonic rule, Scharnhorst invented the Krümpersystem under which a larger number of men than that allowed to Prussia could be trained in the use of arms; citizens were called to service for a short training period to be then replaced by another group.
		Although the system was highly acclaimed, in reality only a small number exceeding the 42,000 man limit were trained in the use of arms.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/riley/787/Napoleon/Prussia/Commanders/sharnhorst.html (244 words)

	Flickr: Photos from horslips5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Berlin Invaliden Cemetery -Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst
		Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst tomb Prussian General.
		He served on several General Staffs in World War I, when he...
	www.flickr.com /photos/67165210@N00 (79 words)

	Karl von Clausewitz — Infoplease.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		He served in the Rhine campaigns (1793–94), won the regard of Gerhard von Scharnhorst at the Berlin Military Academy, and served in the wars against
		Foucault on Clausewitz: conceptualizing the relationship between war and power.(Michel Foucault, Karl von Clausewitz)
		The unwinnable drug war: what Clausewitz would tell us.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0812463.html (327 words)

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