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	Vorticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Vorticity is the term applied to any stressed air parcel (a parcel is a name given to any volume of air within the atmosphere) that exhibits rotation.
		Vorticity is measured by measuring the wind shear, because vorticity and wind shear are essentially the same thing.
		Although meteorologists use vorticity fairly often in the creation of their forecasts, it is the coupling of this variable with the others on the model output that ultimately determine with relative certainty (is anything in the atmosphere really certain?) what the weather will be.
	www.personal.psu.edu /users/d/s/dsb175/vorticity (774 words)

	Vorticity Maxima - Conceptual Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The vorticity maximum is located at the point of inflection and is the center of the cloud rotation in the atmospheric frame of reference.
		The position of the vorticity maximum is at the center of the rotation, which is also the point of inflection.
		The vorticity maximum will be buried within the moisture area as opposed to the previous illustrations, where it is located in the dry portion of the circulation.
	meted.ucar.edu /norlat/sat_features/vort_max_concept.htm (798 words)

	VORTICITY BASICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		This vorticity is caused by troughs and ridges and other embedded waves or height centers (speed and directional wind changes in relation to a vertical axis).
		Vorticity caused by a change in wind direction or wind speed with height is termed horizontal vorticity (the spin is in relation to a horizontal axis).
		In summary, vertical positive vorticity contributes to upper level divergence in the PVA region and thus rising air while horizontal vorticity is important to severe weather (large values of horizontal vorticity lead to large values of Helicity, which increases the likelihood of tornadoes in association with supercell thunderstorms).
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/56 (297 words)

	Vorticity_primer
		Vorticity is a topic that can be plagued with confusion and misunderstanding, although it has considerable power in helping to understand the processes that go on in a vortex.
		Vorticity in its 2-dimensional forms results from two different types of wind variation: curvature of the flow, and differences in wind speed in a direction perpendicular to the flow.
		Viudez, A., and R.L. Haney, 1996: On the shear and curvature vorticity equations.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~doswell/vorticity/vorticity_primer.html (3720 words)

	Navier-Stokes Equations: Vorticity Jump Across Shock Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Once the vorticity after a shock is obtained, its value can be used as an initial condition for the vorticity transport equation (Vc1) Here I'll present a specialized version of the jump condition for the vorticity which ought to be of use in aerodynamic applications.
		For a given density ratio across the shock, the vorticity jump is independent of the equation of state of the fluid and the precise thermodynamic state of the upstream flow.
		A comparison to either Crocco's theorem (Bs4) or the inviscid form of the vorticity transport theorem (Vc2) reveals that the size of vorticity generated by the shock is the same as that generated in the smooth parts of the flow.
	www.navier-stokes.net /nsvsj.htm (695 words)

	CALCULATION OF EARTH, SHEAR AND CURVATURE VORTICITY
		PI is equal to 3.1416 Since the SIN of 0 is 0, earth vorticity is 0 at the equator.
		Since the SIN of 90 is 1, earth vorticity (earth spin) is equal to the value of earth's angular momentum at the pole.
		Earth vorticity is always positive except at the equator where it is 0.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/194 (695 words)

	Vorticity Advection: leads to rising/falling pressures at the surface
		Vorticity is the localized rotation of the air.
		Air that rotates counterclockwise, such as in cyclones and troughs, is said to have positive vorticity.
		The advection of vorticity at high levels will result in a response at the surface which will attempt to offset the effects of the advection.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/af/adv/vadv.rxml (131 words)

	The Zero Relative Vorticity Line at 500 MB as Related to Precipitation and Surface Fronts
		Vorticity or spin of air parcels is an important fluid dynamics concept which has been found very useful in explaining many facets of the behavior of atmospheric flow.
		The principle of conservation of mass and a maximum rate of PVA near the upper tropospheric jet flowing strongly along the steepest vorticity gradient seem to be main contributing factors toward strong divergence at upper levels, rising motion at mid levels, and convergence within the surface low pressure frontal troughs.
		By using the standard NMC vorticity charts and drawing a line through the absolute vorticity values equal to the local Coriolis parameter values on the PVA side of a cyclone, the ZRVL can be located in a matter of a few seconds.
	members.aol.com /Rosendalhe/thezero.htm (2063 words)

	Introduction to Physical Oceanography : Chapter 12 - Vorticity in the Ocean - Conservation of Vorticity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The source of positive vorticity must be boundary currents: the wind-driven flow is baroclinic, which is weak near the bottom, so bottom friction cannot transfer vorticity out of the ocean.
		In the east, potential vorticity is conserved: the input of negative relative vorticity is balanced by a decrease in potential vorticity as the flow turns southward.
		The vorticity is provided by the current shear in the western boundary current as the current rubs against the coast causing the northward velocity to go to zero at the coast (Figure 12.5, right).
	www-ocean.tamu.edu /education/oceanworld-old/resources/ocng_textbook/chapter12/chapter12_02.htm (929 words)

	Navier-Stokes Equations: Vorticity Transport Theorems - Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		As is pointed out in these courses, the physical interpretation of the vorticity is that it is a measure of the angular velocity or angular momentum of the fluid particles; click on the highlighted text to see a somewhat more complete discussion of the standard interpretation.
		In the section entitled Shock Waves, the jump in vorticity across a stationary shock wave is presented.
		The value of the vorticity generated by the shock serves as an initial value for the Vorticity Transport Equation.
	www.navier-stokes.net /nsvint.htm (366 words)

	"Dynamics" Means More Than "Vorticity Advection"
		The 500 mb chart with absolute vorticity overlain is the first chart most operational meteorologists look at to assess the "dynamics" of a weather pattern.
		The trouble arises when "vorticity advection" is used as a synonym for "dynamics." In many situations, it may work out that way, but only because the other contribution to "dynamics," the thermal advection term, is very small.
		The assumption is often made that the vorticity advection at the ground is zero, in which case vorticity advection at 700 or 500 mb can be used to assess the first term.
	home.earthlink.net /~montever/warmadv/qg.html (1040 words)

	Vorticity and vert motion
		Advection of vorticity and the thermal field tend to disrupt geostrophic and hydrostatic balance, and the solution of the QG omega equation describes a hypothetical vertical motion field that exactly and instantaneously restores geostrophic and hydrostatic balance.
		If cyclonic vorticity advection increases with height, this means that heights are falling more with height, so that the depth of the atmospheric column between the surface and some upper level is decreasing.
		It's possible that when differential vorticity advection is operating, the contribution to the process from deformation of the isentropic surfaces (attributable to the airflow) is more important than in cases of "pure" thermal advection.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~doswell/PVAdisc/PVA.html (3924 words)

	Development of Lagrangian Vorticity Methods for Computation of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flows, IIHR, College of ...
		The vorticity field is evolved on the convected control points directly from the vorticity transport equation, and the velocity field is obtained from the Biot-Savart equation.
		The first method uses a set of Gaussian vorticity "blobs" whose amplitudes are fit to the known vorticity values at the control points at each time step using an iterative procedure.
		A new algorithm for vorticity boundary condition on the surface of a solid body has been developed using our differentiation method, which is necessary for maintenance of the no-slip condition on the body surface.
	www.iihr.uiowa.edu /projects/lagrvort/index.html (1020 words)

	Interpretation of the vorticity equation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Equation (7.46) is the advection equation for vorticity.
		The vorticity of a fluid element in two dimensional flow is constant.
		This is because fluid elements are stretched and elongated on the axis, as shown in Fig 7.1.
	grus.berkeley.edu /~jrg/ay202/node93.html (593 words)

	Atmospheric Kinematics: Rotation and Vorticity
		Since vorticity is a measure of pure rotation, an analysis of the amount of vorticity in the atmospheric flow provides a measurement of its pure rotation.
		The absolute vorticity has a nice property that when considered in three dimensions and integrated over the entire globe the result is the total angular momentum of the atmosphere.
		To estimate the relative vorticity the distribution of the atmospheric motions along the different horizontal components of the coordinate system in use must be known.
	www.rwic.und.edu /~leono/academics/AtSci320/Lectures/Sept1797/LectureSept17Vorticity.html (1294 words)

	Introduction to Physical Oceanography : Chapter 12 - Vorticity in the Ocean - Definition of Vorticity
		Planetary vorticity is the Coriolis parameter we used earlier to discuss flow in the ocean.
		Note that the vorticity vanishes at the equator and that the vorticity in the southern hemisphere is negative because φ is negative.
		Relative vorticity ζ is the vorticity due to currents in the ocean.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/ocng_textbook/chapter12/chapter12_01.htm (995 words)

	Vorticity-Based Computation Methods for Three-Dimensional Viscous Flows
		In Lagrangian vorticity transport methods, there is no need to spatially discretize the nonlinear advective term, and we consequently avoid the problems with numerical dissipation.
		Iso-vorticity surface during ejection of a vortex loop due to orthogonal impact of a circular cylinder (shaded) with a vortex (indicated by a solid curve).
		Contours of (a) axial vorticity, (b) cross-stream vorticity, and (c) axial velocity showing the wake structure of a yawed cylinder.
	www.engineering.uiowa.edu /~jeffm/Lagrvort.htm (1021 words)

	Shed Vortex
		The existence of the bound vortex (or vortices) within the airfoil created an important theoretical problem when it was first proposed.
		From the fluid conservation laws, if a fluid initially has no vorticity within it, then the net vorticity must remain zero within the domain.
		Then the sum of the two vortices, one spinning clockwise, the other counter clockwise, would be zero as required by the conservation laws.
	www.grc.nasa.gov /WWW/K-12/airplane/shed.html (356 words)

	Potential Vorticity
		Potential vorticity and especially its horizontal gradient is essential to propagation of information in the ocean.
		Potential vorticity distributions on neutral surfaces in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have been constructed using the WOCE data sets supplemented by historical data.
		Particular attention has been paid to determining which regions are strongly influenced by the mid-laitude gyre circulations compared with the tropical regions, surface convection (mode water/intermediate water/deep water formation areas), and to the vertical extent of topographic influence.
	sam.ucsd.edu /papers/WOCE_potvor_abs.html (880 words)

	AMS Glossary
		The vorticity component normal to a small plane element is the limit of the circulation per unit area as the area of the element approaches zero (see Stokes's theorem).
		The vorticity of a solid rotation is twice the angular velocity vector.
		See also relative vorticity, absolute vorticity, geostrophic vorticity, thermal vorticity, vorticity equation, curl; compare deformation, divergence.
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?p=1&query=vorticity&submit=Search (128 words)

	Interannual variability of upper ocean vorticity balances in the Gulf of Alaska
		A high-resolution numerical ocean model is used to examine the interannual variability of the upper ocean vorticity budget in the Gulf of Alaska.
		The equation is a balance of the area integral of vorticity over the domain with the time-and area-integrated vorticity flux through the layer top, bottom, and lateral boundaries and dissipation.
		This net gain of vorticity partially balances the contemporaneous reduction of vorticity input to the region by the wind stress curl.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/1999JC000071.shtml (412 words)

	On the skewness of vorticity in the upper ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Conservation of potential vorticity suggests that when the magnitude of relative vorticity approaches the planetary vorticity, cyclonic vorticity should be preferred.
		The skewness of relative vorticity in the mixed layer is positive, consistent with theory.
		The probability density function of vorticity reveals that positive skewness occurs because large vorticities are more likely to be cyclonic than anticyclonic.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2000GL012265.shtml (196 words)

	Vorticity Music - Vorticity Label
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	www.vorticitymusic.com /www/4/1000902/displayarticle/1001371.html (3003 words)

	Observations of Vorticity Near Shore
		The wind speed and direction are indicated by the red arrow near the lower left corner, and the wave direction and rms height are indicated by the co-located blue arrow.
		To get a rough idea of the time-scale for decay of vorticity, the mean-square vorticity (enstrophy) over the area offshore of 385 m is examined (closer to shore, the signal-to-noise varies somewhat erratically).
		Units of vorticity used here are actually arbitrary- divide by about 3000 to convert to inverse seconds squared.
	jerry.ucsd.edu /ObsofVorticity.html (1014 words)

	Vorticity -- CFD-Wiki, the ultimate free CFD reference
		Vorticity is a vector field variable which is derived from the velocity vector.
		The components of vorticity in Cartesian coordinates are
		The vorticity can be seen as a vector having magnitude equal to the maximum "circulation" at each point and to be oriented perpendicularly to this plane of circulation for each point.
	www.cfd-online.com /Wiki/Vorticity (98 words)

	NOAA - National Weather Service -
		PVA) - Advection of higher values of vorticity into an area, which often is associated with upward motion (lifting) of the air.
		PVA typically is found in advance of disturbances aloft (i.e., shortwaves), and is a property which often enhances the potential for thunderstorm development.
		Positive (counter-clockwise or cyclonic) vorticity can be correlated with surface low development and upward vertical motion (in areas of positive vorticity advection).
	www.weather.gov /glossary/index.php?word=Vorticity (210 words)

	Vorticity Martial Arts
		In this eventuality, it is best if you have some consistent structured training in modern techniques for self-defence.
		Vorticity's program is built around a core of easy to use techniques, which require modest athleticism, and only moderate fitness.
		They are designed to maximize your natural instinctive responses, and give you a speedy reprieve from a dangerous situation.
	www.vorticity-martial-arts.com (336 words)

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