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Topic: Vostok, Antarctica

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	Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is, on average, 2.5 kilometers thick.
		Physically Antarctica is divided in two by mountains close to the neck between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea.
		The portion of the continent west of the Weddell Sea and east of the Ross Sea is called Western Antarctica and the remainder Eastern Antarctica, since they correspond roughly to the eastern and western hemispheres relative to the Greenwich meridian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctica (0 words)

	Vostok, Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vostok, Antarctica is a Russian research station located near the Geomagnetic South Pole (see South Pole), at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		Vostok sits on top of the world's most southerly lake, Lake Vostok.
		Vostok research station was built in 1957 during the IGY and has operated year-round for more than 37 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vostok,_Antarctica (0 words)

	Lake Vostok - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is located at 77° S 105° E, beneath Russia's Vostok Station, 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet.
		Lake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment, one that is supersaturated with oxygen, with typically 50 times higher oxygen levels than those found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth.
		Due to this fact, if water is released from Lake Vostok due to drilling, it could gush like a popped carbonated (fizzy) drink can and, if not contained, open the lake to possible contamination and pose a potential hazard to scientists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lake_Vostok (0 words)

	Antarctica - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Antarctica (from Greek ἀνταρκτικός, opposed to the arctic) is a continent surrounding the Earth's South Pole.
		Antarctica is the fifth largest continent in area, after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America.
		Antarctica has no permanent residents, but a number of governments maintain permanent research stations on the continent.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Antarctica (0 words)

	VOSTOK STATION
		Vostok is operated as a permanent Antarctic station by the Russian Federation and carries out a wide range of scientific activities.
		It is situated in the centre of East Antarctica on the Polar Plateau at an altitude of 3,488 meters and is the most isolated of any Antarctic Base.
		The Russian Vostok Station was opened in December 1957 and has an average summer population of 25 and average winter population of 13.
	www.newzeal.com /theme/bases/Russia/Vostok.htm (508 words)

	TRENDS: ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
		The analytical system, except for the stainless steel container in which the ice was crushed, was calibrated for each ice sample measurement with a standard mixture of CO in nitrogen and oxygen.
		The extension of the Vostok CO record shows that the main trends of CO are similar for each glacial cycle.
		The extension of the Vostok CO record shows the present-day levels of CO are unprecedented during the past 420 kyr.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/co2/vostok.htm (0 words)

	TRENDS: TEMPERATURE
		Drilling continued at Vostok and was completed in January 1998, reaching a depth of 3623 m, the deepest ice core ever recovered (Petit et al.
		The new measurements were taken along ice in increments between 0.5 and 2 m in length to a depth of 2080 m and then every 1 m for the remainder of the upper 3310-m of the ice core.
		Although the third and fourth climate cycles are of shorter duration than the first two cycles in the Vostok record, all four climate cycles show a similar sequence of a warm interglacial, followed by colder glacial events, and ending with a rapid return to an interglacial period.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/temp/vostok/jouz_tem.htm (0 words)

	Lake Vostok, Antarctica (Honorary Partner) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lake Vostok is the oldest, most pristine lake in the world and it never has been disturbed by humankind yet.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be one of the world's largest lakes, 48 km wide by 225 km long and 914 m deep, covering an area of more than 10.000 km2.
		Since the discovery of Lake Vostok NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory is interested in drilling into this ancient lake, to prepare for planetary missions such as to one of Jupiter's moons, Europa.
	www.livinglakes.org /vostok (0 words)

	Interhemispheric Phasing of Millennial-Duration Climate Events During the Last 100 ka (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vostok and Taylor Dome are not sufficiently precisely dated to establish phasing during Stage 3.
		Vostok is not precisely dated for this interval but appears to be in phase with Byrd.
		The "southern response" is documented by meltwater events in the Arctic Seas and by melting of northern hemisphere ice sheets recorded in sea level rise beginning by 18 ka or earlier.
	medias.obs-mip.fr /paleo/chapconf/bender_abs.html (0 words)

	Pristine Lake at the Bottom of the World / Quest to study enormous body of fresh water under Antarctic ice
		The pristine waters of Lake Vostok, as it is called, have been isolated by a continental shield of ice two miles thick for millions of years.
		Antarctica, the last open continent, is a world of killing extremes and unexpected grace, a desert of ice where compasses lie and it is usually too cold to snow.
		In a sense, Lake Vostok is a planet in the ice, isolated by extreme depths of frost rather than by the cold vacuum of space.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/03/25/MN179381.DTL&type=printable (0 words)

	Astrobiology news: Lake Vostok and Europa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Four kilometers (2.4 miles) beneath the ice of Antarctica lies a body of water the size of Lake Ontario.
		Isolated from light and from the surface, Lake Vostok might be inhabited by microbes unlike anything known to science.
		Lake Vostok may hold clues to whether life could survive in a dark extraterrestrial ocean, and may allow scientists to practice looking for it.
	astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov /stories/europa_vostok_0899.html (0 words)

	Science News: The Strangest Home on Earth - research on Lake Vostok in Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Cut off from the rest of Earth for a million years or more, Lake Vostok may harbor ancient species of microbes, unknown to science, that are able to withstand conditions at the edge of survivability.
		Vostok Station holds the uncomfortable distinction of having recorded the coldest temperature on Earth.
		Lake Vostok is the largest of these, stretching 280 km from south to north and some 60 km from east to west, roughly the size of Lake Ontario but twice as deep.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_14_156/ai_56982347 (0 words)

	Encyclopedia: Vostok, Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Lake Vostoks location within Antarctica (NASA) Lake Vostok is the largest of more than 70 subglacial lakes in Antarctica.
		Then three more holes were drilled: in 1984, Hole 3G reached a final depth of 2202 m; in 1990, Hole 4G reached a final depth of 2546; and in 1993 Hole 5G reached a depth of 2755 m; after a brief closure drilling continued during the winter of 1995.
		In 1996 it was stopped at depth 3,623 m, by the request of the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research that expressied worries about possible contamination of the Lake Vostok.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vostok,-Antarctica (0 words)

	AGU Web Site: Deciphering Mysteries of Past Climate From Antarctic Ice Cores
		Ice cores drilled at Vostok Station, Antarctica, 10 years ago by Russia, France, and the United States (see figure 1) are providing a wealth of information about past climate and environmental changes over more than a full glacial-interglacial cycle.
		Vostok research station has operated year-round for more than 37 years.
		At Vostok, accumulation is too low for recognizable annual signals to form, so we developed a chronology combining an ice flow model and an accumulation model that accounts for the fact that accumulation was lower during colder periods and vice versa.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/vostok.html (0 words)

	Cryobots Invade Antarctica
		VOSTOK, ANTARCTICA (AMP) — Reports are surfacing from Antarctica that the U.S. military may be deploying ice-penetrating Cryobots beneath Lake Vostok as part of a high-tech excavation of ancient ruins.
		One of those environments is Lake Vostok, which is three hours by plane from the South Pole and sits beneath nearly three miles of solid ice in the center of East Antarctica.
		The prospect of cryobots probing for life deep under the ice of Lake Vostok has alarmed environmentalists, who say drilling a bore hole into the lake would release toxic fluids in what could well be one of the most delicate, pristine ecosystems on Earth.
	lantis.tv /amp/releases/cryo.html (0 words)

	Vostok, Antarctica -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Vostok, Antarctica is located near the Geomagnetic South Pole (see (The southernmost point of the Earth's axis) South Pole), at the center of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
		An ice core was drilled at Vostok, collaboratively with the French, which
		Of particular scientific interest, apart from its low temperatures, Vostok was found to be sitting on top of the world's most southerly lake, (additional info and facts about Lake Vostok) Lake Vostok.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/v/vo/vostok,_antarctica.htm (0 words)

	Antarctica's Lake Vostok Revisited
		Cores drilled from the ice sheet capping Lake Vostok have brought up a great diversity of live microbes that have survived despite the low temperatures and passage of time.
		Although science has proclaimed that Lake Vostok biology must consist entirely of microorganisms, no one really knows what is down there.
		Antarctica's "vast hydrological system" could be linked to a global crevicular system of fluid-filled, lifesustaining cracks, fissures, and porous rocks.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf107/sf107p10.htm (0 words)

	UFO Area New map reveals hidden features of Antarctica's Lake Vostok
		The findings have important implications for the diversity of microbial life in Lake Vostok and provide a strategy for how scientists study the lake's different ecosystems should international scientific consensus approve exploration of the pristine and ancient environment.
		Indeed, Lake Vostok, is also of interest to those who search for microbial life elsewhere in the solar system.
		Scientists deciding whether and how to proceed with an exploration of Lake Vostok say a great deal of technological development would likely be needed before a device could be deployed to conduct contamination-free sampling.
	www.ufoarea.com /vostok_new_map_reveals.html (0 words)

	Coldest Temperature on Earth
		This is an unconfirmed report from Vostok Station during the winter of 1997.
		Vostok, Antarctica is the home of the coldest temperature on Earth at a cool -89 °C (183 K).
		Antarctica also holds the previous record of the lowest temperature on Earth at -88 C. Although still unofficial, Vostok Station may have broken its own record for the coldest temperature on Earth.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2000/YongLiLiang.shtml (0 words)

	Vostok ice core, Antarctica
		The 3,623 meters of ice core bored in Vostok, Antarctica, are the result of a 10-year collaboration between Russia, France and the United States (2).
		The Vostok site is considered one of the least hospitable on Earth, since its altitude is 3,500 meters and its average yearly temperature is minus 55° C. The analysis of this ice core provides a record of the atmosphere during the last four climatic cycles.
		For the first time, researchers were able to establish, over such a long period, a simultaneous record of temperature variations, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and oxygen proportions in the atmosphere, of the quantity of dust blown from the desert and aerosols from sea spray.
	www.cnrs.fr /cw/en/pres/compress/mist030699.html (0 words)

	Columbia Earth Institute -- News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ice cap cross section at Vostok shows the existing Russian research station and the bore hole that scientists studying the ancient climate have drilled to within a few hundred feet of the lake.
		In the annals of Antarctica, the privations of the Russian scientists at Vostok have made the station's name a synonym for hardship.
		"Lake Vostok is an international treasure," said Karl Erb, director of the NSF Office of Polar Programs, which oversees most research conducted in Antarctica.
	www.earthinstitute.columbia.edu /news/story3_2_01c.html (0 words)

	XENOPHILIA (the Band)
		Named Lake Vostok after the nearby Russian outpost, it is the largest of at least 76 sub-glacial lakes.
		Earlier this month, however, a classified spy satellite image of Antarctica revealed a physical anomaly two miles beneath the ice that could be a man-made structure and not just the magnetic phenomenon the NSF claims to be studying at Lake Vostok.
		Vostok, Antarctica reveal that present-day atmospheric burdens of carbon dioxide and methane seem to be unprecedented during the past 420,000 years.
	www.xenophilia.com /zb/zb0029.htm (0 words)

	Vostok, Lake
		Vostok, Lake, c.3,900 sq mi (10,000 sq km), c.155 mi (250 km) long and 30 mi (50 km) at its greatest width, in East Antartica beneath the remote Vostok research station.
		The icing on the lake.(Lake Vostok, Antarctica) (Geographical)
		Researchers describe overall water balance in subglacial Lake Vostok; Study is a "critical step" in possible exploration of lake.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0930657.html (0 words)

	lowest temperature in antarctica and other antarctica related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The lowest temperature ever recorded anywhere on earth, -88.3° C (-126.9° F), was on August 24, 1960, at Vostok Station.
		Antarctica -129 Vostok 11220 21 Jul 1983 10a Asia -90 Oimekon, Russia 2625 6 Feb 1933 10b Asia -90...
		Antarctica Antarctica is the most southerly continent located about the Geographic South Pole...
	www.nethorde.com /antarctica/lowest-temperature-in-antarctica.html (0 words)

	Science News: The Strangest Home on Earth.(research on Lake V... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		By looking at the ratio of different oxygen isotopes in these clathrates, scientists should be able to trace how Earth's temperature has changed since the time that some of the earliest humans were spreading across the world.
		Below the clathrate layers, Lake Vostok apparently holds vast sedimentary deposits chronicling tens of millions of years of Antarctic geology.
		Vostok would be an ideal testing ground for technology that would eventually fly to Europa or places even more distant, say many scientists.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:56982347&refid=holomed_1 (0 words)

	TV Crew Disappears in Antarctica
		The TV crew was last seen departing the Russian-run Vostok Station, about 300 miles from the alleged crash site of the C-130 transport believed to be carrying archeologist Dr.
		The American military expedition in Antarctica, under the command of U.S.A.F. Gen. Griffen Yeats, claims it is salvaging an old Mars module lost during Yeats’ ill-fated NASA training mission in the 1960s.
		Other international observers, however, point to the presence of Doctor Yeats, General Yeats’ foster son, and suggest that the Americans have discovered the legendary lost city of Atlantis two miles beneath the ice and are conducting an archeological excavation at 81:52:05S and 111:18:10W.
	lantis.tv /amp/releases/crew.html (0 words)

	Antarctica's Lake Vostok Has Two Distinct Parts
		Scientists believe that the waters of Lake Vostok have not been disturbed for hundreds of thousands of years, and there are tantalizing clues that microbes may exist there that have been isolated for at least as long.
		Lake Vostok is thought to be a very good terrestrial analogue to the conditions on Europa, a moon of Jupiter thought to hold a large liquid ocean far under its frozen surface.
		From the observed melting and freezing patterns of ice moving over Lake Vostok, it is evident that the northern basin would contain recent sediments of rock debris carried from land and deposited into the Lake, says Studinger.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/antarctic-04g.html (0 words)

	Antarctica
		It is precisely for these reasons that Antarctica has come to be regarded as a laboratory for the inhospitable conditions that obtain extra-terrestrially in the solar system.
		Lake Vostok lies under nearly 4000 meters (approximately two and a half miles deep) of solid ice but is warm enough to remain liquid..
		Located under four kilometers of ice, Lake Vostok is immense in size, covering an area of 14,000 km2 a nd reaching a depth of 500m.
	www.resa.net /nasa/antarctica.htm (0 words)

	The ice microbes cometh
		They were found in the bottom 100 metres of a core of ice drilled 3590 metres into the ice sheet at East Antarctica's Vostok Station.
		Hidden beneath the ice sheet on which Vostok Station stands is a vast lake, called Lake Vostok, discovered in the 1970s.
		Lake Vostok, all of which is below several kilometres of solid ice, has been mapped out using radar signals, which bounce back from the ice at the top and bottom of the lake to reveal its buried profile.
	www.mindswap.org /2002/nature/000217-1.xml (0 words)

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