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Topic: Voting Rights Act of 1965

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	Voting Rights Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The prohibition of voting rights discrimination on the basis of race was first codified by the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870.
		However, the Voting Rights Act and three constitutional amendments that prevent discrimination in granting the franchise have established in United States Supreme Court jurisprudence that there is a "fundamental right" in the franchise, even though voting remains a state-granted privilege.
		Especially since the right to exercise the franchise in a free and unimpaired manner is preservative of other basic civil and political rights, any alleged infringement of the right of citizens to vote must be carefully and meticulously scrutinized.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 (1791 words)

	CongressLink: [Congress: The Basics - Lawmaking] Resources: Voting Rights Act of 1965
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965, passed in the wake of voting demonstrations in Selma, Alabama, provided the capstone to many years' efforts to strengthen voting rights for African-Americans.
		It gave the Attorney General the power to appoint federal examiners to supervise voter registration in states or voting districts where a literacy or other qualifying test was in use and where fewer than 50 percent of voting age residents were registered or had voted in 1964.
		Dirksen explained the context for the voting rights bill in a television and radio broadcast to his constituents in Illinois during that same week.
	www.congresslink.org /print_basics_histmats_votingrights_contents.htm (1245 words)

	The Avalon Project : Voting Rights Act of 1965; August 6, 1965
		No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.
		Upon the basis of these findings, Congress declares that the constitutional right of citizens to vote is denied or abridged in some areas by the requirement of the payment of a poll tax as a precondition to voting.
		If any provision of this Act or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of the Act and the application of the provision to other persons not similarly situated or to other circumstances shall not be affected thereby.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/statutes/voting_rights_1965.htm (1399 words)

	Our Documents - Voting Rights Act (1965)
		Because the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was the most significant statutory change in the relationship between the Federal and state governments in the area of voting since the Reconstruction period following the Civil War, it was immediately challenged in the courts.
		Between 1965 and 1969, the Supreme Court issued several key decisions upholding the constitutionality of Section 5 and affirming the broad range of voting practices for which preclearance was required.
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was readopted and strengthened in 1970, 1975, and 1982.
	www.ourdocuments.gov /doc.php?flash=false&doc=100 (613 words)

	::The 1965 Voting Rights Act::
		The 1965 Voting Rights Act was a natural follow on to the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
		The issue of equal rights for American Negroes is such as an issue..the command of the Constitution is plain.
		The Act was the boost that the civil rights cause needed to move it swiftly along and Johnson has to take full credit for this.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /1965_voting_rights_act.htm (477 words)

	ACLU :: Voting Rights Act :: ACLU Voting Rights :: About the VRA
		The genius of the Voting Rights Act was not just that it abolished literacy and other tests, which had been used to deny fls and other minorities the right to vote.
		States' rights politicians deeply resented the fact that they had to show that voting changes they wanted to implement had neither a discriminatory purpose or effect, yet the Voting Rights Act has proven to be one of the most successful civil rights laws in American history.
		Yet, having that right legally is meaningless if certain groups of people (such as the disabled or those with limited English proficiency) are unable to accurately cast their ballot at the polls.
	www.votingrights.org /more.php (3226 words)

	Renew the Voting Rights Act! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed through Congress the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which outlawed any discrimination in voting and gave the federal government authority to enforce the law.
		The act, which outlawed such atrocities as the literacy test and poll tax to prevent people of color from voting, has given minorities political power and propelled thousands of people of color into elective office.
		Twenty major civil rights, religious and union organizations, including the AFL-CIO, have joined together to form the Voting Rights Act Collaborative to mobilize their members and to lobby Congress to renew the act.
	www.aflcio.org /issues/civilrights/renew_vra.cfm (584 words)

	La Shawn Barber’s Corner » Voting Rights Act of 1965
		The Fifteenth Amendment gave fls the right to vote (or more precisely, prevented states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race), and whites tried to keep them from voting by a variety of ill-conceived tricks.
		Such was the “grandfather clause.” One had to descend from citizens who had the right to vote, which meant, in most cases, former slaves and their descendants couldn’t vote.
		LaShawn Barber has a post that discusses both the history of voting rights, specifically those of African Americans, and how the current push for photo or state ID as a requirement to vote is not comparable to the high poll taxes, grandfather clauses, etc of the past.
	lashawnbarber.com /archives/2006/03/31/voting-rights-act-of-1965 (2812 words)

	Introduction To Federal Voting Rights Laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Voting Rights Act, adopted initially in 1965 and extended in 1970, 1975, and 1982, is generally considered the most successful piece of civil rights legislation ever adopted by the United States Congress.
		The Act codifies and effectuates the 15th Amendment's permanent guarantee that, throughout the nation, no person shall be denied the right to vote on account of race or color.
		Enforcement of the Act has also increased the opportunity of fl and Latino voters to elect representatives of their choice by providing a vehicle for challenging discriminatory election methods such as at-large elections, racially gerrymandered districting plans, or runoff requirements that may dilute minority voting strength.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/intro/intro.htm (511 words)

	Understanding Your Voting Rights
		Because this guarantee has been threatened in the past, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was enacted to ensure that no one could prevent any citizen from freely exercising their right to vote.
		The prohibition against discrimination in voting is a permanent one, and no citizen is in danger of losing his or her right to vote.
		The Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964 attempted to address the racial discrimination that was plaguing this country, and included provisions for securing and protecting the right to vote.
	www.oag.state.ny.us /family/kids/crime/voting.html (1937 words)

	Voting Rights Act of 1965
		In the first three months of 1965, Local residents and visiting volunteers held a series of marches demanding an equal right to vote.
		The resolution, signed into law on August 6, 1965, empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration and elections in counties that had used tests to determine voter eligibility or where registration or turnout had been less than 50 percent in the 1964 presidential election.
		The Voting Rights Act was extended in 1970, 1975, and 1982.
	www.core-online.org /History/voting_rights.htm (522 words)

	U.S. Senate: Reference Home > Is it true that . . . > Voting Rights Act
		The answer is no. Congress passed the Voting Rights Act in 1965 in response to widespread evidence of disfranchisement of fl citizens in several southern states.
		The Act protects citizens' right to vote primarily by forbidding covered states from using tests of any kind (like literacy tests) to determine eligibility to vote, by requiring these states to obtain federal approval before enacting any election laws, and by assigning federal officials to monitor the registration process in certain localities.
		The facts: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a permanent law, but there are certain provisions in it that are temporary and scheduled to expire in 2007 (mostly those provisions requiring federal examiners and federal election observers).
	www.senate.gov /reference/common/faq/Voting_Rights_Act.shtml (282 words)

	The Voting Rights Act Of 1965
		Finally, the unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965, by state troopers on peaceful marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, en route to the state capitol in Montgomery, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights legislation.
		Section 2 of the Act, which closely followed the language of the 15th amendment, applied a nationwide prohibition against the denial or abridgment of the right to vote on the literacy tests on a nationwide basis.
		Congress had found that case-by-case litigation was inadequate to combat wide-spread and persistent discrimination in voting, because of the inordinate amount of time and energy required to overcome the obstructionist tactics invariably encountered in these lawsuits.
	www.usdoj.gov /crt/voting/intro/intro_b.htm (757 words)

	LYNDON B. JOHNSON
		The new law, known either as the Civil Rights Act of 1965 or as the Voting Rights Act of 1965, brought an unprecedented federal intrusion into local affairs, especially in the South.
		The most basic right of all was the right to choose your own leaders.
		But the right of free speech does not carry with it, as has been said, the right to holler fire in a crowded theater.
	usinfo.state.gov /usa/infousa/facts/democrac/40.htm (4296 words)

	AFL-CIO Weblog \| Voting Rights Act: After 40 Years, Still Fighting for a Fundamental Right
		A broad coalition—including the AFL-CIO, unions, civil rights groups, religious leaders, immigrant advocates and others—is fighting to defend our most basic civil right, the right to vote, by supporting legislation to reauthorize key provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
		The AFL-CIO and its partners in the Voting Rights Act Collaborative are asking their members to write their representatives in Congress to urge them to renew the act.
		While the act’s prohibitions against racial discrimination in voting are permanent, certain critical provisions to enforce the law could expire next year.
	blog.aflcio.org /2006/05/02/voting-rights-act-after-40-years-still-fighting-for-a-fundamental-right (768 words)

	The Voting Rights Act Of 1965
		In 1870 the 15th Amendment was ratified, which provided specifically that the right to vote shall not be denied or abridged on the basis of race, color or previous condition of servitude.
		Congress then enacted the Enforcement Act of 1870, which contained criminal penalties for interference with the right to vote, and the Force Act of 1871, which provided for federal election oversight.
		The 1957 Act created the Civil Rights Division within the Department of Justice and the Commission on Civil Rights; the Attorney General was given authority to intervene in and institute lawsuits seeking injunctive relief against violations of the 15th Amendment.
	www.epic.org /privacy/voting/register/intro_a.html (996 words)

	Voting Rights Act
		A group of advocates called the National Commission on the Voting Rights Act is holding hearings to dispel the e-mail myth in cities nationwide.
		"In 1965, it was about vote denial, today we have what we call second-generation discrimination, or vote dilution or limiting the effectiveness of minority voting," said Debo Adegbile, associate director of litigation at the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund.
		Widely considered one of the most successful pieces of civil rights legislation, the 1965 Voting Rights Act was designed to end discriminatory practices that had persisted despite the passage of the 15th Amendment a century earlier.
	www.votingrightsact.org /inthenews/7.26.05.html (661 words)

	LWV \| Voting Rights Act
		In 1975, we were part of a successful coalition effort to extend the Act and expand its coverage to language minorities, and in 1982 the League was a leader in the fight to strengthen the Act and extend its major provisions for 25 years.
		Weakening Amendments Defeated as House Votes to Reauthorize the Voting Rights Act - Jul 13, 2006
		Vote for H.R. 9, Reauthorization of the Voting Rights Act - Jun 20, 2006
	www.lwv.org /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Voting_Rights_Act (545 words)

	We Shall Overcome -- The Players
		No law that we now have on the books...can insure the right to vote when local officials are determined to deny it...
		The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which required equal access to public places and outlawed discrimination in employment, was a major victory of the fl freedom struggle, but the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was its crowning achievement.
		The 1965 Act suspended literacy tests and other voter tests and authorized federal supervision of voter registration in states and individual voting districts where such tests were being used.
	www.cr.nps.gov /NR/travel/civilrights/prize.htm (707 words)

	Primer: The Voting Rights Act . NOW \| PBS
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is considered one of America's most effective righting of systemic wrongs that hurt our democratic values.
		The Act enforced the Constitution's 15th Amendment that guaranteed Americans the right to vote regardless of race or color.
		Changes to voting policies and procedures to be cleared with the Department of Justice or a D.C. federal court, for some jurisdictions.
	www.pbs.org /now/shows/235/voting-rights-act.html (401 words)

	Urge renewal of Voting Rights Act
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was groundbreaking legislation that is considered the most effective civil rights legislation in our history.
		Discriminating against people through policies or practices that deny them their right to vote is unjust and immoral.
		This is not the time for Congress to begin to dilute voting rights when we know that discriminatory practices persist in hindering Americans trying to cast their ballots.
	www.ncccusa.org /news/060515votingrightsact.html (372 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a significant piece of legislation that guarantees the right to vote to African American citizens.
		As a result of the Act, the national government intervened in areas where African Americans were denied the right to vote.
		Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act requires certain areas of the country to obtain ìpreclearanceî from the US Attorney General or the US District Court for the District of Columbia for any changes with reference to voting.
	www.fairvote.org /vra/vra.htm (439 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Voting Rights Act
		The ACLU's Voting Rights Project has worked to protect the gains in political participation won by racial and language minorities since passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and is working to renew and restore these rights in three crucial sections of the VRA set to expire in 2007.
		On signing the 1982 extension, which passed the House of Representatives by a vote of 389 to 24, President Reagan called the right to vote the "crown-jewel" of American liberties.
		A requirement that states with a documented history of discriminatory voting practices submit planned changes in their election laws or procedures to federal officials or judges for preclearance.
	www.aclu.org /votingrightsact (837 words)

	Primary Document: Voting Rights Act of 1965
		Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That this Act shall be known as the "Voting Rights Act of 1965."
		Any person listed shall be entitled and allowed to vote pending final determination by the hearing officer and by the court.
		The District Court for the District of Columbia shall have jurisdiction to require such survey or census to be made by the Director of the Census and it shall require him to do so if it deems the Attorney General's refusal to request such survey or census to be arbitrary or unreasonable.
	faculty.washington.edu /qtaylor/documents/voting_rights_act_1965.htm (1483 words)

	ACLU :: Voting Rights Act :: News
		When Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act in 1965, it removed many barriers to minority voter participation by banning racially discriminatory practices, such as the use of literacy tests.
		It was not until 1992, with the passage of the Voting Rights Language Assistance Act, that Asian Americans were covered under the language provisions of the Voting Rights Act.
		Council Members and advocates also called for modifications in the Voting Rights Act, including reducing the numerical threshold at which local jurisdictions would be required to provide bilingual voting materials.
	www.votingrights.org /news/?newsitem=12 (954 words)

	Voting Rights Act of 1965
		The sequel concludes the case with a discussion of the impact of the Voting Rights Act on voter registration, and places the case in the larger context of an evolving civil rights movement.
		The background note provides a brief historical account of major events in the civil rights movement preceding the Selma campaign; a chronology of events leading up to the signing of the Voting Rights Act is available as well.
		The rise of the voting rights movement in Selma illustrates the qualities of a successful grassroots movement, the power of shared beliefs, and the mechanisms of interaction between a local group and national movements.
	www.ksg.harvard.edu /case/caseweb/catalog/abstracts/VotingRightsAct.html (429 words)

	civilrights.org -- The Voting Rights Act of 1965: 40 Years After 'Bloody Sunday,' A Promise Still Unfulfilled
		The events of "Bloody Sunday" repelled the nation, energized the civil rights movement, and advanced President Lyndon B. Johnson's demand for "the goddamnedest toughest voting rights act" that his Attorney General, Nicholas Katzenbach, could devise.
		The efforts of the Civil Rights Division of the U.S. Department of Justice and minority voter advocates resulted in favorable pre-trial rulings from the federal court, which caused Louisiana to withdraw its original plan and restore a district where African Americans had an opportunity to elect a candidate of choice.
		In one sense, the Voting Rights Act stands as a model of democratic inclusion, bridging the gap between our foundational ideal of political equality and the continued persistence of exclusion.
	www.civilrights.org /issues/voting/details.cfm?id=28738 (1466 words)

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