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Topic: Vowel gradation

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	Ablaut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For example, the vowel change in English from i to a to u in sing (present tense), sang (preterite), sung (past-participle) is referred to as an ablaut.
		Most philologists believe that the presence of laryngeals in the Indo-European roots, and their subsequent loss in most daughter languages, led to the development of several parallel ablaut sequences in Indo-European and its daughter languages.
		The ablaut is distinguished from the phonetic influence of a succeeding vowel, called umlaut.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/a/ab/ablaut.html (309 words)

	Zanec Grammar Sketch
		In an open syllable, vowel gradation works exactly as in a closed one, when a tense/lax contrast is not possible (see The vowels), or the vowel is lax in the strong grade.
		In addition to the vowel changing, the indicative may sometimes be identified also by the fact that the stress moves to the final syllable of the verb (because of the weak vowel in the penultimate syllable; see Stress).
		Vowel gradation is not present; the vowel in the last syllable of the stem of the verb is in the same grade as in the infinitive (usually strong).
	koti.mbnet.fi /~tjobe/zanec.html (9531 words)

	The Tower of Babel
		High vowels were probably originally reflected as , mid and low vowels* - as a, but afterwards, under the influence of ablaut, the connection of PWC vowel* height with the corresponding Proto-North-Caucasian phonetic categories became obscured.
		In a number of cases it is possible to link the vowel gradations in PTs, PN and PL. In most cases we are dealing with the gradations of mid and high vowels: e/i, /— (it is not yet clear whether a similar gradation u/o had existed).
		The vowels e and characterize the direct nominal stem, and the vowels i and — - the oblique one.
	starling.rinet.ru /Texts/pref3.htm (7005 words)

	Finnish Grammar - Genitive Stem
		A good knowledge of consonant gradation and vowel change i ~ e is of great use.
		The genitive stem of these words is similar to the nominative stem, except for that the consonant gradation is applied to appropriate words.
		The consonant gradation is applied to appropriate words, and then the genitive stem takes the strong grade.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/genetiivivaren.html (1392 words)

	ablaut Information Center - ablaut
		This means that the basic vowel, a short /e/, could be replaced by a long /e/, a short /o/ or a long /o/, or it could be omitted.
		Various factors such as vowel harmony, assimilation with nasals, or the effect of the presence of laryngeals in the Indo-European roots and their subsequent loss in most daughter languages, mean that a language may have several different vowels representing a single vowel in the parent language.
		The vowel change in the Germanic strong verb, for example, is the direct descendent of that which we saw in the Indo-European verb paradigm.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_A_-_Co/ablaut.html (1598 words)

	Glossary
		The change of a vowel into another vowel in the root of a word, with a grammatical function, usually for no visible phonological reason.
		Said of a vowel that is produced with a tongue body or tongue root configuration involving a greater constriction than that found in their lax counterparts.
		The languages with the most vowels are African, belonging to the Khoisan family; the record seems to be of 24 vowels.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/glossary.html (4857 words)

	Ablaut: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		...system is called vowel alternation, or ablaut it is also known as vowel gradation...find predominating in the later language.
		Vowel patterns for Germanic ablaut i 171 FIG.
		Vowel patterns for Germanic ablaut ii 171 FIG.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/ablaut.jsp?l=A&p=1 (751 words)

	consonant_gradation - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		Of the Baltic-Finnic languages, the Votic language is known for its extensive set of gradation patterns.
		What types of consonants and consonant clusters may undergo gradation vary from language to language; for example, Northern Sámi has three different grades (as well as having three quantities of consonant length), and also allows for quantitative gradation of its sonorants /l m n r/.
		In Finnish, gradation only affects the stop consonants [p t k] when they appear at the onset of the last syllable in a stem and when a suffix is added to a word that closes the syllable.
	www.thewordbook.com /consonant_gradation (1699 words)

	German Verb Classes
		Mutations, at least as regards the German verbal system, are defined by Keller as "modifications of a stressed vowel under the influence of another vowel in a subsequent syllable." [2] This change is rather straightforward and leads to the differences in such verbs as stechen -- sticht, graben -- gräbt, and even voll -- füllen.
		Abtönung, or "qualitative gradation," is a result of the changes that occurred in Indo-European as this language supposedly developed, and then proceeded to lose, a pitch accent.
		The first, characterized by the suffix -te in the preterite and involving vowel alternation (mutation), was, in Keller's words, "a large class and particularly characteristic of MHG." [19] It included such verbs as brennen--brante and denken--dahte.
	www.nthuleen.com /papers/130paperprint.html (2427 words)

	Consonant gradation - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation, found in some Finno-Lappic languages, such as Finnish and Sami; particularly Votic has an extensive set of gradation patterns.
		In Finnish, only the plosives — Finnish plosives being /ptk/ and /ppttkk/ — appearing as the onset of the last syllable in a stem are affected by the gradation.
		For example, hake "wood chippings" gradates to hakkee-, not to hae-, because it is already a gradated* form of hakkaa- < "hack" (whose infinitive is the weak grade hakata).
	www.godseye.com /wiki/index.php/Consonant_gradation (601 words)

	Finnish Grammar - Partitive Stem
		If a word ends in a vowel and it does not undergo the vowel change i ~ e, the partitive stem is similar to the nominative stem.
		If a word undergoes the vowel change i ~ e, there are two ways of forming the partitive stem.
		The partitive ending -a/-ä is added to a stem which ends in a single vowel, and the ending -ta/-tä to a stem which ends in a long vowel, a diphthong, or a consonant.
	www.cc.jyu.fi /~pamakine/kieli/suomi/sijat/partitiivivaren.html (866 words)

	Indo-European Linguistics: IE-Ablaut
		Those particular roots which have /e/ as their vowel are said to be in the 'e-grade', and those roots with /o/ are in the 'o-grade' of the root.
		It is possible, however, that the connections between the grade of vowel in a root and its grammatical function were not intact in the proto-language.
		This is due to the fact that the vowel /e/ tends to have a relatively higher second formant frequency in comparison to /o/.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-ling/ie-ablaut.html (604 words)

	Reconstructing PIE Phonology
		Brugmann, in particular, reconstructed five short vowels and five long vowels plus a reduced vowel, the so-called "schwa indogermanicum", which was written with an upside down e and which alternated with so-called "original" long vowels.
		They were nonsyllabic (A) when between vowels or initially before vowels, (B) when preceded by a vowel and followed by a consonant, and (C) when preceded by a consonant and followed by a vowel.
		In Proto-Indo-European, all vowels were found in the neighborhood of the voiced aspirates, and there is no indication that any of these sounds had different allophones here than when contiguous with other sounds.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/iedocctr/ie-ling/ie-phon-Bomhard.html (3387 words)

	OHG PRIMER - CHAPTER 12
		Ablaut is the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of accentuation.
		the first vertical column represents the vowels as they appear in the stem of the infinitive, and the second the vowels as they appear in the stem of the 1.
		Although the series of vowels is seen most clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs, the learner must not assume that ablaut occurs in strong verbs only.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /Marmaria/ohg/ohg_primer_12.htm (1750 words)

	LISTSERV 14.4
		The commonest vowel of the earth's languages is low central "a", a vowel that requires the absolute minimum of tongue movement.
		This is the vowel that is combined with syllables with consonantal glides since the glides (contrasting with no glide) provide the differentiation necessary for simple root formation.
		IF IE /i/ and /u/ were, at origin, vowels (so that Vi/u was an analogical expansion of i/u; and j/w were "consonantalized" i/u) then they would NOT be recoverable in AA since there is NO correspondence among vowels in the two proto-languages.
	listserv.linguistlist.org /cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9702c&L=linguist&D=1&F=&S=&P=2115 (1044 words)

	gradation - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "gradation" at HighBeam.
		Gradation as a communication device in area-class maps.
		Properties of gap-aggregate gradation asphalt mixture and permanent deformation.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-gradatio.html (163 words)

	The Finnish language — Virtual Finland
		In the plural, except in the nominative plural, the stem vowel is replaced by the plural i marker.
		The original reason for the alternation, which started a very long time ago, was that before an open syllable (ending in a vowel) the consonant had to be in the strong grade and before a closed syllable (ending in a consonant) in the weak grade.
		As the first vowel of the word is a, taking into account vowel harmony, the missing vowel cannot be ä and thus must be e.
	virtual.finland.fi /finfo/english/finnish7.html (664 words)

	umlaut Information Center - punctuation marks explained umlaut
		Umlaut should be clearly distinguished from other historical vowel phenomena such as the earlier Indo-European ablaut (vowel gradation), which is observable in the declension of Germanic strong verbs such as sing/sang/sung.
		On the other hand, German spells Känguruh ("Kangaroo") with an <ä>, although the origins of this vowel have nothing to do with umlaut; this is an English loan-word, and the diacritic is being used in mimicry of the English grapheme-phoneme relationship.
		In addition to the umlauts, some dotted vowels (as with the ï in Montjuïc) may be valid in different alphabets.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_U_-_Z/umlaut.html (1946 words)

	Documenting the Lule Sámi twol rules file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Stem vowel change e:i and o:u in fron of j.
		This section is divided according to stem vowels: a-, e-, o- stems.
		For b and d, the III-I special gradation bbm:m is covered by two separate rules, and a special Dummy (X6), not part of the ordinary WeG set.
	www.divvun.no /doc/lang/smj/docu-smj-twol.html (890 words)

	Documenting the Northern Sámi twol rules file (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		These vowels correspont to Nielsens vowel with breve above, and they denote vowels that are short.
		For each dummy symbol X1 etc. there is first a list over the rules where the dummy applies, and then a partial list of the lexicons where there is reference to the dummy in question (the lexica are in the file sme-lex.txt, sublexicon paths are indicated by the '->' symbol.
		The phenomenon is actually just orthographic: The vowel 'i' does not occur postvocalic in Northern Sami, but the consonant 'j' does, albeit it is written as "i".
	www.divvun.no /doc/lang/sme/docu-sme-twol.html (870 words)

	LINGUIST List 8.230: Low vowels in PIE
		Since IE is thought to have originated in the geographical area of Caucasian languages, is it such a large leap of logic to suggest that IE (just prior to Ablaut), had a phonological system similar to many Caucasian languages, i.e.
		PRIOR to Ablaut or vowel gradation, there would be no particular difficulty in envisaging a V which accomodated itself to its phonetic environment: e.g.
		Pairs like IE bha:r- and Arabic bahara are irrefutable proof that vocalic length in IE is attributable to a "laryngeal" /H/, that is cognate with AA h and H. Many of the scholarly disagreements in IE could be avoided if some scholars would eschew Straussvogelpolitik and acknowledge the relationship of IE and AA through Nostratic.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/8/8-230.html (1029 words)

	Sanskrit 1: Introduction
		The vowels and their sounds have predominantly to do with what is superior and independent, while the consonants (mainly those of the first and second groups) have predominantly to do with lower stages of the Creation.
		For instance, the strengthened gradation or Guná for the vowels 'i' and 'ii' is the vowel 'e'; while their protracted gradation or Vriddhi is 'ai'.
		If the penultimate letter of a verbal root is a short vowel (a, i, u, ri, lri), it is necessary to substitute its Guná (strengthened gradation) for it, that is, "a, e, o, ar and al" should be substituted for "a, i, u, ri and lri", respectively.
	sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar /english/sanskrit/sanscritoargentingles.html (8973 words)

	Toronto Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This means that in different forms of the same word, or in different but related words, the basic vowel, a short /e/, could be replaced by a long /e/, a short /o/ or a long /o/, or it could be omitted (transcribed as Ø).
		When a syllable had a short e, it is said to be in the "e-grade"; when it had no vowel, it is said to be in the "zero grade", etc. Note that when we refer simply to the e-grade or o-grade, we mean the short vowel forms, unless the lengthened grades are specified.
		Until lately it has often been speculated that the historical development in pre-Indo-European should have been that an original e-grade underwent two changes in some phonetic environments: under certain circumstances it changed its colouring to (long or short) o (the o-grade), and in others it disappeared entirely (the zero-grade).
	www.torontopost.biz /Info/?Indo-European_ablaut (2130 words)

	Ablaut - One Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		OneLang.com lets you search a huge database of reference and product information to find relevant, specific information on almost any topic.
		For example, the vowel change in English from i to a to u in sing (present tense), sang (preterite), sung (past participle) is referred to as an ablaut.
		Ablaut is also called apophony or vowel gradation.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Ablaut (350 words)

	Two-Level Rule Compiler
		If the more specific rule is a double-arrow rule, as is the case here, the resolution can be done by modifying the correspondence part of the general rule so that it also allows the realization required in the exceptional case.
		"Consonant gradation" "Geminate gradation" "Gradation after nasals" "Gradation of k after VV" "Gradation of k between u/y" "Gradation of k after liquids or h" "Gradation of t after liquids" "Weak grade of poika, aika" "Weak grade of ruoka" Command (C-Q = quit): time Timing is ON.
		Running pair tests on the result of an intersection is generally not useful because, if the output is not correct, it may be difficult to see which rule is responsible for the error.
	www.cis.upenn.edu /~cis639/docs/twolc.html (9416 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		CHANGES: 1.1.1997 by Antti Karttunen: Fixed inflections of the verbs "jaella" 41 ja- (NSS 28) "maata" 50 maa- (NSS 35), "taata" 50 taa- (NSS 35) and "koota" 56 koo- (NSS 38), by ensuring that their stem is gradated correctly from weak to strong when the strong form is needed.
		A, O and U stand for a, o and u or ä, ö and y (corresponding 'dotted' vowels), depending from whether the stem is back or front harmonizing.
		; In this case all the other vowel combinations except those which ; have a or ä as the second vowel are treated as "diphthongs".
	ndirty.cute.fi /~karttu/conjugat/conjugat.cpp (2350 words)

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