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Topic: Vowel harmony

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Open front unrounded vowel

Vowel roundedness

Finnish phonetics

Native American languages

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Agglutinative language

Mongolian language

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Non-initially, the neutral vowels are transparent to and unaffected by vowel harmony.
		Vowel harmony is a grammaticalized feature of phonotactics, thus it may not work as expected from pure phonology, as evidenced by tuotteeseensa (not *tuotteeseensä).
		Vowel harmony is present in all Yokutsan languages and dialects.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Vowel-harmony (297 words)

	Vowel harmony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Harmony processes are "long-distance" in the sense that the assimilation involves sounds that are separated by intervening segments (usually consonant segments).
		Kazakh's system of vowel harmony is primarily a front/back system, but there is also a system of rounding harmony that is not represented by the orthography, which strongly resembles the system in Kyrgyz.
		Linguists theorize that the transformation of "e" to "a" is due to a vestigial system of vowel harmony (the voicing of "h" as "b" is due to rendaku).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vowel_harmony (2225 words)

	Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most common of vowel harmony rules are rules requiring vowels to be either rounded or unrounded or requiring all vowels be either front or back vowels.
		Linguists typically distinguish vowel harmony from umlaut a similar phenomenon that also adjusts front or back status of words and In umlaut at least historically the front back position of a vowel in an affix used in inflection alters the vowels in the root is attached to.
		In vowel harmony the of the vowel of the root requires the vowel of the affix be adjusted match it.
	www.freeglossary.com /Vowel_harmony (488 words)

	Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most common types of vowel harmony rules are rulesrequiring all vowels to be either rounded or unrounded, or requiring allvowels to be either front or back vowels.
		In vowel harmony, the position of the vowel of the root requires that the vowelof the affix be adjusted to match it.
		Some have speculated that the vowel harmony of the northwestern Finno-Ugric languages influenced the phonological phenomenon ofumlaut that most of the living Germanic languages display.
	www.therfcc.org /vowel-harmony-49334.html (384 words)

	Citations: Yoruba vowel harmony - Archangeli, Pulleyblank (ResearchIndex)
		Citations: Yoruba vowel harmony - Archangeli, Pulleyblank (ResearchIndex)
		....harmony system was the best one found for the data by the analysis program.
		....Vowel harmony in Yoruba is restricted to monomorphemic nouns.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/366381/0 (704 words)

	ipedia.com: Vowel harmony Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Linguists typically distinguish vowel harmony from umlaut, a similar phenomenon that also adjusts the front or back status of words and affixes.
		In umlaut, at least historically, the front or back position of a vowel in an affix used in inflection alters the vowels in the root it is attached to.
		In vowel harmony, the position of the vowel of the root requires that the vowel of the affix be adjusted to match it.
	www.ipedia.com /vowel_harmony.html (452 words)

	VIEW ROA 360
		I demonstrate that the interaction among agreement constraints and other well-established constraints (particular members of the general markedness and faithfulness constraint families) is sufficient to account for the various vagaries of vowel harmony, and that representational devices such as crucial underspecification and autosegmental feature-sharing are consequently unnecessary.
		Stem-controlled vowel harmony processes are the more familiar kind, where the harmonic feature value of vowels in the stem determines the harmonic feature value of vowels in subsequent affixes.
		In a language with a dominant-recessive vowel harmony process, on the other hand, one harmonic feature value is 'dominant' and the other is 'recessive' such that any dominant-valued morpheme vowel, stem or affix, determines the harmonic feature value of all other (otherwise recessive-valued) morpheme vowels.
	roa.rutgers.edu /view.php3?roa=360 (290 words)

	Vowel harmony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		left-to-right harmony) proceeds from beginning to end; regressive harmony (a.k.a.
		Finally, languages that do have vowel harmony sometimes have words that fail to harmonize.
		With respect to vowel harmony, compound words can be considered separate words.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/vowel_harmony (2225 words)

	Symmetry: Vowel Systems - Babel Babble - UniLang
		We describe vowel systems with reference to the articulatory space that sounds occupy in the vocal tract, as represented by the cardinal vowel diagram, which is a set of standardized reference points based on articulatory and perceptual cues.
		Vowel systems, thus, tend to place (vowel) sounds in such a way they are more readily distinguishable from each other rather then in relative proximity.
		Most vowel systems (and here we are talking about phonemic sounds, not phonetic sounds) are triangular, and usually present 3 to 5 vowel sounds; generally those sounds are [i], [u] and [a], or [e], [o], and [a], which are relatively the most distant sounds from each other one can get.
	home.unilang.org /babelbabble/index.php?n=19&t=11 (626 words)

	Language Miniatures 133: Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This kind of ‘echoing’ or ‘harmonizing’ is called vowel harmony, and even though something like it occurs in many languages of the world, in linguistic textbooks the most famous example is Turkish.
		Turkish vowel harmony presents many other complexities which we can’t go into here, but this much ought to be enough to illustrate that it is indeed a very striking feature of the ways words are formed in this language.
		The height of suffix vowels does not change to harmonize with the root vowel, which is why the low vowels in ev at göz dost do not cause the high vowels in -imiz (etc.) to change height.
	home.bluemarble.net /~langmin/miniatures/vowelharm.htm (775 words)

	Dialects of Dekavurian
		The corresponding front vowels were /y ø e/ in SW WC and /y ø æ/ in EC SE; the neutral vowels were /i/ in SW WC and /i e/ in EC SE.
		By vowel harmony, the older diphthong /eu/ became /ey/: medwo > meudo > SW and WC meydw.
		In the others, the thematic vowel of the first and fourth conjugations was levelled to /a/ (retaining the palatalisation in some forms), resulting in a system of three conjugations distinguished purely by vowel: /a/ in the first, /o/ in the second, and /e/ in the third.
	www.cix.co.uk /~morven/lang/dekdial.html (3495 words)

	Projects
		Vowel harmony refers to a pattern observed in many languages where all vowels in a word must agree for some feature.
		For example, all vowels in a word must be either rounded or unrounded, all vowels must have either an advanced or a retracted tongue root, and so on.
		Two databases will be developed, one an inventory of articulatory data on tongue root harmony, with attention paid to variability in the articulation and perception of post-velars, and one a record of the phonological properties of the known systems of vowel harmony.
	www.arts.ubc.ca /index.php?id=467&backPID=473&tt_news=94 (493 words)

	Vowel harmony and stem identity
		Affix vowels often alternate to agree with stem vowels in a pattern dubbed root-outward harmony.
		I propose that root-outward harmony is subject to a condition that a stem not be phonologically altered under affixation.
		This analysis accounts most parsimoniously for the core empirical generalization of root-outward harmony: that stem vowels never alter-nate to agree with affix vowels even if the only alternative is for stem and affix to dis-agree.
	repositories.cdlib.org /ucsdling/sdlp1/2 (143 words)

	Verb Tenses / Igék 2. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Vowel harmony is one of the most important grammar rules in Hungarian.
		Suffixes are heavily used in Hungarian language for vowels, nouns and adverbs as well.
		Back vowels are formed at the back of the mouth, front vowels are formed at the front of the mouth.
	www.hungarotips.com /hungarian/vharmon.html (332 words)

	natural vowel - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Neutral vowel, the vowel element having an obscure and indefinite quality, such as is commonly taken by the vowel in many unaccented syllables.
		Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common chord.
		Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir, her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest open position of the mouth organs.
	dictionary.reference.com /search?q=natural%20vowel (753 words)

	SIL Bibliography: Vowel harmony
		Vowel harmonies of the Congo Basin: An Optimality Theory analysis of variation in the Bantu zone C. Morgan, David J. Vowel harmony, syllable structure and the causative extension in a Bantu language - Lobala: a government phonology account.
		"Vowel harmony and consonant sequences in Mazahua (Otomi)."
		"Vowel harmony and transitive verb clauses in Panare: where are the consonant-initial roots?."
	www.ethnologue.com /show_subject.asp?code=VHA (162 words)

	Paper: Cogsci ab :: Cognitive Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St. Baltimore, MD 21218 USA The problems with previous analyses of Korean vowel harmony are solved when harmony is treated as a consequence of morphological alternation rather than a purely phonological process.
		This problem can be solved if this instance of vowel harmony is treated as a morphological process whereby morphemes for DARK and LIGHT bear phonological features that are in correspondence with the output surface form.
		Use of correspondence constraints to account for morphologically controlled harmony as opposed to agreement (Bakovic, 2000) is in line with work on featural affixation (Akinlabi, 1994), and is part of a larger project involving the use of morpheme-specific faithfulness constraints to account for morphologically controlled harmony.
	computing.breinestorm.net /korean+words+dark+harmony+vowel (591 words)

	Altas HG
		Front vowels are pronounced higher in the throat and are more nasal, while back vowels are pronounced lower in the throat and are more guttural.
		The "harmony" lies in the fact that all Turkmen words of Turkic origin are pronounced either entirely with front vowels, like kädi (pumpkin) or köwüş (shoes), or with back vowels, like doganlyk (brotherhood) or mugallym (teacher).
		In these cases, consistent with the general rule for vowel harmony in Turkmen, the final vowel of the word determines the vowel harmony for suffixation.
	www.altynasyr.8m.com /portal/ta1.htm (812 words)

	A Survey of some Vowel Systems
		The sound of a vowel is governed by many factors, of which the position of the tongue and rounding of the lips are the most important.
		Vowel length is ignored for individual vowels, but complete systems of long vowels are sometimes considered separately where they differ from short vowels (e.g.
		Note the convention that vowel represented by an uppercase letter is lower (or "opener") than the vowel with the corresponding lowercase letter, with the exception of /a A/.
	www.cix.co.uk /~morven/lang/vowels.html (1890 words)

	Vowel harmony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There are other traces of vowel harmony in modern Korean: many native Korean words tend to follow vowel harmony such as 사람 (saram), which means person, and 부엌 (Buŏk), which means kitchen.
		Vowel Harmony and Disharmony in Tuvan and Tofa.
		It was formed in 1993 in Beaverton, OR, USA to promote harmony and peace among South Asians of all ethnic, religious, regional and national origin, regardless of where they live.
	www.omniknow.com /common/wiki.php?in=en&term=Vowel_harmony (3448 words)

	Citations: The role of similarity in hungarian vowel harmony: A connectionist account - Hare (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since the same vowels can be harmonic in some contexts and transparent to harmony in others, the problem has typically been dealt with by positing a number of derivational sources for the segments in question.
		She arrives at a notion of similarity, in which vowels that are most alike in certain features become more alike in others.
		Hare, M. The role of similarity in Hungarian vowel harmony: A connectionist account, Technical Report CRL 9004, Centre for Research in Language, University of California, San Diego.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/329071/0 (960 words)

	Uralic and Altaic languages on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Two important features that characterize the Ural-Altaic languages, with few exceptions, are agglutination and vowel harmony.
		Vowel harmony refers to the agreement between the vowels in the root of a word and the vowels in the word's suffix or suffixes.
		Thus, most suffixes have a double form, one with a front vowel (e.g., e, i, ö, ü) to correspond to a root with a front vowel, and one with a back vowel (e.g., a, u, o, u) to match a root with a back vowel.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/U/UralA1lt.asp (680 words)

	RCILTS, IIT Guwahati
		Leaving aside the vowels /i/ and /a/, the other six vowels can be grouped into three related sets, they being: /e/ and /E/, /u/, /o/ and /O/.
		It could not be seen that in example (1) the nasalization does not extend beyond the first syllable in the echo form since, except for the first vowel /a/ the other vowels are not adjacent to a nasal consonant.
		The allophonic nasalized vowels of each vowel phoneme are illustrated under the respective vowel phonemes.
	www.iitg.ernet.in /rcilts/asamiya.htm (711 words)

	Phonology Circle
		The epenthetic vowel is either [e], or a copy of the following vowel.
		Second, the rounded vowels must be distinguished from each other based on their degree of rounding, which affects their compatibility with consonant features.
		Vowel harmony, a pattern of co-occurrence among natural classes of vowel phonemes, plays a major role in the organization of sound systems in Uralic-Altaic (and especially Turkic) languages.
	www.mit.edu /afs/athena.mit.edu/org/l/linguistics/www/phoncircle/phoncircles.html (1003 words)

	2004 IGERT Workshop: Schedule, Jan 23
		For such stems, harmony is not generally predictable, so Hungarians must memorize for each such stem whether it takes front- or back-voweled suffixes.
		In Hungarian harmony, certain front vowels may intervene between the trigger and target vowels of the harmony even if they bear the opposite value for the harmonizing feature: in kávé-nak 'coffee' the first ([+back]) vowel dictates the backness for the suffix across the so-called transparent [é], which is [-back] (accent denotes length).
		We require that the choice of the attractor, the surface form of the suffix, be determined by variation in R, representing the degree of tongue dorsum retraction for the stem-final vowel.
	www.cog.jhu.edu /workshop-04/schedule_23.html (2166 words)

	Altas HG
		The suffix -çy or -çi, according to vowel harmony, functions like -ist or -er in English to denote occupation, profession, or position.
		The suffixes -siz, -suz, or -syz, according to vowel harmony, mean without or un-.
		It does not affect, nor is subject to, vowel harmony.
	www.altynasyr.8m.com /portal/ta7.htm (279 words)

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